Pathological Studies Research Articles

Generation and Characterization of a New Aging Skin Human Dermal Extracellular Matrix Scaffold.

In vitro skin aging models represent a valuable tool for the study of age-related pathologies and potential treatments. However, the currently available models do not adequately represent the complex microenvironment of the dermis since they generally focus on cutaneous cellular senescence, rather than the full range of factors that contribute to the aging process, such as structural and compositional alteration of the dermal extracellular matrix. The following protocol describes the extraction and characterization of human adult extracellular matrix scaffolds for use in in vitro aging models.

Identification of Key Biomarkers Associated with Glioma Hemorrhage: Evidence from Bioinformatic Analysis and Clinical Validation.

Hemorrhagic stroke is a known complication of glioma, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate key biomarkers of glioma-related hemorrhage to provide insights into glioma molecular therapies. Data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glioma by contrasting glioblastoma (GBM) with low-grade gliomas (LGGs). We conducted enrichment analyses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) databases through the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). A STRING-based protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was developed to identify hub genes, which were subsequently analyzed for their functions in the GeneCards database. To identify angiogenesis-associated genes, we utilized the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases. A clinical pathological study was conducted using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to confirm the findings. In the GEO database, the GEO Series Experiments GSE26576 and GSE184941 included 4523 and 1471 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. We identified 2715 DEGs using the cBioPortal within the TCGA database. A Venn diagram identified 39 common DEGs. The KEGG pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis highlighted functions related to angiogenesis. PPI network analyses pinpointed 13 hub genes. Through cross-referencing a gene set related to tumor angiogenesis in the GeneCards database, we identified MMP-2 and EGFR as key genes. In the HPA database, we observed EGFR and MMP-2 expression in the normal cerebral cortex, confirmed by IHC. In GEPIA database, high MMP-2 levels were associated with decreased survival time, while EGFR expression showed no significant differences in survival. A clinical study of 21 patients, 11 in the control group and 10 in the stroke group with glioma hemorrhage, revealed no significant differences in their characteristics or comorbidities. IDH1 positivity was higher in the control group (4/11) vs the stroke group (0/10). Tumor cells exhibited increased MMP-2 and EGFR expression, with stronger staining in the stroke group. Our study concluded that IDH1, MMP-2, and EGFR are implicated in the molecular mechanism of glioma hemorrhage as key biomarkers. MMP-2 and IDH1 are potential targets for molecular therapy.

Association of Glymphatic Function With Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Clinical and Asymptomatic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

Abnormal glymphatic system-related proteins have been identified in a small-scale pathologic study of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, it remains unclear whether glymphatic dysfunction occurs in vivo in patients with CJD and whether this decline begins during the preclinical stage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between glymphatic dysfunction and clinical characteristics in patients with CJD, as well as potential glymphatic impairment in preclinical CJD. This prospective cohort study recruited patients with CJD and healthy controls (HCs) from the Department of Neurology at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, from 2018 to 2022. In addition, a family with preclinical genetic CJD carrying the G114V pathogenic variant was followed over 6 years with 3 evaluations. All participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) to measure glymphatic function in vivo and 18F-fludeoxyglucose-PET to identify CJD-related metabolic patterns. Associations between the DTI-ALPS index and Medical Research Council Prion Disease Rating Scale (MRC-PDRS) score were evaluated using multiple linear regression. We enrolled 35 patients with CJD (mean age 59.6 ± 10.7 years, 40% female, with the time from onset to glymphatic dysfunction assessment averaging 39% of the total disease course), 28 age-matched and sex-matched HCs, and a family with preclinical genetic CJD consisting of 7 carriers and 7 noncarriers. Patients with CJD exhibited lower DTI-ALPS values compared with HCs (p < 0.001). Partial correlation analyses revealed significant correlations between the DTI-ALPS index and MRC-PDRS score (r = 0.346, p = 0.049) and disease progression (r = -0.468, p = 0.006), but not with disease duration or cognitive severity after adjusting for age and sex. Multivariate linear analysis demonstrated that poorer MRC-PDRS scores (β = 0.702, p = 0.014) were associated with a lower DTI-ALPS index. The DTI-ALPS index of asymptomatic G114V carriers showed no significant difference compared with noncarriers. However, a preclinical CJD case exhibited an 8.2% decrease in the DTI-ALPS index 3.3 years before onset. No significant correlation was found between regional metabolic standardized uptake value ratios and DTI-ALPS index. Our study indicates that glymphatic dysfunction is associated with CJD severity and disease progression. Glymphatic dysfunction may occur in the preclinical stage, but these findings should be interpreted with caution because they are based on individual findings.

