Pathogenic Germs Research Articles

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF WELL WATER IN ANGONDJENTOM AREA (LIBREVILLE SUBURB)

The aim of this work was to assess the quality of well water used as the main source of water by people living in AngondjeNtom area (Libreville suburb). In this regard, twelve wells were submitted from physicochemical and bacteriological analyses. The values obtained for each parameter were compared to the standard value set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and were found within the safe limits set by the WHO. In this regard this water does not present a particular danger for the populations drinking it. A bacteriological analysis has shown the presence of pathogenic germs exposing populations to diseases. This exposure is all the more worry because, in AngondjeNtom area, wells are very frequently located near showers and/or latrines and are often poorly maintained. In addition, the same physicochemical analyses carried out in rainy season reveal an increase in conductivity and turbidity values.

Lower Genital Infections: Which Germs Cause? At the Obstetrics Gynecology Service of the Reference Health Center of the Commune of Kalaban – Coro Circle of Kati Mali

Introduction This study was the first at the level of the obstetrics gynecology department of the Reference Health Center (CSRef) of Kalaban-coro Kati Mali. The objective was to determine the profile of the pathogenic germs identified and their proportion in case of imbalance of the vaginal flora in the genesis of lower genital infections in women at the level of our service. Methods: This was a descriptive study of the cross-sectional survey type which took place in the gynecology department of the Reference Health Center (CSRef) in the municipality of Kalaban – coro circle of Kati Koulikoro Mali. The study extended over a period of 12 months from February 2015 to January 2016 and involved patients seen in outpatient gynecology at our Center. The size of our sample consisted of 90 patients who agreed to participate in our study. The data was collected through a previously established survey form. Word processing was processed on World 2007 software and data entry and analysis were performed on SPSS 23.0 fr software. The statistical test used was the Chi2 considered significant when P<0.05. Results: The frequency of genital infections was 10.01%. The most represented age group was 20 to 35 years old with 61.1%. The main germs identified were respectively: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Gram-negative Bacilli with 16.7%, 15.7%, 13.4% and 11.1% respectively. Conclusion: At the end of this study, we found that the most frequent germs of lower genital infections were mainly represented by: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Gram-negative bacilli.

Peripheral Pathways to Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction, Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It was first described more than a century ago, and scientists are acquiring new data and learning novel information about the disease every day. Although there are nuances and details continuously being unraveled, many key players were identified in the early 1900’s by Dr. Oskar Fischer and Dr. Alois Alzheimer, including amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, vascular abnormalities, gliosis, and a possible role of infections. More recently, there has been growing interest in and appreciation for neurovascular unit dysfunction that occurs early in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) before and independent of Aβ and tau brain accumulation. In the last decade, evidence that Aβ and tau oligomers are antimicrobial peptides generated in response to infection has expanded our knowledge and challenged preconceived notions. The concept that pathogenic germs cause infections generating an innate immune response (e.g., Aβ and tau produced by peripheral organs) that is associated with incident dementia is worthwhile considering in the context of sporadic AD with an unknown root cause. Therefore, the peripheral amyloid hypothesis to cognitive impairment and AD is proposed and remains to be vetted by future research. Meanwhile, humans remain complex variable organisms with individual risk factors that define their immune status, neurovascular function, and neuronal plasticity. In this focused review, the idea that infections and organ dysfunction contribute to Alzheimer’s disease, through the generation of peripheral amyloids and/or neurovascular unit dysfunction will be explored and discussed. Ultimately, many questions remain to be answered and critical areas of future exploration are highlighted.

Improvement of Sanitary Quality of the <i>Digue</i> by Use of Lactic Starters

Digue is a traditional food obtained from the addition of the paste of roasted peanuts in pumpkin juice obtained by spontaneous fermentation. This spontaneous fermentation unfortunately contributes to its alteration by molds and certain pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this work is to use lactic starters to inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic germs during controlled fermentation. A total of 24 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the samples of Digue collected in the locality of Gamboura in the Far North of Cameroon. The screening allowed to retaining 02 strains of lactic acid bacteria for their best antimicrobial activities. The molecular identification of these two strains showed that they belong to the species Lactobacillus casei and Pediococcus acidilactici. The use of these two 02 lactic acid bacteria during the controlled fermentation of the Digue contaminated by Aspergillus M2, Aspergillus M3, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis 155A showed that all the pathogen germs were totally inhibited by Lactobacillus casei after 21 days of fermentation. The same result was obtained with Pediococcus acidilactici on all molds and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. At the end of this study, it appears that, the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei can be used to ensure the hygienic quality of the Digue after 21 days of fermentation.

