Personality Pathology Research Articles

French version of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO-fr): psychometric properties in young adults.

The Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) is a self-assessment instrument designed to measure the level of personality organization. In the present study, we developed and validated a French version (IPO-fr) of this instrument in a population of young adults. Its validity was established on the basis of two studies examining (1) its internal structure, and (2) its convergent validity with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). In the first study, we assessed the reliability of the internal structure of the French form of the IPO (IPO-fr) in a nonclinical population. Our sample comprised 602 first- and second-year psychology students, with a mean age of 19.40 years (SD = 1.95). The second study assessed the convergent validity of the questionnaire in nonclinical samples, with regard to the three clusters (A, B, and C) of personality disorders, positive and negative affect, and aggression and depressive symptoms. The sample for this second study consisted of 305 first-, second- and third-year psychology students, with a mean age of 19.83 years (SD = 2.12). The French version of the IPO is shorter than the English: 40 items instead of 57. Its internal clarity and its discriminative capacity make it easier to interpret. This study has established the relevance of the IPO-fr as a reliable and brief instrument for assessing individual personality. It could make a major contribution to the screening of personality pathology in the French population and to the assessment of treatment programs.

Affective Contributions to Instrumental and Reactive Aggression in Middle Childhood: Variable- and Person-Centered Approaches

ABSTRACT Objective Research on the role of affect in childhood aggression motives has largely focused on domain-level affective traits. Lower-order affective facets may show more distinct relationships with instrumental and reactive aggression – at both the variable and individual levels – and offer unique insights into whether and how several forms of affect are involved in aggression motives. Method Caregivers (98% mothers) of 342 children (M age = 9.81 years, 182 girls, 31% White) reported on children’s aggression and affect-relevant personality traits, personality pathology, and callous-unemotional traits. Results Both reactive and instrumental aggressions were characterized by higher levels of trait irritability, fear, withdrawal, sadness, and callous-unemotional traits in zero-order analyses. Instrumental aggression was characterized by low trait positive emotions. Reactive aggression was uniquely associated with irritability, fear, withdrawal, and sadness, whereas instrumental aggression was uniquely associated with callous-unemotional traits and (low) positive emotions. Groups identified by latent profile analyses were differentiated only by aggression severity. Conclusions The findings support both the similarity and distinction of reactive and instrumental aggression vis-à-vis their affective phenomenology. Consistent with existing theories, reactive aggression was linked to multiple forms of negative emotionality, whereas instrumental aggression was linked to higher levels of callous-unemotional traits. In a novel finding, instrumental aggression was uniquely characterized by lower positive emotions. The findings highlight the utility of pre-registered approaches employing comprehensive personality-based affective frameworks to organize and understand similarities and differences between aggression functions.

The Influence of Personality Functioning and Pathological Traits on the Mental Well-being of Older Persons with Personality Disorders

Background:Why should you pay attention to personality pathology in geriatric psychiatry? To what extent is mental well-being determined by this? How does that relate to the influence of mental disorders? Does the Alternative Dimensional Model of Personality pathology (AMPD) as proposed by the DSM-5 provide more insight into this than the DSM-IV and DSM-5 categorical diagnoses of personality disorders?Method:These questions were examined in baseline data of 145 patients included in our randomized controlled trial (RCT) into group Schema therapy enriched with psychomotor therapy in older patients with a personality disorder (see Oude Voshaar in this symposium). Mental well-being was measured by a combination of psychological distress (53-item Brief Symptom Inventory), positive mental health (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale), assessment of own health (RAND-36), and satisfaction with life (Cantrill’s ladder). Personality pathology was assessed according to the categorical personality model using the Structured Clincal Interview for Personality Disorder (SCID-II) as well as the AMDP DSM-5 model using the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-short form) and the Personality Iventory for DSM-5 (PID-25). The relationship between personality pathology and mental well-being was investigated using multivariate regression analysis.Results:Three quarters of the included people with a personality disorder also had another psychiatric disorder (beyond personality pathology). However, personality pathology was found to be responsible for the bulk of the mental health burden and outweighed the influence of these psychiatric disorders. Personality dimensions were highly predictive of mental well-being. This contrasted with the absence of any influence from categorical personality disorders. Although dimensions of personality functioning – and in particular Identity Integration – were the primary predictors of mental well-being, pathological traits added significant predictive value (particularly Disinhibition and Negative Affectivity).Conclusions:Personality pathology seriously affects the mental well-being of patients and exceeds the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Contrary to the assumption in the alternative DSM-5 and ICD-10 model, both personality functioning and pathological traits contribute to this impact on mental well-being. Screening and systematic assessment of personality pathology in geriatric psychiatry seems warranted.