Protective effects of myrtenol against paraquat-induced toxicity in rats

BackgroundParaquat (PQ) is a widely used pesticide, can cause severe intoxication and respiratory failure. Myrtenol (Mrl), an essential oil derived in various plants, exhibits several biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study aims to investigate the protective potential of Mrl against oxidative stress and inflammation caused by PQ exposure.MethodsTwenty-five Wistar albino rats were divided into the following groups (n = 5 in each group): a control group (treated by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), a PQ group (exposed to 54 mg/m³ aerosol PQ), and two treatment groups that were exposed to PQ aerosol and administered oral Mrl at doses of 25 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. The final group was exposed to PQ aerosol and treated with oral dexamethasone at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg/day. Various hematological, oxidative, inflammatory, and pathological indices were measured at the conclusion of the treatment period.ResultsPQ decreases the levels or activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and Thiol, while increasing the levels or activities of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Mrl restored activites of SOD, and CAT, as well as thiol levels to near-control values while reducing TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels. Pathological studies further confirmed the therapeutic effects of Mrl.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate the promising therapeutic effects of Mrl against inhaled PQ in rats.

Neurobiology of COVID-19-Associated Psychosis/Schizophrenia: Implication of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling.

COVID-19 exhibits not only respiratory symptoms but also neurological/psychiatric symptoms rarely including delirium/psychosis. Pathological studies on COVID-19 provide evidence that the cytokine storm, in particular (epidermal growth factor) EGF receptor (EGFR, ErbB1, Her1) activation, plays a central role in the progression of viral replication and lung fibrosis. Of note, SARS-CoV-2 virus (specifically, S1 spike domain) mimics EGF and directly transactivates EGFR, preceding the inflammatory process. In agreement, the anticancer drugs targeting EGFR such as Nimotuzumab and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are markedly effective on COVID-19. However, these data might raise a provisional caution regarding implication of psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia. The author's group has been investigating the etiologic and neuropathologic associations of EGFR signaling with schizophrenia. There are significant molecular associations between schizophrenia and EGFR ligand levels in blood as well as in the brain. In addition, perinatal challenges of EGFR ligands and intraventricular administration of EGF to rodents and monkeys both resulted in severe behavioral and/or electroencephalographic endophenotypes relevant to this disorder. These animal models also display postpubertal abnormality in soliloquy-like self-vocalization as well as in intercortical functional connectivity. Here, we discuss neuropsychiatric implication of coronavirus infection and its interaction with the EGFR system, by searching related literatures in PubMed database as of the end of 2023.

Comparative Evaluation of Vincristine Sulfate and Vinblastine Sulfate for the Treatment of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs: A Pre-clinical and Pathological Study

Comparative Evaluation of Vincristine Sulfate and Vinblastine Sulfate for the Treatment of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in Dogs: A Pre-clinical and Pathological Study