Recent developments in cold plasma-based enzyme activity (browning, cell wall degradation, and antioxidant) in fruits and vegetables.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations reports, approximately half of the total harvested fruits and vegetables vanish before they reach the end consumer due to their perishable nature. Enzymatic browning is one of the most common problems faced by fruit and vegetable processing. The perishability of fruits and vegetables is contributed by the various browning enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and ripening or cell wall degrading enzyme (pectin methyl-esterase). In contrast, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) assist in reversing the damage caused by reactive oxygen species or free radicals. The cold plasma technique has emerged as a novel, economic, and environmentally friendly approach that reduces the expression of ripening and browning enzymes while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes; microorganisms are significantly inhibited, therefore improving the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. This review narrates the mechanism and principle involved in the use of cold plasma technique as a nonthermal agent and its application in impeding the activity of browning and ripening enzymes and increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes for improving the shelf life and quality of fresh fruits and vegetables and preventing spoilage and pathogenic germs from growing. An overview of hurdles and sustainability advantages of cold plasma technology is presented.

Bacteria pathogens of the edible frog Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Gunther, 1858) in the hydrographic basins of Benin

The consumption of the meat of certain animals from the natural environment with an unknown microbiological status exposes humans to more serious zoonoses caused by feared pathogens. The present study was carried out to identify the pathogenic microbiological flora of the edible frog, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, used as a source of animal protein by several Beninese families, to assess the health quality of this meat. According to ISO 6887-2, the isolation and identification of bacterial species were carried out on a population of 135 specimens of H. occipitalis fished in three hydrographic basins of Benin (Niger, Mono and Ouémé basins). Their analysis revealed a positivity rate of 88.15%. Infection rates varied significantly (p ˂ 0.05) from one basin to another, i.e. 77.78, 88.89 and 97.78% respectively in Ouémé, Niger and Mono. The respective proportions of the bacteria identified were: Aeromonas hydrophila (8.15%), Bacillus anthracis (1.48%), Escherichia coli (3.70%), Enterobacter sp. (21.48%), Klebsiella sp. (4.44%), Proteus sp. (6.67%), Pseudomonas sp. (11.85%), Neisseria sp. (2.22%), Salmonella sp. (0.74%), Shigella sp. (11.11%), Staphylococcus sp. (16.30%). Although the infection rate was higher in the Mono basin, no formidable species were observed in this basin. However, germs such as E. coli were observed in the Ouémé basin, and E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Bacillus anthracis in the populations of the Niger basin. These results showed that the safe consumption of the meat of this edible frog from the natural environment raises a real public health issue given the ever-increasing demand for this meat by consumers. To encourage the consumption of this meat, it is therefore urgent to promote the breeding of this frog in aquaculture operations close to the areas of consumption. The sensitization of potential consumers could limit the risks of food poisoning incurred especially in the event of poor cooking. Keywords: Frog, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, pathogenic germs, meat, Benin.

Sanitary Status and Bio-monitoring of Surface Water Quality in the City of Maroua (Far North, Cameroon)