Emotional change processes in experiential work with personality pathology.

Emotional change processes in experiential work with personality pathology.

Personality Pathology and Suicide Risk: Examining the Relationship Between DSM-5 Alternative Model Traits and Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in College-Aged Individuals.

This study examines the link between personality pathology and suicide risk regarding the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. The study investigates the facets, domains, internalizing, and externalizing of personality pathology and their correlation and predictive significance for suicidal ideation and behavior. This study examined a diverse and balanced sample of 1,398 college students aged between 18- and 29-year-olds from nine colleges in Kafrelshiekh University, with nearly equal representation of both genders (687 males, 711 females), a mix of rural and urban residents (807 rural, 591 urban), and a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds (15 very low SES, 84 low SES, 878 moderate SES, 364 high SES, and 57 very high SES). The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) was utilized to assess personality pathology. Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) was used to evaluate suicidal ideation and behavior. Logistic regression reveals significant associations between personality traits and suicidal ideation (e.g., Anhedonia, Suspiciousness) and behavior (e.g., Risk Taking, Depressivity). Negative Affect and Detachment are significantly linked to suicidal ideation, while Detachment, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism are linked to suicidal behavior. Internalizing personality pathology predicts both ideation and behavior, indicating a contribution to suicidal thoughts and self-destructive acts. Externalizing is a significant predictor of suicidal behavior.

Limited prosocial emotions (LPE) specifier in conduct disorder and offending behavior: findings from a 10-year prospective longitudinal study of juveniles in residential care

BackgroundSince the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5, a limited prosocial emotion (LPE) specifier has been added to the conduct disorder (CD) diagnosis in addition to the age of onset specifier. It was suggested that this would identify a subgroup with severe antisocial and/or aggressive behavior with serious current and future (mental health) impairment. Research in recent years has shown that this is indeed a subgroup with severe antisocial behavior; however, mental health problems do not appear to differ from those of youth with CD without LPE. Most research to date has been cross-sectional. However, longitudinal research is urgently needed to better understand the predictive value of the LPE specifier. The aim of the current longitudinal study is to examine future offending behavior of youth with CD with compared to youth without the LPE specifier. In addition, the predictive value of the categorical LPE specifier and the dimensional LPE score will be examined beyond factors that are strongly associated with future offending (i.e., gender, age, and prior offending).MethodsAdolescents and young adults (12–25) with CD (assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version [K-SADS-PL]) with (N = 61) and without (N = 75) the LPE specifier (assessed with the Callous-Unemotional [CU] dimension of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory [YPI]) (in line with Jambroes et al., 2016) were compared on sociodemographic characteristics, mental health problems and offending behavior. Future (general and violent) offending was based on official conviction data.ResultsOur results showed that youth with CD with and without the LPE specifier did not differ in self-reported and informant-reported mental health problems. However, youth with CD with the LPE specifier showed more offending behavior and personality pathology at baseline. In addition, the categorical LPE specifier was associated with future general offending, but not with future violent offending. The dimensional LPE score was associated with both future general and violent offending. However, after adjustment for gender, age, and prior delinquency, these associations disappeared, with the exception of the association between the dimensional LPE score and violent offending, which remained significant even after controlling for gender, age, and prior violent offending.DiscussionIn conclusion, there seems to be evidence of a relationship between limited prosocial emotions and future offending behavior in youth with CD. This relationship, however, should not be overestimated, as there are other (static) factors (e.g. gender and prior offending behavior) that also have a strong influence on future (violent) offending behavior. Still, from a clinical point of view, a dynamic factor like prosocial emotional skills is a good focus for reducing the risk of future offending behavior.

Understanding the association between normal and maladaptive personality traits: Replication and extension of Morey etal. (2020).