Out-of-distribution detection in digital pathology: Do foundation models bring the end to reconstruction-based approaches?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promising results for computational pathology tasks. However, one of the limitations in clinical practice is that these algorithms are optimised for the distribution represented by the training data. For out-of-distribution (OOD) data, they often deliver predictions with equal confidence, even though these often are incorrect. In the pursuit of OOD detection in digital pathology, this study evaluates the state-of-the-art (SOTA) in computational pathology OOD detection, based on diffusion probabilistic models, specifically by adapting the latent diffusion model (LDM) for this purpose (AnoLDM). We compare this against post-hoc methods based on the latent space of foundation models, which are SOTA in general computer vision research. The approaches are not only evaluated on data from the same medical centres as the training set, but also on several datasets with data distribution shifts. The results show that AnoLDM performs similarly well or better than diffusion model based approaches published in previous studies in computational pathology but with reduced computational costs. However, our optimal configuration of an approach based on foundation models (kang_residual) outperforms AnoLDM on OOD detection on data not experiencing any covariate shifts, with an AUROC of 96.17 versus 91.86. Interestingly, AnoLDM is more successful at handling the data distribution shifts investigated in this study. However, both AnoLDM and kang_residual suffer substantial loss in the performance under the data distribution shifts, hence future work should focus on improving the generalisation of OOD detection for computational pathology applications.

Risk Factors Influencing Cognitive Function in Elderly Patients With Late-Life Depression: A Scoping Review.

In recent years, cognitive impairment has emerged as a pivotal symptom in elderly patients with depression, exerting a substantial impact on the course and prognosis of diseases. Moreover, it persists even following remission from depression during the rehabilitation period. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the relevant influencing factors for cognitive impairment in elderly depressed patients, which seriously impedes the development of risk prediction models and the subsequent research on precision intervention programs. The purpose of this study is to examine the current state of negative influencing factors and assessment tools for cognitive impairment in patients with late-life depression (LLD), thereby providing a theoretical framework for the construction of subsequent targeted intervention programs. The search strategy employed in this study followed an evidence-based approach, utilizing a systematic scoping review to thoroughly explore six English and four Chinese databases up until November 2023. Two researchers independently conducted article screening and employed thematic analysis to categorize the results into themes. Following two rounds of rigorous screening conducted by the evidence-based research team, data were meticulously extracted and succinctly summarized from five distinct themes encompassing socio-demographic, physiological, psychological, genetic, and other related factors. In addition, a comprehensive compilation of 19 diverse assessment tools was undertaken. Ultimately, a total of 22 articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this study. These comprised five longitudinal studies, nine pathological controlled studies, five cross-sectional studies, two cohort studies, and one randomized controlled study. Cognitive dysfunction is an important symptom of LLD, which seriously affects the survival of patients. At present, the research on its influencing factors mainly includes socio-demographic, physiological, psychological, genetic, and other related factors. There have been existing cognitive function assessment tools specifically for those 18- to 65-year-old patients of major depressive disorder, but there is still a lack of reliability and validity tests in LLD.

Clinical and Pathological studies of blackleg disease in cattle, Cholistan Desert, Punjab, Pakistan

Clinical and Pathological studies of blackleg disease in cattle, Cholistan Desert, Punjab, Pakistan

Pathological studies on natural infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and co-infection with porcine circovirus 2 associated post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome among swine herds of Kerala, Southern India

Pathological studies on natural infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and co-infection with porcine circovirus 2 associated post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome among swine herds of Kerala, Southern India

Design, construction, and supervision issues: Altos del Lago building, a case study

The collapse or evacuation of residential buildings due to not withstanding gravitational loads has caused not only loss of human lives but also economic damages. They are also a significant detriment to the engineering profession’s reputation. Therefore, it is essential for the engineering community to analyze the causes of these failures and document each case to learn from mistakes and prevent them from happening again. In recent years, construction has increased considerably in developing countries such as Colombia. Reinforced concrete construction is often preferred due to faster material supply and availability of labor compared to steel structures. With this increase in construction, work control has not been adequate, and problems have been founded in some buildings in cities such as Medellin, Cartagena, Rionegro, among others. This paper summarizes the aspects that were taken into account for the study of pathology and vulnerability of a 19-story reinforced concrete building in the municipality of Rionegro, Antioquia, which, due to the findings, had to be subsequently demolished. The analyzes carried out along with field and laboratory studies are presented. Some of the aspects found were incorrect analysis and design criteria, poor quality of materials, and poor aspects of supervision. This paper also aims to make a reflection about some bad practices and common errors that are developed in structural engineering consulting firms, as well as in the construction practice.

Towards an Understanding of the Dentate Gyrus Hilus.