A study to assess the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of surface water was conducted from September 2019 to September 2020 in the town of Maroua. With the objective of evaluating the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of the surface water of this town. The sampling stations were chosen on 3 main watercourses in each district of the town. Sampling was done on a fortnightly basis for one year. The results were grouped by seasons. The physico-chemical analyzes consisted of measuring the following parameters: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chloride, sodium and sulphate content. The biological analyzes of the water focused on the search for bacteria, yeasts and microscopic fungi. The spatiotemporal variations of the physico-chemical parameters revealed water with relatively high temperatures during the two seasons. Suspended solids are generally higher in water during the rainy season (45, 227, 321 and 427 mg/l respectively at M4, M1, M5 and M3) reflecting on high turbidity over 2800 NTU during both seasons at M2 station in Kaliao mayo. The microbiology of water has shown three groups of microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and fungi. From the microorganisms isolated, the majority were bacteria 84%, yeasts 8% and fungi 8%. The most represented germs in surface water’s samples in Maroua are by medical interest importance: <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Vibrio</i> spp., <i>Legionella</i> spp., then <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. and <i>Aeromonas</i> spp.. Alongside, <i>Mycobacterium </i>species, <i>Candida</i> spp., <i>Cryptococcus</i> spp. and <i>Trichophyton</i> spp. were scarce. These results testify to the occurrence of pathogenic germs in surface water in the city of Maroua. Hence the resurgence of epidemic diseases such as Cholera.

Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Characterisation of Liquid Wastes: The Case of the University Hospital Centre (UHC) of Yaound&amp;#233;-Cameroon

The untreated effluents generated by hospital activities contribute to the dissemination of pathogenic germs and multi-resistant bacteria, thus presenting a great potential danger for health and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physico-chemical quality of the effluents of the Yaoundé University Hospital Centre and their impact on the environment. It was a prospective and analytical study on three sites where hospital effluents from the intensive care unit (Station A), the upstream of the wastewater treatment plant (Station B), and the gynaecology, surgery and hospitalisation departments (Station C) were sampled. Samples were collected in sterile glass bottles for bacteriological analyses and polyethylene bottles for physico-chemical analyses. The bacteriological parameters measured showed that the density of the bacterial species sought was very high at Station B with a predominance of the species Escherichia coli (57.36%). At Station A, total coliforms were very abundant (50.12%) and at Station C, the genus Pseudomonas was predominant (14.69%). Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus were represented by three species, namely: Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Pseudomonas genus was also represented by 3 species, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas putida. The physico-chemical parameters showed that apart from temperature and conductivity, which were in compliance with the standards, the other had values higher than these standards. This study shows that untreated hospital effluent contains most of the bacteria involved in community, nosocomial infections and would be a potential source of risk to the surrounding population.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Effect, and Essential Oil Extract from the Leaf of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Artemisia afra&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; against on Selected Pathogens

Background: Artemisia afra is an indigenous plant used in Africa. It is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infections. As a result, developing innovative therapeutic methods using natural ingredients to combat pathogenic germs is critical. Methodology: Artemisia afra leaves were extracted using maceration extraction utilizing three solvents (petroleum ether, ethanol, and dichloromethane). Fresh leaves were extracted using hydrodistillation. The agar well diffusion method was used to test the crude extract and essential oil leaves of Artemisia afra against different human pathogenic bacteria strains (E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and K. pneumonia) at different concentrations in the presence of a positive (ciprofloxacin 5.0 μg) and negative (DMSO) control. Results: Artemisia afra revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, coumarins, phenolic quinones, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. It showed that the highest antibacterial activity given by the ethanol extract had highly inhibition zones against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil extract was effective against all tested bacteria. Conclusion: Plant crude extracts and essential oils may have antibacterial properties due to the synergistic activity of two or more active secondary metabolites.

Enhanced Anti-E. coli ST131 Metabolites Production by a Novel Streptomyces sp. CMB51 Strain Isolated from a Coal Mininig Soil Using Statistical Optimization

Actinobacteria strains isolated from coil mining soil of Bechar region, Algeria, were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against pathogenic germs particularly against uropathogenic multiresistant Escherichia coli ST131. Of the 119 isolates, 82 exhibited potent antimicrobial properties. The strain that showed maximum inhibition against E. coli ST131 was further screened toward nine bacterial pathogens and identified based on morphological, physiological and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolate was related to the genus Streptomyces with 99.46% sequence similarity to Streptomyces klenkii strain S2704T and assigned as Streptomyces sp. CMB51. To achieve maximum metabolites production, significant process parameters were optimized through response surface methodology employing Plackett–Burman and Central Composite designs. In PBD experiments, starch and casein concentrations, incubation time and initial pH value emerged as the most significant affecting the output of anti-E. coli ST131 activity. The composition of the final optimized medium was soluble starch concentration of 5.31 g/L, casein concentration of 0.45 g/L, 3 days incubation time and 8.41 initial pH value. The optimization resulted an antibacterial activity of 13 mm which was in close accordance with the predicted value of 13.60 mm recording 18.18% increase. The chosen method was efficient for further investigations of the production of anti-E. coli ST131 metabolites.

