Pathogenic Microorganisms Research Articles

Construction of a pathogenic microorganism detection method based on third-generation nanopore sequencing data

BackgroundPathogenic microorganisms can cause infections, allergies, diarrhoea, tumours, other diseases, and even death. Therefore, the detection of pathogenic microorganisms is important.MethodsIn this study, a bioinformatics pipeline was developed. First, a comprehensive and penetrating reference database of nucleic acids from pathogenic microorganisms was constructed, and sequence alignment analysis was performed via nanopore sequencing of metagenomic data collected from 40 patients with lower respiratory tract infection symptoms. The similarity, abundance, and matching length of the sequences were integrated to obtain a comprehensive parameter, all_ratio, which can be used to identify pathogenic microorganisms effectively.ResultsCompared with two previous methods, i.e., pathogen identification via microbiological culture or a previously reported metagenomic pipeline, pathogens were detected in 23 out of the 40 samples using our method, with the same results as those of the previous two methods. In five samples, pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Granulicatella adiacens that had not been detected via the previous two methods were detected using our method. Pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria flavescens were detected in 12 samples via our method, in contrast to the results of the previous two methods. Therefore, it is presumed that the individuals from whom these samples were obtained may have been infected with two or more pathogenic microorganisms.ConclusionsThis study shows that our method can efficiently identify pathogenic microorganisms and even detect pathogenic microorganisms in samples that cannot be detected via other methods, thus supplementing existing methods.

Microbiological Hazards in the Food Chain of Fish and Products, a Focus on Klebsiella spp.

Feeding is an elementary human need from which we obtain the energy and nutrients necessary for development and survival. Health heavily depends on food, which can be a means of different microbial hazards when contaminated at any stage of the food chain, compromising food safety and consumer health. Fish are considered widely produced foods (fishing or aquaculture) and are marketed worldwide; they are also a basic element of the human diet because they are a source of proteins and lipids. On the other hand, owing to their chemical properties (neutral pH and water activity), fish are highly susceptible to contamination by saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms related to spoilage and risk to human health. Among the contaminating microorganisms in fish are bacteria of the genus Klebsiella, which are considered important in human and animal health worldwide due to their opportunistic pathogenicity, resistance to various antimicrobials, and association with numerous infections at the community and hospital levels, where foods such as fish and other products can serve as important sources of transmission. Therefore, this document presents a bibliographic review focused on describing, in a general way, the genus Klebsiella and its relationship with human health, aquatic animal health, and the safety of fish and products, as well as laboratory analysis procedures and identification of control and prevention measures of this biological hazard in fish and products to safeguard public health.

The Fertilization of Synbiotic Systems in the Intensive Culture of Penaeus vannamei

ABSTRACTOver the years, the intensification of shrimp Penaeus vannamei production has brought challenges such as disease outbreaks and increases in the nutrient loading of effluents. To be more environmentally friendly as production systems intensified, it became necessary to create systems with a high degree of biosecurity and toward efficiency in water and land use. Thus, microbial‐based systems, such as the biofloc, were pioneered to support industry growth and market demand for shrimp. Currently, a derivation of biofloc has emerged and is gaining ground in the shrimp industry, which is the synbiotic system. Synbiotic systems are microbially based and are characterized by fertilizing the culture water with vegetable bran (prebiotics) that were processed by fermentation and/or microbial respiration by probiotic microorganisms. The fertilization strategy creates conditions similar to a natural environment by supporting microbial loop development, controlling water quality, and suppressing harmful, and pathogenic microorganisms. The synbiotic system is still new and without standard fertilization protocols, which has leads to dissimilar results between laboratory research and commercial farms. Therefore, this review is focused on describing the different fertilization procedures used in the synbiotic system for P. vannamei intensive culture, the importance of each fertilizer component, as well as the processing strategies. Furthermore, in this study, we seek to demonstrate perspectives and recommend future research topics to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of this production system.