For many years, the hilus of the dentate gyrus (DG) was a mystery because anatomical data suggested a bewildering array of cells without clear organization. Moreover, some of the anatomical information led to more questions than answers. For example, it had been identified that one of the major cell types in the hilus, the mossy cell, innervates granule cells (GCs). However, mossy cells also targeted local GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, it was not yet clear if mossy cells were glutamatergic or GABAergic. This led to many debates about the role of mossy cells. However, it was clear that hilar neurons, including mossy cells, were likely to have very important functions because they provided strong input to GCs. Hilar neurons also attracted attention in epilepsy because pathological studies showed that hilar neurons were often lost, but GCs remained. Vulnerability of hilar neurons also occurred after traumatic brain injury and ischemia. These observations fueled an interest to understand hilar neurons and protect them, an interest that continues to this day. This article provides a historical and personal perspective into the ways that I sought to contribute to resolving some of the debates and moving the field forward. Despite several technical challenges the outcomes of the studies have been worth the effort with some surprising findings along the way. Given the growing interest in the hilus, and the advent of multiple techniques to selectively manipulate hilar neurons, there is a great opportunity for future research.

Pathological studies on skeletal muscle atrophy in common fish products from El-Jubail Province, Saudi Arabia.

In this study, 10 fish species, Jayan flounder (Pseudorhombus javanicus); Oriental sole (Eurgglossa arientalis); Oange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides); Blacktip trevally (Caranx heberi); Towbar seabream (Acanthopagrus bifascia); Smalltooth emperor (Lethrinus microdon); Spangled emperio (Lethrinus nebulous); Sharptooth hammer croaker (Johnius vogleri); Bigeye croaker (Pennahia anea) and Redspine thread bream (Nemipterus nemurus), were examined in El-Jubail province, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf region over three years from 2017 to 2020. The examined fish species showed muscular atrophy in a total percent of 1.1%, but with variable percentages of affections in each species. The highest incidence (2.06%) was oberved in Spangled emperior (Lethrinus nebulous) while the lowest incidence (0.40%) was in Orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Smalltooth emperor (Lethrinus microdon). The affected fishes appeared with sunken eyes, severe emaciation, and prominent loss of skeletal muscle mass. During dissection, the muscular tissue in some examined species was rough while in others, it was edematous and gelatinous, and the internal organs of all fishes were atrophied. For routine histopathological examination, the tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The examined tissue sections of the affected muscles showed variable degrees of histopathological changes depending on the species. Vacuolation of muscle fibers, Zenker's necrosis and myophagia were common in some species, while melanophores aggregation, edema, and hemorrhages were the most commonly observed changes in others. This study focused on the impact of this myodegenerative disease on the marketability of these edible fish species. Further investigation is needed to understand the impact of genetic predisposition, environmental pollution and other etiological agents on the occurrence of this phenomenon in this location.

Features of humoral immunity in persons with post-COVID syndrome burdened by history of allergy

From December 2019 to March 2020, the human population faced a new coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which led to global morbidity and high mortality worldwide. Typical features of coronavirus infection tended to resemble a seasonal infection over time. Despite this fact, it has been proven that, after acute disease, numerous disorders are detected in the patients, manifesting both with general health disturbances and as complications of pre-existing chronic diseases, including allergic syndrome. On the basis of these findings, the study of post-COVID syndrome became an important aspect of the ongoing COVID-19 research. It has been shown over recent decades that the number of people suffering from various types of allergic reactions is growing every year. Therefore, the studies in allergic pathology in the structure of post-COVID syndrome are among the most pressing issues. In addition to studying exacerbations of allergic reactions, a thorough analysis has shown that adverse reactions caused by coronavirus infection are viewed from new aspects, being characterized by functional disorders of acquired and innate immune response, causing increasingly severe consequences for the immune system and the whole body. Currently, the features of humoral immune response in post-COVID syndrome have not been sufficiently studied. In this respect, we have evaluated the features of humoral immunity in patients with post-COVID syndrome, with clinically confirmed allergic anamnesis. The study revealed changes in humoral immune system, indicating that the most significant changes are observed in post-COVID patients with a burdened history of allergies, thus requiring a more detailed study of immune status in order to develop an individualized approach to immunocorrection of these disorders in this group of patients.