Study of Antimicrobial Activity of Vegetable Alcoholic Extracts Obtained from Vinca Minor L.

Abstract Important natural antimicrobial compounds derived from Vinca minor L. plant contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are useful for brain health (increasing blood circulation in the brain, supporting brain metabolism, preventing memory loss and problems with concentration and premature aging of the cell), and externally they play a role in tissue repair and skin lesion healing. The testing of the antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic plant extracts obtained from Vinca minor plant was performed on two types of pathogenic germs: a Gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and a Gram-negative strain, Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922, as well as on a yeast strain pathogenic, Candida albicans ATCC 900288. Quantitative evaluation of antimicrobial activity was performed by a variant of the Kirby-Bauer diffusimetric method, a simple and fast method that allows the determination of the spectrum of sensitivity / resistance to antibiotics of the microorganism. Experimental studies have shown that all samples of alcoholic extract of 70% concentration, in volumes of 7µL, exerted a total antibacterial inhibitory action against the reference strains E. coli ATCC 25922 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 and moderate against the strain S. aureus ATCC 25923, results that agree with the literature. Regarding the alcoholic plant extracts with a concentration of 40% ethyl alcohol, obtained from the leaf and stem of Vinca minor plant, they did not show antimicrobial activity, which suggests that 40% ethyl alcohol does not extract bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity.

SKRINING PENGGUNAAN HAND SANITIZER KOMERSIAL DENGAN DAN TANPA KANDUNGAN EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH TERHADAP JUMLAH KUMAN PADA TELAPAK TANGAN

The hands are one of the media for spreading pathogenic germs, which by washing hands are expected to reduce or kill these germs. Under certain conditions, running water sources and soap are not available. Hand sanitizer is an antiseptic that is used to clean the hands if no water and soap are found. The content of substances that are antiseptic, such as betel leaf extract in hand sanitizer is reported to reduce the number of germs. The goal of the study was to compare the total number of germs on the palms after using a commercial hand sanitizer that contained and did not contain betel leaf extract. This type of research uses comparative analytical observational studies using a cross-sectional approach. The sample used in this study was as many as 18 health workers at LabKesDa Surabaya who used commercial hand sanitizer products with and without betel leaf extract. Supporting data on the study was a questionnaire given to respondents. The results of the swab of the palm and between the fingers of the respondents after using the hand sanitizer were tested by Mann Whitney and obtained a significance value of 0.000 &lt; a= 0.05, meaning that there is a difference in the total number of germs on the palm and between fingers that use hand sanitizer with and without betel leaf extract. The use of a commercial hand sanitizer with betel leaf extract is more effective in lowering the totalnumber of germs on the palm and between the fingersKeywords : Commercial hand sanitizer, betel leaf extract, total number of germs, palms

Composition phytochimique et activités antioxydante et antimicrobienne des huiles essentielles de Thymus capitatus et de Rosmarinus officinalis de Tunisie

Introduction. Essential oils and their components are currently of great interest as a potential source of highly bioactive natural molecules. They are being studied for their possible use as safe alternative for food protection against oxidation and microbial spoilage. Objective. This study aimed on the phytochemical prospection of Thymus capitatus and Rosmainus officinalis essential oils and their oral toxicity evaluation. Material and methods. Chemical analysis of tested essential oils was carried out using gas chromatography combined to mass spectroscopic (GC-MS). Their safety limit was evaluated by acute toxicity. The antioxidant activity was estimated using in vitro methods. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against twelve pathogenic germs. Results. Results showed that carvacrol and 1,8-cineol were the major compounds of Thymus capitatus and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils. Acute toxicity results exhibited that both tested essential oils were inoffensive at 2000 mg/kg. Additionally, Thymus capitatus essential oil presented higher antioxidant activity than Rosmarinus officinalis: 2,2-diphényl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay results showed lower IC50 for Thymus capitatus essential oil than Rosmarinus officinalis. Concerning the antimicrobial results, Thymus capitatus essential oil presented greater efficacy than R. officinalis. Indeed, the minimal growth inhibition diameter generated by thyme essential oil exceeded 38 mm (except for Salmonella typhirium) and reached 60 mm (against C. tropicalis and C. albicans). However, the maximal growth inhibition diameter generated by R. officinalis essential oil was limited to 36 mm (against Shigella sonnei). Conclusion. Overall, Thymus capitatus and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils have strong potential applicability for pharmaceutical industries.