Rapid, ultrasensitive and specific RPA-THz system for pathogenic microorganism detection

Rapid, ultrasensitive and specific RPA-THz system for pathogenic microorganism detection

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of dosage forms based on Michurin's chokeberry leaves

Introduction. Recently, researchers have shown great interest in studying the phytochemical composition of Michurin's aronia leaves (Aronia × mitschurinii A.K. Skvortsov & Maitul) due to the significant content of such valuable biologcally active substances (BAS) as flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins and tannins of the condensed group. Considering the high potential astringent, capillary-protective and anti-inflammatory activity of the main target groups of the BAS of the studied raw materials, in the framework of the present study we have analysed the antimicrobial activity of aqueous-alcoholic liquid extracts of the medicinal forms from Michurin's chokeberry leaves. In our recent studies, we have also established the biocidal effect of the decoction in vitro at a dilution of 1 : 10 on the test system of infusoria Parametium caudatum under the damaging effect of sodium chloride solution in the test "Functional load".Aim. The purpose of the work was to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous-alcoholic liquid extraction dosage forms obtained from the leaves of chokeberry Michurin, in order to assess the prospects for creating medicinal herbal preparations (MHRP).Materials and methods. The object of the study were liquid extraction dosage forms, tincture (1 : 5) and liquid extract (1 : 1), obtained from dried leaves of Michurin's chokeberry using 60 % ethanol. The antimicrobial activity of the samples was determined by the double serial dilution method. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were used as test cultures. The prediction of the main types of pharmacological activity by in silico method was carried out for the pre-identified components of the leaf polyphenolic complex – catechin, rutin and leucocyanidin – using PassOnline and Phyto4Health platform. The medicinal forms obtained were standardised in accordance with the requirements for tinc-tures and extracts of the State Pharmacopoeia XV edition.Results and discussion. The in silico screening of the main target groups of the BAS of the studied raw materials confirmed their high potential astringent and anti-inflammatory activity. The BAS complex of the liquid ex-tract of Michurin's chokeberry leaves in comparison with the tincture shows antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa up to the 4th dilution and antifungal activity against Candida albicans up to the 6th dilution. In relation to such pathogenic microorganisms as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus both tested dosage forms showed antimicrobial activity up to the 6th–7th dilution. The dosage form with a wider spectrum of antimicrobial activity is the liquid extract. In addition, the obtained dosage forms were standardized according to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.Conclusion. The results of the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the obtained alcoholic dosage forms based on Michurin's chokeberry leaves (tincture and liquid extract), confirmed the prospects of creating herbal medicines, e.g. for external use in the complex therapy and prevention of diseases of the oral cavity in the form of rinses or applications.

Relationship between the main components of metabolic syndrome and oral diseases

The main components of the metabolic syndrome - obesity, insulin resistance and carbohydrate metabolism disorders, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension - are comorbid, having a single pathogenetic mechanism for the formation of conditions. The prevalence of oral diseases exceeds the combined incidence of the five major non-communicable diseases. The article presents data on the relationship between oral diseases and the main components of metabolic syndrome. The relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, atherogenesis, and the role of pathogenic microorganisms in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of oral diseases and metabolic syndrome are discussed. The most common clinical manifestations in the oral cavity in metabolic syndrome are described. Attention is paid to the positive mutual influence of therapy for the components of metabolic syndrome and oral diseases on the course of these diseases. The article notes that oral health screening should be part of the treatment for metabolic syndrome or any of its components.

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from various cavities and mucous membranes of animals

The urgency of the problem of microbial resistance to antibacterial drugs is growing every year, although national programs have been developed to curb antibiotic resistance in a number of countries around the world. From May to November 2024, we monitored antibiotic resistance by analyzing the sensitivity of various microorganisms isolated from various cavities and mucous membranes from 93 unproductive animals in a veterinary clinic in St. Petersburg. According to the results of the analysis, data were obtained confirming the growth of resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial agents. Isolated from animals, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was resistant to penicillins, lincosamides, cephalosporins, amphinecols, aminoglycosides, macrolides, Staphylococcus epidermidis was resistant to penicillins, lincosamides, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamide preparations, Klebsiella pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotics, Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides, Enterococcus faecalis to fluoroquinolones, Enterococcus faecium to penicillins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. During the monitoring of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in a veterinary clinic, it can be concluded that irrational antibiotic therapy is a serious problem that leads to an increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. Antibacterial drugs play an important role in the treatment of various diseases, which can significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life of patients. However, the effectiveness of these drugs directly depends on the dose, frequency and duration of administration.