Cervical Lymphnode Relapse Taken for Tuberculosis 15 Years After Treatment of Testicular Seminoma

Introduction: In case of adenopathy from cancer of unknown primary it may be very challenging, and integration between medical history and clinical, radiological, and cytological findings become fundamental. We will report the case of a 50-year-old patient treated 15 years ago for a testicular seminoma and who currently presents with isolated cervical lymphadenopathy. Case Report: This is a 50-year-old patient treated 15 Years ago for a testicular seminoma who benefited from surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy with complete remission until he presented recently with isolated cervical lymphadenopathy; the patient benefited from a biopsy of the cervical lymphadenopathy and the pathological study suggested a tuberculosis, second reading comfirmed germinal origin. Conclusion: Late relapses of seminomas in the form of cervical lymphadenopathy although it is a rare possibility but it remains entirely possible which has been confirmed in the literature and through our case; a good histological study with immunohistochemical complement is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

A 3D bioprinted neuroinflammatory co-culture model for in vitro study of parkinson's disease pathology

This study developed a 3D bioprinted neuroinflammatory co-culture model to simulate key pathological features of Parkinson&amp;rsquo;s disease (PD) in vitro. PD, a common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by dopaminergic (DA) neuron apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aggregation of &amp;alpha;-synuclein (&amp;alpha;-syn). Traditional 2D cell culture models fail to accurately replicate the complex microenvironment of PD, leading to the development of this 3D bioprinted model. Utilizing a polyethylene glycol-hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (PEG-HAMA) hydrogel matrix, this model supports the co-culture of DA &amp;nbsp;neurons and microglia, allowing a more accurate representation of PD pathology. Experimental results demonstrated that, under 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induction, the 3D model successfully mimicked neuroinflammatory responses associated with PD, including M1 polarization of microglia and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Compared to traditional 2D models, DA &amp;nbsp;neurons in the 3D model exhibited greater resistance to oxidative stress and neurotoxic challenges, with significantly slower rates of apoptosis. Additionally, the 3D model displayed key PD-specific pathological features, such as altered mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and overexpression of &amp;alpha;-syn. This 3D bioprinted PD model provides a closer-to-physiological platform for investigating the pathogenesis of PD and holds potential for use in drug screening. However, further optimization is required to enhance the model&amp;rsquo;s complexity and long-term stability, including incorporating peripheral immune cells to better simulate the progression of chronic neuroinflammation.

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Updates: Histology, Cytology, and Grading.

Adenocarcinomas are the most common histologic subtype of lung cancer, and exist within a widely divergent clinical, radiologic, molecular, and histologic spectrum. There is a strong association between histologic patterns and prognosis that served as the basis for a recently described grading system. As the study of molecular pathology rapidly evolves, all targetable mutations so far have been found in adenocarcinomas, thus requiring accurate diagnosis and classification for triage of molecular alterations and adequate therapy. To discuss the rationale for adenocarcinoma classifications within the 2021 5th edition of the World Health Organization, with a focus on nonmucinous tumors, including tumor grading and biopsy/cytology diagnosis. PubMed search. A grading system for adenocarcinoma has improved prognostic impact of the classification of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. An accurate diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in small biopsy material is important for tissue triage for molecular studies and ultimately for patient management and treatment.