Biochemical and microbiological characterization of “Soumbara” from African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds consumed in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Background: “Soumbara” as well as other traditional foods of Côte d'Ivoire are produced in a traditional way. These foods may contain pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Aims: The aim of our work was to assess the sanitary quality of “Soumbara” sold in five communes of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), in order to valorize it as a flavor enhancer. Material and Methods: A consumption survey as well as the analysis of some physico-chemical (pH, titratable acidity, Brix degree, moisture, and organic acids) and microbiological parameters (enumeration of MAG, Clostridium, Bacillus, Staphylococci, Salmonella, E. coli, and coliforms) were carried out in five (05) municipalities of Abidjan (Abobo, Yopougon, Port Bouet, Adjamé, and Treichville) on 75 samples. Results: The results of the survey showed that most of the respondents were familiar with “Soumbara” and often consumed it. These consumers stated that they did not experience any discomfort after consuming this food. Physicochemical analyses showed that the water content of the samples of “Soumbara” ranged from 16.50% to 19.28% and the pH varied from 6.32 ± 0.01 to 7.91± 0.02. “Soumbara” contained little follow-through which ranged from 0.10 ± 0.001 to 0.27 ± 0.05. “Soumbara” also contained phenolic compounds such as coumarins, hydroquinones, and caffeic acid. Microbiological analyses had revealed the presence of spoilage and pathogenic germs such as Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli at high loads exceeding the 2019/229/EC standard. Conclusions: However, due to the high load of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, this food eaten by sprinkling directly on the dish, without passing through a cooking process could expose the consumer to a risk of food poisoning. Keywords: Food poisoning, “Soumbara”, Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms.

Evaluation of the Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Quality of Soybean Flour (Glycine max L. Merrill) as a Food Supplement for Infants Sold in Daloa

The objective of this study is to assess the presence of harmful microorganisms and to characterize some physicochemical parameters in the soya flour sold in Daloa. To carry out the work, sixty (60) samples of soybean flour were collected by purchase in PMI (20), supermarkets (20) and in certain markets (20) made up of grains that will be transformed into flour according to the defined conditions. by ourselves. His samples will be transferred to the microbiology laboratory for analysis. A count to assess the microbiological quality was carried out. The assay of some chemical parameters and the determination of some physical parameters were performed. The different pH values ​​obtained are all alkaline. Microbiological analysis revealed compliance of average microbial loads of fungi (yeasts and molds) below 103 CFU / g and aerobic mesophilic bacteria below 105 CFU / g. On the other hand, the average microbial loads of total coliforms do not comply with the defined microbiological criteria. Furthermore, with regard to the potentially pathogenic germs in Bacillus cereus occurrences, there is no conformity of the average loads of the three types of flour. The defined criterion being 10 CFU / g. As for E. coli and S. aureus, only F1 flour complies with microbiological criteria. There is a presence of Salmonella in 60% of the samples of the F1 flour. Good practices should be observed in the processing of grains into flour in order to avoid possible contamination of the flour.

Antibacterial Effect of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles on Infected Wound Healing.

Background: It is widely acknowledged that pathogenic germs delay wound healing to some extent. To explore factors influencing the wound healing process, the current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect of topical application of copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) in vitro and on infected wound healing process in the rat model. Materials and Methods: In this study, the morphology and size of CuS NPs were detected. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used so that the antibacterial ability of CuS NPs could be evaluated better. In addition, a 2-cm circular full-thickness wound infected with a solution of 107 colony forming units (CFU) Staphylococcus aureus was created on the back of each rat. The rats were divided into four groups including the control group, the 100 mcg/mL CuS NPs group, the 250 mcg/mL CuS NPs group, and the 500 mcg/mL CuS NPs group. Tissue bacterial count and histologic assessment were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that CuS NPs had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, they could decrease the incidence of bacterial colonization and promote wound healing through re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. Furthermore, CuS NPs could maintain Cu2+ continuous release and inhibit the viability of Staphylococcus aureus through lipid peroxidation. Conclusions: This study found that CuS NPs have fine antibacterial properties, and particularly, the 500 mcg/mL CuS NPs had better effects, without increase of side effects. They could promote infected wound healing, the prospective clinical application of which was further confirmed in the treatment of wound infection.