The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) within the DSM-5 includes separable components representing general personality dysfunction (Criterion A) and maladaptive personality traits (Criterion B). Some critique Criterion A for accounting for little incremental variance in PD beyond Criterion B. However, Morey etal. (2020) hypothesized that personality dysfunction is a key mechanism through which normal-range traits account for the maladaptive component of personality traits, justifying its inclusion. We sought to replicate and extend this work in a psychiatric sample with mixed methods. In total, 152 participants recruited from mental health clinics completed multiple measures of personality dysfunction and normal-range and maladaptive traits. Replication was only partially achieved. The degree of incremental prediction of maladaptive traits and the extent to which personality dysfunction explained the relations between normal-range and maladaptive traits varied significantly across traits, and those effects that reached significance were small in magnitude. Removing variance due to personality dysfunction reduced intercorrelations among maladaptive traits by only a small amount. Counter to Morey etal. (2020), our results failed to support maladaptive traits as composites of normal-range traits and personality dysfunction, suggesting that other methods of distinguishing personality pathology severity and style are needed.

Machine Learning Facial Emotion Classifiers in Psychotherapy Research: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: New advances in the field of machine learning make it possible to track facial emotional expression with high resolution, including micro-expressions. These advances have promising applications for psychotherapy research, since manual coding (e.g., the Facial Action Coding System), is time-consuming. Purpose: We tested whether this technology can reliably identify in-session emotional expression in a naturalistic treatment setting, and how these measures relate to the outcome of psychotherapy. Method: We applied a machine learning emotion classifier to video material from 389 psychotherapy sessions of 23 patients with borderline personality pathology. We validated the findings with human ratings according to the Clients Emotional Arousal Scale (CEAS) and explored associations with treatment outcomes. Results: Overall, machine learning ratings showed significant agreement with human ratings. Machine learning emotion classifiers, particularly the display of positive emotions (smiling and happiness), showed medium effect size on median-split treatment outcome (d = 0.3) as well as continuous improvement (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). Patients who dropped out form psychotherapy, showed significantly more neutral expressions, and generally less social smiling, particularly at the beginning of psychotherapeutic sessions. Conclusions: Machine learning classifiers are a highly promising resource for research in psychotherapy. The results highlight differential associations of displayed positive and negative feelings with treatment outcomes. Machine learning emotion recognition may be used for the early identification of drop-out risks and clinically relevant interactions in psychotherapy.

Social and Monetary Reward Processing in Youth with Early Emerging Personality Pathology: An RDoC-Informed Study.

Very little is known about the mechanisms underlying the development of personality disorders, hindering efforts to address early risk for these costly and stigmatized disorders. In this study, we examined associations between social and monetary reward processing, measured at the neurophysiological level, and personality pathology, operationalized through the Level of Personality Functioning (LPF), in a sample of early adolescent females (Mage = 12.21years old, SD = 1.21). Female youth with (n = 80) and without (n = 30) a mental health history completed laboratory tasks assessing social and monetary reward responsiveness using electroencephalogram (EEG) and completed ratings ofpersonality pathology. Commonly co-occurring psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) were also assessed. At the bivariate level, significant associations did not emerge between psychopathology and reward processing variables. When covarying symptoms of depression, anxiety, ADHD, ODD, and CD, an enhanced reward positivity (RewP) component to social reward feedback (accounting for response to social rejection) was associated with higher levels of personality impairment. Results were specific to social rather than monetary reward processing. Depression, anxiety, and ODD also explained unique variance in LPF. These findings suggest that alterations in social reward processing may be a key marker for early emerging personality pathology. Future work examining the role of social reward processing on the development of LPF across adolescence may guide efforts to prevent the profound social dysfunction associated with personality pathology.