Lack of basic sanitation influence on the enteropathogen presence in a river of the Brazilian Legal Amazon.

Water systems globally are declining in water quality, largely due to anthropogenic activities, with freshwater contamination reaching unprecedented levels. The Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA), holding 13.56% of the world's fresh water, is affected due to the lack of basic sanitation. This study assesses the quality of the Lontra River, in southeastern BLA, by monitoring physicochemical and microbiological parameters and detecting DEC E. coli and Salmonella spp. over 16months, following current regulations. The data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact test (p ≤ 0.05), Kruskal-Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05), with Tukey post hoc (α = 0.05), and Spearman's correlation (p ≤ 0.05). Results showed pH levels were below the optimal range established by Brazilian water quality indices and legislation, with seasonal variations, and dissolved oxygen also below acceptable limits. Thermotolerant coliforms (TtC) exceeded thresholds, signaling microbiological contamination. DEC E. coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in 32.14% and 67.85% of samples, respectively, even in those with low TtC levels. No correlation was found between TtC and pathogen presence, suggesting that meeting minimum water quality standards does not guarantee the absence of pathogenic microorganisms. These findings reveal significant environmental and public health risks related to surface water quality in the Lontra River. Also highlight discrepancies between regulatory water quality standards and the actual conditions observed, underscoring the need for regionally adapted water monitoring and management practices to protect both environmental and public health in the BLA.

Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Meat and Milk in Northeastern Italy.

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic microorganism often found in animal-derived foods and is known for its ability to readily develop resistance to antibiotic treatments. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus strains in raw milk and meat in Italy and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm production. Among the meat isolates, 41.67% were resistant to ampicillin, and 25% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In milk, 20% of the isolates were resistant to gentamycin, while 5.71% were MRSA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains was higher in meat (16.67%) compared to milk (5.71%). The biofilm formation capability was assessed in most of the isolates (80% in milk and 100% in meat). Representative strains exhibiting different antibiotic resistance profiles were all negative for the enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see, but harbored potential virulence factors such as hemolytic activity, high pigmentation, low cell envelop permeability, charged and hydrophobicity. Finally, the interaction of representative strains with human Caco-2 intestinal cell line showed that most strains had an adhesion capacity. Our findings reveal that foodborne isolates of S. aureus present a considerable threat to consumers due to their production of virulence factors, which enhance their pathogenicity and increase the likelihood of antibiotic treatment failures.

Comparative Study on Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Properties of Different Polar Fractions of Anogeisuss leiocarpus Root Extract from Langtang L.G.A. Plateau State

Anogeissus leiocarpus plant is widely used in Africa and among Tarok people in the northern senatorial zone of Plateau State, Nigeria as antimicrobial agents against many pathogenic microorganisms. This study was carried out invitro to compare the antibacterial and antifungal properties of non-polar (hexane, ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol, water) root extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, (ATCC 6538), Klebsiella pneumonia,(ATCC 1705), Escherichia coli, (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (clinical isolates) Aspergillus flavus (clinical isolates), Trichophyton rubrum (clinical isolates), Aspergillus braziliensis (clinical isolates), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The extracts of polar solvents showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. But for Aspergillus flavus, and Trichophyton rubrum both the polar and non-polar solvents showed equal inhibition. Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole and Amphotericin B were used as control. The result revealed that the selected micro-organisms were sensitive within the concentration range of 50 – 400mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical results revelled the presence of important bioactive substances such as cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and terpenes. Thus, methanol extracts contain bioactive compounds that could be utilized in developing new antibiotics.

Non-targeted metabonomics reveals the effect of linalyl alcohol on Brochothrix thermophile and its potential application.