Blue light‐emitting diodes for disinfection

Disinfection processes are currently of particular interest due to growing concerns over illnesses caused by human pathogenic germs. Blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) can reduce the microbial load on surfaces, in liquids and in air. The high wall‐plug efficiency of the diodes, their additive‐free antimicrobial effect and the good tolerability of the light enable affordable and safe disinfection systems.

Postbiotics, as Dynamic Biomolecules, and Their Promising Role in Promoting Food Safety

Many factors threaten food safety, such as physical, chemical, and biological hazards. In this regard, biological hazards are of paramount importance. Among them, the bacteria play important roles in causing food spoilage and food-borne diseases. Besides, a new approach has been used in recent years, which is based on probiotics and postbiotics to control the growth of pathogenic germs and their mediated corruption due to their significant antimicrobial properties. The outcomes of recent investigations suggest that postbiotics might be appropriate alternative elements for probiotic cells and can be employed as novel antimicrobial agents. The main antimicrobial mechanisms of postbiotics include acidifying the cellular cytoplasm and preventing energy regulation and production, suppressing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms by the formation of pores in cell membranes, and morphological and functional changes of sensitive components such as proteins and peptides by creating acidity in the bacterial cell membrane as well as inducing the oxidation of bacterial cells. Therefore, presently scientific literature approves that postbiotics can be applied as promising tools in food practice to prevent microbial corruption and develop functional foods due to their unique features. This review addresses the latest postbiotic applications with regards to food safety. Potential postbiotic applications in the inhibition of food spoilage and pathogenic microbes, food biopreservation, and biofilm control are also reviewed.

Veterinary-Sanitary Inspection of the Upland Game Meat from the Yakutian Habitat

This article presents the results of the veterinary-sanitary inspection and research of upland game carcasses. During the primary inspection, we paid special attention to the presence of abnormal changes typical of infectious and invasive diseases, based on the standard rules for inspecting the meat of domestic fowl. We also took into consideration the nature of injuries, dehematizing levels, product quality, and freshness. The preservation of the upland game meat depends not only on the rapid removal of intestines from carcasses but also on the type and area of injuries, and the level of dehematization. The study matter for this research is represented by the carcasses of upland game, namely their muscle tissues. During the research, we used organoleptic, physical, chemical, bacteriological, pathomorphological, and mathematic methods. During the organoleptic tests, the highest appraisal of upland game products on a 9-point scale was within the range of 8.4-9, which complies with the standards. The content of amino-ammonia nitrogen was 0.78±0.01. The primary protein breakdown product test showed that the fresh meat produced clear stock without flaking. The fat acidity value test showed an increase from 0.8±0.01 to 3.9±0.01 mg/KOH; the fat peroxide value increased from 0.01±0.01 to 0.74±0.5% J. The pH value varied from 5.99±1.79 for fresh meat to 7.70±0.01 for stale upland game meat. The microbiological tests did not find any pathogenic germs, including salmonella and Listeriamonocytogenes bacteria.

Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria and fungi from Indian Currency

ABSTRACT Microbial contamination plays a massive role in spreading diseases globally. Bacterial contamination of gram- positive, spore-forming bacteria, gram-negative rods, and fungus was tested on Indian rupee notes of various denominations. Bacteria and fungus were identified on almost all of the cash notes that were analyzed. Overall, our findings indicated that banknotes are contaminated with pathogenic germs and intestinal microorganisms and could be a source of severe infection. The present study recommends that paper currency be converted into plastic currency notes to avoid infections. Keywords: Contamination, fomites, Indian currency notes, infectious diseases, bacteria, fungi.