Implications on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Pathology in Adolescents Based on the Sequelae of the Covid-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused more adolescents with a pathological narcissistic personality to seek clinical as well as psychotherapeutic treatment due to suicidal crises, breakdown of social functioning and inability to continue school attendance. Recent study results show that youth with personality disorders (pd) had more trouble returning to school and to everyday life following pandemic related closures of schools. In a sample of adolescent patients with pd who were treated with transference focused psychotherapy (TFP-A) in a day-clinic programsignificantlymore juveniles remained absent fromschool during the pandemic then pre-pandemic. Only 42 % of the adolescents from the pandemic-group returned to school as a result of the treatment in comparison to 53%of the juvenile patients who returned to school after being treated before the pandemic. This might be explained by the specific effect the pandemic had on adolescents with narcissistic pd and their problem with being treated. Unfortunately, there is still hesitance in diagnosing and investigating narcissistic personality pathology in adolescence despite the knowledge that the early diagnosis and specified treatment could prevent unfavorable pathways and chronification of their severe problems. Changes in the conceptualization of pd in ICD-11 and DSM-5 enable a differentiated diagnosis beginning in late childhood. Furthermore, there are specialized manualized treatment approaches for adolescents with pd. This paper aims at illustrating the specific characteristics of narcissistic pd in youth as well as describing the symptom aggravation following the pandemic. It also points out the possibilities of a modified specialized treatment approach based on transference focused psychotherapy. Further research is needed to improve diagnostic and therapeutic modifications for juveniles with pd.

A smartphone-based intervention for young people who self-harm (‘PRIMARY’): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSelf-harm in young people is a public health concern connected with severe mental health problems, such as personality pathology. Currently, there are no specific evidence-based interventions available for young people who self-harm. Therefore, we developed PRe-Intervention Monitoring of Affect and Relationships in Youth (PRIMARY), a smartphone-based intervention, co-designed by clinicians and young people with lived experience of mental ill-health. PRIMARY combines the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) with weekly report sessions. The study aims to examine the effectiveness of PRIMARY with regard to reducing self-harm, and improving emotion regulation and quality of relationships.MethodsThis study is a multicenter, parallel groups, randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the PRIMARY intervention to a waiting list control group. PRIMARY comprises 28 consecutive days of questionnaires five times each day (i.e., ESM) and four weekly report sessions. Participants will comprise 180 young people referred for treatment to the participating Dutch mental healthcare institutions and (1) are aged 12 to 25 years, and (2) engaged in ≥ 1 act of self-harm in the past year. Participants are randomly allocated to a study group after screening in a 1:1 ratio by an independent researcher using computer-generated randomization sequences with stratified block randomization by age (12 to 15 years / 16 to 25 years). Staff will conduct assessments with all participants at baseline (Wave 1), after 28 days (Wave 2), and in a subsample after 10 weeks of subsequent specialized treatment (Wave 3). The primary outcomes are self-harm, emotion regulation, and quality of relationships. Secondary outcomes include patient and clinician satisfaction. Exploratory analyses of ESM data will examine the relationship between emotions, social relationships, and self-harm.DiscussionThe results of this trial will clarify whether an innovative smartphone-based intervention is effective for reducing self harm and improving emotion regulation and the quality of social relationships. It has the potential to fill a treatment gap of interventions specifically targeting self-harm. If proven effective, it would provide an accessible, easy-to-implement, low-cost intervention for young people. Furthermore, the ESM-data will allow detailed analyses into the processes underlying self-harm, which will contribute to theoretical knowledge regarding the behavior.Trial registrationISRCTN42088538 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN42088538), retrospectively registered on the 26th of October 2022.

A Longitudinal Network of Borderline-Related Trait Vulnerabilities from Childhood to Adolescence.

Early maladaptive traits are predictive of later borderline personality pathology (BPP), but little is known about their dynamic interplay over time. This is an important issue to address, however, as significant differences in the 'clinical weight' of various traits constituting the early BPP trait phenotype may inform the field on important target constructs from an early intervention perspective. Therefore, the current study aims to uncover the complex dependencies between BPP traits across the crucial developmental period of childhood and adolescence, by using longitudinal network analysis. Both between- and within-person networks were constructed to identify how early mother-reported borderline-related traits are connected across a timespan of six years (ntime 1 = 718, Mtime1 = 10.73years, SDtime1 = 1.39, 55.1% girls). Overall, the temporal network suggested various trait interdependencies, with internalizing traits being particularly influential in the development of the BPP trait network structure. At the same time, externalizing traits likely inhibit the negative effects of these core traits. In addition, results also revealed that internalizing and externalizing clusters of early borderline-related traits are linked through emotional lability. Implications of these findings are discussed in view of the change mechanisms at play and potential targets for early intervention.