Brochothrix thermophcta (B. thermophcta) is a pathogenic microorganism associated with food contamination. Linalyl alcohol, owing to its broad spectrum and exceptional antibacterial properties, is regarded as a potent natural antimicrobial agent. This is to elucidate the cellular-level mechanism of linalyl alcohol on B. thermophacta and investigate, for the first time, its regulatory effect on the metabolic pathway of B. thermophacta through metabonomics analysis. The results demonstrated that treatment with linalyl alcohol led to a reduction in bacterial metabolic capacity, while simultaneously promoting an increase in membrane fluidity through damage to the bacterial cell membrane. A total of 201 differential metabolites were identified at the metabolic level, with 50 showing significant up-regulation and 151 displaying significant down-regulation. The differential metabolites primarily participate in the tRNA cycle, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, with a particular emphasis on the significant impairment of amino acid metabolism. The application results demonstrated that linalyl alcohol exhibited a significant antibacterial effect on B. thermosphacta, as evidenced by the negligible changes observed in the color, smell, and tissue state of pork even after 8days of treatment. In summary, linalyl alcohol exhibits multi-target and multi-pathway inhibition against B. thermosphacta, leading to disruption of cell morphology and metabolic processes. These findings provide a novel theoretical foundation for understanding the inhibitory mechanism of linalyl alcohol on B. thermosphacta, highlighting its potential as an effective alternative to food additives in the preservation industry of livestock products.

Probiotic supplement for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is one of the major prevalent causes of infertility reported worldwide nearly 6-26%, especially in girls hitting puberty and women at their childbearing age. The main clinical manifestations include irregular menstrual cycle, small cysts on one or both ovaries, chronic oligo-anovulation, and hirsutism. The etiological criteria are very complex and related to many factors like obesity, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, hyperandrogenism, diabetes mellitus type II, cardiovascular diseases, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The given review focuses on managing PCOS through probiotics by analyzing the effects on the symptoms of the disease. The probiotics effective in treating PCOS belong to Bifidobacterium, Lactobacilli, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and other Lactic acid bacteria. Its significance in PCOS is mainly due to the antagonizing of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, increasing intestinal mucus layer production, reducing intestinal permeability, and modulating the gastrointestinal immune system. Also, their interaction with certain hormones such as insulin, androgen, and estrogen through short-chain fatty acids influences fertility. More research is necessary to validate these results. Probiotic supplements could be a viable option for treating PCOS in adults.

Chitosan and its derivatives: A novel approach to gut microbiota modulation and immune system enhancement.

Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin found in crustacean shells and certain fungi, has attracted considerable attention for its promising health benefits, particularly in gut microbiota maintenance and immune system modulation. This review critically examines chitosan's multifaceted role in supporting gut health and enhancing immunity, beginning with a comprehensive overview of its sources, chemical structure, and its dual function as a dietary supplement and biomaterial. Chitosan's prebiotic effects are highlighted, with a focus on its ability to selectively stimulate beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, while enhancing gut barrier integrity and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The review delves deeply into chitosan's immunomodulatory mechanisms, including its impact on antigen-presenting cells, cytokine profiles, and systemic immune responses. A detailed comparative analysis assesses chitosan's efficacy relative to other prebiotics and immunomodulatory agents, examining challenges related to bioavailability and metabolic activity. Beyond its role in gut health, this review explores chitosan's potential as a dual-action agent that not only supports gut microbiota but also fortifies immune resilience. It introduces emerging research on novel chitosan derivatives, such as chitooligosaccharides, and evaluates their enhanced bioactivity for functional food applications. Special attention is given to sustainability, with an exploration of alternative, plant-based sources of chitosan and their implications for both health and environmental stewardship. Also, the review identifies new research avenues, such as the growing interest in chitosan's role in the gut-brain axis and its potential mental health benefits through microbial interactions. By addressing these innovative areas, the review aims to shift the focus from basic health effects to chitosan's broader impact on public health. The findings encourage further exploration, particularly through human trials, and emphasize chitosan's untapped potential in revolutionizing health and disease management.

Integrated assessment of mucilage impact on human health using the One Health approach: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in the Marmara Sea, Türkiye.

