Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Research Articles

A novel ourmia-like mycovirus isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

In this study, a novel mycovirus designed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ourmia-like virus 1 (CgOLV1) was isolated from a filamentous phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The virus has a genome of 2,516 nucleotides and contains a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CgOLV1 is located in the ourmia-like mycovirus clade, whose members are related to plant ourmiaviruses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an ourmia-like mycovirus in C. gloeosporioides.

Proteomic analysis of the mango anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides treated with borate highlights distinct mitochondrial response mechanisms

Mango anthracnose caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides results in substantial economic losses in postharvest fruits. Borate is an effective fungicide against C. gloeosporioides. It appears to induce mitochondrial degradation and dysfunction in the fungal conidia, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of borate on this pathogen by examining its mitochondrial proteins, which were extracted from C. gloeosporioides mycelium after borate treatment (5 or 10 mm potassium tetraborate for 48 and 72 h) and characterized using proteomic analysis (two‐dimensional electrophoresis, 2‐DE; and mass spectrometry, MS) and bioinformatics. In total, 600 protein spots were separated by 2‐DE, and 115 of these appeared to be differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Among the DEPs, 58 were identified using MALDI‐TOF‐TOF MS/MS. Borate treatment was found to alter the expression levels of proteins involved in seven different metabolic pathways, mostly related to energy supply and/or biosynthesis. The effect of borate on mRNA expression levels of 17 genes involved in these metabolic pathways was confirmed by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR). The results suggest that borate might have distinct effects on mitochondrial function in C. gloeosporioides and could be used to control anthracnose in postharvest mango fruits.

Adaptation of a Fungal Pathogen to Host Quantitative Resistance.

Impact of host quantitative resistance on pathogen evolution is still poorly documented. In our study, we characterized the adaptation of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, to the quantitative resistance of its host, the water yam (Dioscorea alata). Genetic and pathogenic diversities of C. gloeosporioides populations were specified at the field scale. We used nuclear markers to describe fungal population structuring within and between six fields of three cultivars differently susceptible to the fungus. Strain aggressiveness was then quantified in the laboratory through cross-inoculation tests. The high level of genetic diversity and significant linkage disequilibrium revealed a significant influence of clonal reproduction in the C. gloeosporioides evolution. The recorded fungal migration between fields was weak (evidence for a dispersion mode via tubers rather than splashing dispersal), which provides the first molecular evidence for limited C. gloeosporioides migration via yam tuber exchanges. C. gloeosporioides’s populations are adapted to their host resistance. The aggressiveness of the fungal clones seems to have evolved toward an accumulation of components specific to each host cultivar. Despite the remaining marks of adaptation to the former widely cultivated host, adaptation to current cultivars was clearly depicted.

Comprehensive transcriptional and functional analyses of HbGASA genes reveal their roles in fungal pathogen resistance in Hevea brasiliensis

The gibberellic acid-stimulated arabidopsis (GASA) peptide family widely existed in plant species and plays various functions in regulating biological processes. Based on the transcriptome and the genome of the rubber tree, 16 genes encoding the GASA proteins were identified in Hevea brasiliensis. The phylogenetic relationship of the 16 GASA proteins of H. brasiliensis was analyzed by comparing with that of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Transcriptional assay showed that the GASA genes were regulated by the fungal pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the GASA genes were involved in generating reactive oxygen species, indicating their roles in plant innate immunity. In addition, the quantitative real-time PCR assays suggested that the GASA genes were regulated by plant hormone in complex ways. Taken together, the present study provides the comprehensive analysis and reveals putative roles of GASA genes in fungal pathogen resistance in H. brasiliensis.

The Arabidopsis ELP3/ELO3 and ELP4/ELO1 genes enhance disease resistance in Fragaria vesca L.