Countertransference in the treatment of patients with personality disorders: A longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Objective This study examines how therapist emotional response/countertransference (CT) develops during treatment for patients with personality disorders (PDs) and how pre-treatment patient factors (severity of personality pathology, PD category, level of symptom distress) predict CT responses. Secondly, we explored associations between patient clinical outcome and CT. Method A longitudinal, observational study including 1956 patients with personality pathology treated at psychotherapy units within specialist mental health services. Therapists’ emotional response was repeatedly assessed by the Feeling Word Checklist—Brief Version (FWC-BV) with three subscales—Inadequate, Confident, and Idealized. Results Levels of Inadequate CT were lowest and stable over time while Confident and Idealized increased over time. Greater severity of personality pathology and borderline PD predicted higher initial Inadequate, lower initial Confident and decreasing Inadequate over time. Antisocial PD predicted decreasing Confident. Number of PD criteria had higher impact on therapist CT than level of symptom distress. Clinical improvement was associated with decreasing Inadequate. Conclusion Therapists reported predominantly Confident CT when working with PD patients. More severe personality pathology, and borderline PD, specifically, predicted more negative CT initially, but the negative CT decreased over time. Patients who did not improve were associated with increasing Inadequate.

Divergencies between a medical and a psychiatric hospitalization: Admissions, aggressiveness, and characterological suicidality in severe personality disorders

ContextThere have been significant advances in organizational and administrative practices of modern psychiatric institutions. These advances have allowed their capitalization in the therapeutic use of social sub-systems and the interaction between staff and patients, in inpatient hospital programs. The therapeutic use of the interaction between patients and personnel is the essence of contemporary psychiatric divisions: this is what truly distinguishes modern psychiatric services from traditional medical models. However, the enormous gap between these advances and their more universal applications to the contemporary psychiatric hospital is disconcerting. Objectives(a) To raise awareness of the differences between a medical and a psychiatric inpatient program; (b) so as to truly appreciate the importance of the therapeutic use of the interaction between personnel and patients; (c) particularly in the context of treating aggressiveness and characterological suicidality in severe personality disorders. MethodIn this study the divergencies between a medical and a psychiatric hospitalization are critically explored along four dimensions: (1) body versus mind; (2) reasons for admissions; (3) pharmacological approaches; and (4) characterological suicidality and aggressiveness in severe personality disorders. ResultsLamentably, the non-delimited and confusing transposition of traditional and psychiatric models, in inpatient psychiatric programs which do not integrate a comprehensive supraordinate psychotherapeutic framework at the service of their primary tasks, results in the risk of highly restrictive and merely custodial care of patients; unintegrated salads of multiple psychotherapeutic modalities, without a holistic approximation to articulate them; and the mixture of interventions that cancel each other out and could even result iatrogenic for patients and staff. It is precisely in the dimensions of characterological suicidality and aggressiveness, that the overall containment and treatment of suicidal behavior and the rampant infiltration of aggression in severe personality pathology call for a clear demarcation between a medical model and a genuinely psychiatric one. InterpretationsContrary to the erroneous prediction of a few decades ago, about the disappearance of the psychiatric hospital, the need of modern psychiatric institutions and psychiatry programs that integrate the achievements and contemporary proposals in mental health and psychotherapeutic sciences is more imperative than ever. This situation will demand an ongoing effort to explore critically our psychiatric practices and to address the enormous challenges represented by the training of staff, professors, and residents in psychiatry, toward the optimal use and advancement of available hospital resources.

The relationship between mood disorders, personality disorder and suicidality in adolescence: does general personality disturbance play a significant role in predicting suicidal behavior?