Clinicopathological investigation of Newcastle disease in commercial poultry farms at Bogura district of Bangladesh

Newcastle disease (ND) now seems endemic in commercial poultry industry of Bangladesh with continuous significant high prevalence and regular outbreaks. High morbidity, up to 100% mortality rate and high economic loss of ND makes it major constraints of poultry industries. We find out the prevalence of ND in dead, sick and apparently healthy poultry at Bogura district of Bangladesh. From July 2020 to June 2021, we observed a total of 500 birds including 31 sick and dead birds randomly from 10 commercial poultry farms of Bogura district. The prevalence was assessed through clinical observations and the documented history of individual birds. For pathological analysis, 31 samples from sick and deceased birds were collected, and detailed examinations of gross lesions and histopathological changes in the cecal tonsils and proventriculus were conducted. Wide ranges of clinical signs are observed in affected birds and it can be diagnosed based on clinical signs and pathological studies. The prevalence of Newcastle disease was 14.20% in apparently healthy birds and 26.6% in sick and dead birds. ND prevalence increased in summer (56%) and decreased in rainy season (11.5%) and highest at the age group of (5-36) weeks of age. Grossly, numerous infected birds had lesions such as pin-point hemorrhage on proventriculur gland, hemorrhage in the trachea, congested and consolidated lungs, button-like ulcers in the caeca, and hemorrhagic caecal tonsils. Microscopically, there was hemorrhage in the lamina propria associated with lymphatic nodules of the caecal tonsil, sloughing of glandular epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lumen of the proventriculur gland, congestion around the lobule of the proventriculus, and hyperemia on glandular epithelial cells of the proventriculur gland. This research revealed Newcastle disease remains endemic in Bangladesh's poultry industry, causing high prevalence, seasonal outbreaks, and severe economic losses. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2024, 9(3), 45-55

The modulating role of uniaxial straining in the IL-1β and TGF-β mediated inflammatory response of human primary ligamentocytes

Biomechanical (over-)stimulation, in addition to inflammatory and fibrotic stimuli, severely impacts the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) biology, contributing to the overall chronic nature of desmopathy. A major challenge has been the lack of representative two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models mimicking inflammatory processes in the presence of dynamic mechanical strain, both being crucial for ligament homeostasis. Physiological levels of strain exert anti-inflammatory effects, while excessive strain can facilitate inflammatory mechanisms. Adhering to the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) principles of animal research, this study aims to investigate the role of a dynamic biomechanical in vitro environment on inflammatory mechanisms by combining a Flexcell culture system with primary human ligamentocytes for the study of ligament pathology. Primary ligamentocytes from OA patients were cultured under animal-free conditions with human platelet lysate, and exposed to either IL-1β or TGF-β3 to simulate different inflammatory microenvironments. Cells were subjected to different magnitudes of mechanical strain. Results showed that cells aligned along the force axis under strain. This study highlights the critical role of the mechanical microenvironment in modulating inflammatory and fibrotic cellular responses in ligamentocyte pathology, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay between biomechanical stimuli and cytokine signaling. These findings not only advance our understanding of ligament biology but also can pave the way for the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies for ligament injuries and diseases, potentially improving patient outcomes in orthopedic medicine.

Fibrocystic Breast Changes: Imaging and Pathological Correlational Study of a Sample in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Background and objectives: Fibrocystic changes of the breast are the most common breast changes observed globally. The study aimed to assess these changes using ultrasound and correlate the imaging findings with histopathological changes to determine accuracy. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study included 240 women who were diagnosed with fibrocystic breasts between January 2022 and July 2023 at a specialized medical center in Duhok city. Ultrasound was performed to evaluate changes in the breast. Imaging results were classified according to the guidelines of the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. Women with moderate imaging findings underwent ultrasound guided needle aspiration. The samples obtained were sent for cytological and histopathological evaluation. A correlation was conducted between the results of both of these modalities. Results: The age group most affected was 29-49 years. Bilateral breast involvement was the most prevalent, accounting for 78% of the cases. 74% of the affected women complained of cyclical mastalgia. Ultrasound findings mainly show simple cysts, clustered cysts, and duct ectasia, accounting for 29%, 30%, and 15% respectively. BI-RAD 2, followed by 3, and then 4A were the most common imaging categories. Simple cyst (36%), ducts with apocrine metaplasia (23%), and epithelial hyperplasia without atypia (18%) were the most commonly observed histopathological findings. Statistically significant accuracy was observed regarding the imaging and cytological correlations in BI-RAD 3and 4A. Conclusion: A strong correlation was observed between the ultrasound findings of breast fibrocystic changes and the histopathological evaluation.