BackgroundPlant immune response is associated with a large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, which is regulated by numerous transcription regulators such as the Elongator complex. Elongator is a multitasking protein complex involved in diverse cellular processes, including histone modification, DNA methylation, and tRNA modification. In recent years, Elongator is emerging as a key regulator of plant immune responses. However, characterization of Elongator’s function in plant immunity has been conducted only in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. It is thus unclear whether Elongator’s role in plant immunity is conserved in higher plants. The objective of this study is to characterize transgenic woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) overexpressing the Arabidopsis Elongator (AtELP) genes, AtELP3 and AtELP4, and to determine whether F. vesca carries a functional Elongator complex.MethodsTransgenic F. vesca and Arabidopsis plants were produced via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and characterized by morphology, PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and disease resistance test. The Student’s t test was used to analyze the data.ResultsOverexpression of AtELP3 and AtELP4 in F. vesca impacts plant growth and development and confers enhanced resistance to anthracnose crown rot, powdery mildew, and angular leaf spot, which are caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Podosphaera aphanis, and the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas fragariae, respectively. Moreover, the F. vesca genome encodes all six Elongator subunits by single-copy genes with the exception of FvELP4, which is encoded by two homologous genes, FvELP4–1 and FvELP4–2. We show that FvELP4–1 complemented the Arabidopsis Atelp4/elo1–1 mutant, indicating that FvELP4 is biologically functional.ConclusionsThis is the first report on overexpression of Elongator genes in plants. Our results indicate that the function of Elongator in plant immunity is most likely conserved in F. vesca and suggest that Elongator genes may hold potential for helping mitigate disease severity and reduce the use of fungicides in strawberry industry.

Molecular Characterization of a Trisegmented Mycovirus from the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

A novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, consisting of three dsRNA genome segments and possibly belonging to the family Chrysoviridae, was isolated from the filamentous phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and designated as Colletotrichum gloeosprioides chrysovirus 1 (CgCV1). The three dsRNAs of the CgCV1 genome with lengths of 3397, 2869, and 2630 bp (dsRNAs1–3) were found to contain a single open reading frame (ORF) putatively encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a capsid protein, and a protease, respectively, all of which exhibited some degree of sequence similarity to the comparable putative proteins encoded by the genus Chrysovirus. The 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions in each dsRNA segment contained similar sequences that were strictly conserved at the termini. Moreover, isometric virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter of approximately 40 nm were extracted from fungal mycelia. Phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved dsRNA1-encoded RdRp showed that CgCV1 is a new virus belonging to the Chrysoviridae family. BLAST analysis revealed the presence of CgCV1-like sequences in the chromosomes of Medicago truncatula and Solanum tuberosum. Moreover, some sequences in the transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) library and expressed sequence tag database (ESTdb) of other eudicot and monocot plants were also found to be related to CgCV1.

When Do We Call Genetically Distinct Strains Different Species? - A Cautionary Case Study of the Colletotrichum gloesporioides Species Complex

Different criteria have been used to define fungal species. Due to the increasing availability of DNA sequence information, the phylogenetic species concept (PSC) has become popular among fungal taxonomists. However, controversies remain about the criteria used to define the “phylogenetic distinctiveness” between closely related taxa and what other criteria are needed in order to derive more robust species. In a recent study, we reported the DNA sequences of four gene loci for each of 199 strains of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) causing leaf anthracnose on the tea-oil tree Camellia oleifera in southern China. Our combined sequence analyses clustered 194 of the 199 isolates into four of the 22 previously described species within CGSC: Colletotrichum fructicola (167 isolates), Colletotrichum siamense (19 isolates), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (6 isolates) and Colletotrichum camelliae (2 isolates). The remaining five isolates clustered distinctly from all 22 known species. Using the data, here we further investigate the extent of reproductive isolation among these species in our samples. Our analyses revealed extensive allele - sharing among three of the “phylogenetic species” and between them and the five unassigned isolates. Furthermore, there was extensive evidence for prevalent recombination among three of the four species. Our results suggest that caution should be taken in naming new species and highlight the importance of large-scale population genetic studies in helping define reproductive isolation and species boundaries.