IntroductionCurrent research points to the importance personality pathology and Major Depression e as relevant psycopathological risk factors for understanding suicidal risk in adolescence. Literature has mainly focused on the role of BPD, however current orientations in personality pathological functioning suggest that BPD may be the representative of a general personality disturbance, a factor of vulnerability underlying diverse psychopathological variants and aspects of maladaptive functioning. However, recent studies seem to have neglected the contributions that other specific personality disorders and personality pathology as a general factor of vulnerability for suicidality; and only marginally investigated the interaction of personality disorder (PD) as an overall diagnosis and individual PDs and major depression (MDD).In this paper, the independent and cumulative effects of MDD and DSM-IV PDs on suicidal risk are investigated in a sample of adolescents observed in a longitudinal window of observation ranging from three months preceding the assessment to a six-month follow up period of clinical monitoring.MethodsA sample of 118 adolescents (mean age = 15.48 ± 1.14) referred for assessment and treatment on account of suicidal ideation or behavior were administered the CSSRS, SCID II, Kiddie-SADS at admission at inpatient and outpatient Units. All subjects included in the study had reported suicidal ideation or suicide attempts at the C-SSRS; The CSSRS was applied again to all patients who reported further suicidal episodes during the six-months follow-up period of clinical monitoring. Dimensional diagnoses of PDs was obtained by summing the number of criteria met by each subject at SCID-%-PD 5, In order, to test the significance of the associations between the variables chosen as predictors (categorical and dimensional PDs and MD diagnosis), and the suicidal outcomes variables suicide attempts, number of suicide attempts and potential lethality of suicide attempt, non-parametric bivariate correlations, logistic regression models and mixed-effects Poisson regression were performed PD.ResultsThe categorical and dimensional diagnosis of PD showed to be a significant risk factors for suicide attempt and their recurrence, independently of BPD, that anyway was confirmed to be a specific significant risk factor for suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, PD assessed at a categorical and dimensional level and Major Depression exert an influence on suicidal behaviors and their lethality both as independent and cumulative risk factors.LimitationsBesides incorporating dimensional thinking into our approach to assessing psychopathology, our study still relied on traditionally defined assessment of PD. Future studies should include AMPD-defined personality pathology in adolescence to truly represent dimensional thinking.ConclusionThese results point to the importance of early identification of the level of severity of personality pathology at large and its co-occurrence with Major Depression for the management of suicidal risk in adolescence.

Conative gamification model for psychological diagnostics and identification of risk zones of deviant behavior in educational institutions

Introduction. In the modern world, new methods of teaching and upbringing in the educational process are being created, new technologies are associated with the creation of digital methods of modeling the environment: interactive tools. Simulation-based learning methods are more common, which is a new tool that can potentially replace and enhance the real experience in a fully interactive way. The central trend in the educational institution is the transition to new methods that are integrated into the digital environment. The purpose of the article is to create a model of gamification of psychological diagnostics and identification of risk zones of deviant behavior in educational institutions. Methods. Within the framework of the strategic academic leadership program «Priority 2030», we conducted studies of deviant behavior of schoolchildren (n=85) and students (n=125). The following methods are used: diagnostics of the level of empathic abilities of V. V. Boyko; methodology of T. Adorno, E. FrenkelBrunswick, D. Levinson, R. Sanford «Scale of fascism»; methodology for identifying the «bullying structure» of E. G. Norkina. Methods of mathematical statistics: factor analysis by the method of principal components, regression analysis. Research results. Six components that make up the conative model of identifying risk zones of deviant behavior are identified: «Self-destruction», «Tendency to violate norms», «Susceptibility to right-wing extremism», «Cognitive distortion», «External aggression», «Pathological personality». A regression equation has been compiled, which gives the probability of prediction, where 94% accuracy of prediction, thereby determining that the scale of fascism is determined by two variables: authoritarian aggression and authoritarian submission. Other empirical facts have also been established to explain the model based on cognitive empathy. The management of the Penetrating ability in empathy can change the structure of bullying, reduce the number of aggressor's assistants, because it is positively interrelated with the role of defenders of victims (r=0.19; p&lt;0.05). Conclusion. The components that reflect the diagnostic potential of the gamification model for identifying risk zones in the educational institution of students are fixed. Based on the selected components, you can create a program using the regulatory framework.