This study employed a One Health approach to assess the potential impact of mucilage on human health by characterizing the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens strains isolated during the 2021 mucilage event in the Marmara Sea, Türkiye. Mucilage, a gelatinous organic substance exacerbated by climate change, disrupts marine ecosystems by depleting oxygen, threatening biodiversity, and serving as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms. Surface and benthic mucilage samples collected from the Marmara Sea were analysed for AMR profiles using genome analysis, the BD Phoenix™ 100 automated system, and E-test methods. The study identified 13E. coli and one C. perfringens strain, harboring 244 and six AMR genes from 21 and eight drug classes, respectively, along with multiple virulence factors (VFs). The E. coli strains exhibited four distinct serotypes (O138:H28 [Mu-3], O18:H49 [Mu-4], O128:H12 [Mu-35] and O101:H10 [Mu-125]), reported for the first time from Türkiye and mucilage. Notably, anaerobic microorganisms like C. perfringens thrived in mucilage, underscoring their ecological significance. Seasonal and climatic factors influencing mucilage formation amplify its role in transmitting antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, posing significant risks to public and environmental health. The findings highlight the urgent need for continuous monitoring and mitigation strategies for mucilage-related hazards.

In Silico Identification of Antimicrobial Sequences of Rainbow Trout Brain Proteins in the Context of Aquaculture Waste Recycling.

Aquaculture is one of the main sources of fish products and ensures their sustainable growth on the global scale, exceeding industrial fishing. At the same time, integrated processing of aquaculture by-products is an important environmental and industrial problem. Valuable biological components might be found in fish processing wastes left after manufacturing the target products (fillet, offal, etc.). In particular, antimicrobial peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are expressed in fish. A first exploratory analysis of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss brain proteins was performed to identify the theoretical antimicrobial patterns. More than half of the identified proteins were predicted to have antimicrobial regions. The proteins included histones, vitellogenin, collagen, etc. The results may be of interest for designing drugs based on peptides active against various pathogens. The field is of importance in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.

Antibiotic potentiating activity of Casearia javitensis Kunth (Salicaceae)

Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, affecting public health and generating economic and social impacts, which requires global strategies to contain its spread and reduce associated deaths. Medicinal plants demonstrate efficacy against pathogenic microorganisms, offering alternatives in the fight against microbial resistance. As a highlight, Casearia javitensis has antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties of therapeutic relevance to cope with these microorganisms. This research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of C. javitensis leaves (EECJ), as well as its antibiotic potentiating activity. Leaves of the species were collected, dried, crushed and subjected to extraction using ethanol. For the antimicrobial assays, conventional and multidrug-resistant bacterial (MDR) strains were used. The inhibition capacity was analyzed by means of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), at concentrations from 0.5 to 512 μg/mL. The potentiating activity was evaluated using subinhibitory concentrations of EECJ (MIC/8) in association with the antibiotic’s gentamicin, ampicillin and norfloxacin. The data obtained was submitted to statistical analysis. The results indicated that EECJ did not present isolated antibacterial activity (MIC > 512 μg/mL); however, it has been shown to be effective as an antibiotic enhancer, reducing the MIC of gentamicin, ampicillin, and norfloxacin against the MDR strains of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. These findings suggest that ethanolic extract of C. javitensis may be a promising alternative in combination therapies.

Tarenaya longicarpa (Soares Neto & Roalson): Integrative Review on Pharmacological Activities and Use in Traditional Medicine

The Cleomaceae family, revised by Iltis and Cochrane, includes several genera, among them Tarenaya, whose pharmacological potential has been widely studied. This article reviews the medicinal and pharmacological properties of the species Tarenaya longicarpa (synonyms Cleome spinosa and Tarenaya spinosa), popularly known as mussambe , highlighting its uses in traditional and scientific medicine. In folk medicine, T. longicarpa is used to treat asthma, cough, bronchitis, fever, and inflammations. Studies confirm that its extracts possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anthelmintic activities, as well as larvicidal and insecticidal properties. The plant contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenes, which act against pathogenic microorganisms and have therapeutic relevance. The methodology involved a bibliographic review in scientific databases, using specific descriptors related to the species and its medicinal potential. The analysis of the articles revealed that the essential oil from the leaves significantly inhibits bacteria like Streptococcus pyogenes. However, the efficacy of the extracts varies depending on the solvent used. Although the scientific literature demonstrates the multiple uses of T. longicarpa and its relevance as a phytotherapeutic agent, the authors emphasize the need for further ethnobotanical and pharmacological research to deepen the understanding of its therapeutic properties and promote its safe and effective use.