Penicibilaenes A and B, sesquiterpenes with a tricyclo[6.3.1.0(1,5)]dodecane skeleton from the marine isolate of Penicillium bilaiae MA-267.

Penicibilaenes A (1) and B (2), two sesquiterpenes possessing a tricyclo[6.3.1.0(1,5)]dodecane skeleton, were characterized from Penicillium bilaiae MA-267, a fungus obtained from the rhizospheric soil of the mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa. The lack of some key COSY and NOESY correlations made the structure elucidation of compound 1 difficult, which was solved by a X-ray crystallographic study. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited selective activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (MIC = 1.0 and 0.125 μg/mL, respectively).

Evaluation of Worm-Bed Leachate as an Antifungal Agent against Pathogenic Fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

ABSTRACT Worm-bed leachate is a nutrient-rich by-product of composting organic wastes with earthworms. Worm-bed leachate was stored and characterized while its possible antifungal activity towards the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. was investigated in vitro. The pH decreased from 9.6 at the onset of the storage to 8.9 after 28 days, while the total N and C nearly halved. The surfactin concentration in the worm-bed leachate reached 10.8 μg L−1 at day 10, while that of iturin A and iturin A homologues increased towards the end of the storage. Sterilized worm-bed leachate had little effect on the growth of C. gloeosporioides, but unsterilized worm-bed leachate inhibited growth 100%. It was found that unsterilized worm-bed leachate inhibited growth of C. gloeosporioides, but sterilizing the worm-bed leachate strongly reduced the inhibitory effect indicating that the microorganisms in the worm-bed leachate out-competed the fungus for nutrients or were antagonistic towards it.

Bioassay-guided Isolation of Antifungal Plumericin from Allamanda Species (Apocynaceae)

Anthracnose is an economically important disease that can cause 10 to 80% yield reduction in the market with its typical symptoms of dark spots, sunken necrotic tissues and concentric rings of acervuli on fruits. One of the important methods to control the disease is by using antifungal agents derived from plant. Preliminary study indicated that the extracts of Allamanda species have the potential to be developed as the target agent. Five Allamanda species were extracted and screened for antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by using poison agar technique. The three chloroform extracts of A. blanchetti, A. cathartica ‘Alba’ and A. cathartica ‘Jamaican Sunset’ exhibited potent inhibitory effects and suppressed the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides by up to about 70%. Further study by bioautography-guided fractionation of the extracts led to the isolation and identification of tetracyclic sesquiterpene plumericin as the antifungal agent. The structural determination of the compound was carried out by interpreting the IR, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR spectral data.

THE EX SITU COMPARISON OF TWO IMPROVED ST. JOHN'S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM) CULTIVARS WITH AN IRANIAN WILD POPULATION

This research is part of an ongoing selection and breeding effort to target Iranian genotypes of Hypericum perforatum with the potential to produce higher amounts of desired secondary metabolites and greater resistance to fungal pathogens. There is a significant interest in the development of such cultivars to supply materials to the local pharmaceutical industries. For this reason, two improved cultivars of H. perforatum ("Gold" and "Veperikon") were compared with a wild Iranian population (Ardabile population) under common garden conditions in Iran. Plants were cultivated from seed in a greenhouse and seedlings were transplanted after one month to the field plots. The statistical design of this study was a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. During the period of full flowering, selected phenological (number of days to flowering), morphological (plant height, mean leaf area, number of black glands/leaf) and chemical (hypericin and pseudohypericin content) characteristics were assessed. Our observations were that the "Veperikon" cultivar is very sensitive to soil-borne diseases. All transplanted seedlings were infected by the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which caused necrosis of the whole plant. Both the "Gold" cultivar and plants from the wild population persisted despite mild infections with C. gloeosporioides and produced flowering shoots at both the first and second years after cultivation. The "Gold" cultivar was superior to the Ardabile population in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics. The average naphthodianthrone content (% dry weight of tissue) for the wild Iranian population was 0.04(±0.01)%, but for the "Gold" cultivar, 0.33(±0.43)%. These data indicate that selection and directed cultivation of Iranian H. perforatum plants can result in plants with improved morphological, phenological and chemical characteristics.