Associations between different measures of personality pathology and resting-state autonomic function among adolescents.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been associated with a reduced functional flexibility of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), indexed by decreased vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). Employing a comprehensive Section II-based assessment approach and a partial Section III-based assessment approach (including Criterion A of the alternative model of personality disorders [AMPD]), the present study investigates how different conceptualizations of personality disorders (PDs) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 5th edition relate to ANS function. Using the BPD section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II, a Section II-based assessment approach) and the Semistructured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1, a Section III-based assessment approach), we conducted linear regression analyses to examine how categorical (BPD diagnosis) and dimensional (severity and domain) measures of PD are associated with ANS activity among adolescent psychiatric patients (N = 147, Mage = 15.25 years). Replicating earlier findings, analyses revealed a statistically significant positive association between the SCID-II measures of BPD and heart rate (HR), b = 0.43, t(59) = 3.57, p = .001, f = .57, as well as a statistically significant negative association between the SCID-II measures of BPD and vmHRV, b = -0.34, t(59) = -2.74, p = .008, f = .47. Neither the STiP-5.1 total score nor the subscales of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) were associated with HR or vmHRV. The present findings indicate that the SCID-II may capture features of PD that are more informative of variance in physiological function than the STiP-5.1. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Impairments in Cognitive and Emotional Empathy as Markers of General versus Specific Personality Pathology

Introduction: The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th edition (DSM-5) considers impairments in empathy a basic feature of personality disorders (PDs). In contrast, the AMPD pathological personality trait model and the categorical DSM-5 Section II PD model associate deficits in empathy to specific forms of personality pathology. The present study investigated to what extent impairments in cognitive and emotional empathy are markers of general versus specific personality pathology. Methods: In a clinical sample (n = 119), the Multifaceted Empathy Test was used to assess cognitive empathy, emotional empathy for positive emotions, and emotional empathy for negative emotions. Personality functioning, pathological personality traits, and DSM-5 Section II PDs were assessed via interviews and self-reports. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to associate the three empathy facets with the three personality pathology approaches, each modeled with general personality pathology (common factor) and specific personality pathology (residuals of indicators). Results: Impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions were significantly correlated with general personality pathology. All three empathy facets were also correlated to specific personality pathology when controlling for general personality pathology, respectively. Impairments in cognitive empathy were incrementally associated with identity and empathy (personality functioning), psychoticism (pathological personality traits), and paranoid and dependent PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). Deficits in emotional empathy for positive emotions were incrementally associated with self-direction and intimacy (personality functioning) and detachment (pathological personality traits). Impairments in emotional empathy for negative emotions were incrementally associated with antagonism (pathological personality traits) and antisocial PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). Conclusion: The results suggest that impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions, but not for negative emotions, are markers of general personality pathology, while deficits in the three empathy facets are also markers for specific personality pathology.

Intrapersonal dynamics of closeness versus distance: Qualities of the self-concept distinguish destructive overdependence, dysfunctional detachment, and healthy dependency.

People vary in the degree to which they affiliate with others; exaggerated efforts maintain interpersonal closeness versus distance are codified in longstanding categorical models of personality pathology, and in contemporary dimensional frameworks as well. To examine associations between destructive overdependence (DO), dysfuntional detachment (DD), and healthy dependency (HD) and qualities of the self-concept. A mixed-sex sample of 229 adults completed the Relationship Profile Test to assess DO, DD, and HD, and the Object Relations Inventory (ORI) to assess qualities of the self-concept. Analyses indicated that (1) the ORI Strong dimension was uniquely predictive of DO (inversely related); (2) ORI Warm and Nurturing were unique predictors of DD (both inversely related); and (3) ORI Nurturing and Successful were unique predictors of HD. This study illuminates key intrapersonal features of these three personality styles.

Investigating a Common Structure of Personality Pathology and Attachment

Critical theoretical intersections between adult insecure attachment and personality disorders (PDs) suggest that they may overlap, but a lack of empirical analysis to date has limited further interpretation. The current study used a large sample ( N = 812) of undergraduates ( N = 355) and adults receiving psychological treatment ( N = 457) to test whether a joint hierarchical factor structure of personality pathology and insecure attachment is tenable. Results suggested that attachment and PD indicators load together on latent domains of emotional lability, detachment, and vulnerability, but antagonistic, impulsigenic, and psychosis-spectrum factors do not subsume attachment indicators. This solution was relatively consistent across treatment status but varied across gender, potentially suggesting divergent socialization of interpersonal problems. Although further tests are needed, if attachment and PDs prove to be unitary, combining them has exciting potential for providing an etiologic-developmental substrate to the classification of interpersonal dysfunction.