Prognostic significance of the microbial factor in patients with miscarriage in early pregnancy registration

Background: The role of the microbial factor in the genesis of early miscarriages (up to 10 weeks of pregnancy) has not been established. However, disruption of the vaginal microbiota may be associated with the occurrence of late miscarriage. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of early and late miscarriages and to determine the prognostic significance of the microbial factor in early pregnancy registration. Materials and methods: This study involved 113 pregnant women registered before 10 weeks of gestation, who were divided into two study groups. Group I consisted of 22 women whose pregnancy ended in miscarriage before 22 weeks (subgroup IA of 19 patients with early miscarriage and subgroup IB of three patients with late miscarriage). Group II comprised 91 women whose pregnancy ended in term delivery. Vaginal microflora was investigated using microscopic and molecular biological methods. Results: The frequency of miscarriages among the examined women was 20.4%. The proportion of early miscarriages was 86.4% and late miscarriages 13.6%. In Group I, the number of births in the anamnesis was higher than in Group II. The average rate of births per woman was 2.0 in Group I and 0.9 in Group II (p = 0.037); the number of previous pregnancy loss per woman was 1.2 in Group I and 0.5 in Group II (p = 0.019). Lactobacilli were detected in the vaginal biotope of all pregnant women. Lactobacillus iners and Lactobacillus crispatus were the most frequently occurring species. In subgroup IA and Group II, opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms were detected with equal frequency at first pregnancy examination and did not alter the existing vaginal microbiocenosis. In subgroup IB, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma spp. were detected simultaneously in early pregnancy, with Lactobacillus cristatus predominating. Conclusions: The proportion of early miscarriages was six times higher than that of late miscarriages. We have not found an association between the quantitative and qualitative compositions of vaginal microorganisms in the first trimester of pregnancy and early miscarriages. The microbial factor was established to be important in late miscarriages. Further studies are needed to assess the prognosis of late miscarriages at the time of pregnancy registration.

Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Some Antibacterial Agents

Metal complexes of antibiotics have shown promising antimicrobial activities against some resistant strain of bacteria by inhibiting the growth or killing the microorganisms. This phenomenon has lot of impact when the pathogenic microorganisms develop continuous resistance to the available antibiotics via various cellular defense mechanisms. Therefore, the search for alternative drug-molecules is of prime importance to combat antimicrobial resistance microorganisms. Antibiotic complexes with metal ions have attracted the attention of scientists looking for new drugs and to increase the activity of currently available antibiotics. The bioactivity of antibiotics can be improved by coordination of metal ions. To do so, cobalt(II) complexes of different antibiotics have been prepared from reaction of cobalt(II) nitrate with the antibiotics viz. amoxicillin, cefpodoxime proxetil (CFP), gatifloxacin, metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole, ketoconazole and levofloxacin. The synthesized compounds were characterized by TLC, solubility testing, melting point determination, UV-spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis. The compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella abony, and it was found that the synthesized complexes exhibited potent antibacterial activity. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 28(1): 11-19, 2025 (January)

The potential of various types of bacteria as probiotics in poultry

Biotechnology, which utilizes bacteria as probiotics in livestock, especially poultry, has been widely researched. Probiotics are known to be used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. The type of microorganism used as a probiotic is strongly related to the chemical and physical properties of the digestive environment. Therefore, the microbes used must also be specific microbes that can have a good influence on livestock. The mechanism of action of probiotics is also quite diverse. Probiotics have a role in neutralizing toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria and inhibiting the growth of these pathogenic bacteria by preventing colonization of the small intestine wall. The ability of probiotic microorganisms to secrete toxins that reduce or hinder the development of pathogenic microorganisms in the digestive tract also increases immunity in their hosts. Research mentions Lactobacillus sp, Bacillus sp, Aerococcus viridans, Bifidobacterium dentium, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus casei, and Streptococcus uberis as potential probiotics for poultry. The research method used is meta-analysis. This research method is carried out by summarizing, reviewing, and analyzing data from several pre-existing research results. The results of this article were obtained from animal feed biotechnology, the potential of bacteria as probiotics for poultry, and a comparison of the types of bacteria used as probiotics in poultry.