Restoring habitat for native and endemic plants through the introduction of a fungal pathogen to control the alien invasive tree Miconia calvescens in the island of Tahiti

Success of biological control programs is commonly assessed by studying the direct negative impacts of released agents on the target invasive species. Very few quantitative studies have focused on the indirect positive effects on native biodiversity. In this study, we monitored the response of the plant community (both native and alien species) in permanent plots located in four different sites in montane rainforests of the tropical island of Tahiti (South Pacific) severely invaded over decades by the alien invasive tree Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae), after the release of a defoliating fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. miconiae Killgore & L. Sugiyama. Results of five years of monitoring showed that total native and endemic species richness and plant cover increased in all sites and plots. Partial defoliation of miconia canopy trees (between 6% and 36%) led to significant recruitment of light-demanding pioneer species, but also to the appearance of some semi-shade and shade tolerant rare endemic species. Native ferns and angiosperms remained dominant (ca. 80%) in the forest understorey during the monitoring period. Colonization by a small number of alien plant species occurred in one permanent plot located at the lower elevation. We conclude that biological control may be considered a tool for partial habitat restoration and recovery of native and endemic species, but long-term monitoring is needed to confirm the stability and resilience of the “novel plant assemblage”.

Pathogenicity for onion and genetic diversity of isolates of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Phyllachoraceae) from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Onion anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the main diseases of onions in the State of Pernambuco. We examined the pathogenicity of 15 C. gloeosporioides strains and analyzed their genetic variability using RAPDs and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA region. Ten of the strains were obtained from substrates and hosts other than onion, including chayote (Sechium edule), guava (Psidium guajava), pomegranate (Punica granatum), water from the Capibaribe River, maracock (Passiflora sp), coconut (Cocus nucifera), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora), and marine soil; five isolates came from onions collected from four different regions of the State of Pernambuco and one region of the State of Amazonas. Pathogenicity tests were carried out using onion leaves and bulbs. All strains were capable of causing disease in leaves, causing a variable degree of lesions on the leaves; four strains caused the most severe damage. In the onion bulb tests, only three of the above strains caused lesions. Seven primers of arbitrary sequences were used in the RAPD analysis, generating polymorphic bands that allowed the separation of the strains into three distinct groups. The amplification products generated with the primers ITS1 and ITS4 also showed polymorphism when digested with three restriction enzymes, DraI, HaeIII and MspI. Only the latter two demonstrated genetic variations among the strains. These two types of molecular markers were able to differentiate the strain from the State of Amazonas from those of the State of Pernambuco. However, there was no relationship between groups of strains, based on molecular markers, and degree of pathogenicity for onion leaves and bulbs.

Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. causal agent of anthracnose in different varieties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) determined by levels of cross-reactive antigens shared by host and pathogen

Pathogenicity test of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., causal agent for anthracnose in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), was performed in 28 commercially cultivated eggplant varieties by analysing the antigenic patterns of host and pathogen. Through initial screening following detached leaf inoculation technique and whole plant inoculation technique, Pusa purple long (Ppl) variety was found to be the most susceptible while Shamala variety (Shav) was the most resistant. Cross-reactive antigens (CRA) shared by susceptible varieties and C. gloeosporioides was detected by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Such antigens could not be detected between the resistant varieties and the pathogen and also between a nonpathogen (Alternaria porri) and all the test varieties. However, ELISA showed that low levels of common antigens were present between all combinations. The level of CRA was found to decrease with increasing resistance. Indirect immunogold labeling followed by silver enhancement revealed that CRA were concentrated mainly in the cell wall regions throughout the tissue. The level of CRA was found to correlate to the pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides in different eggplant varieties. ELISA may therefore be used to screen the commercially cultivated eggplant varieties for resistance to C. gloeosporioides.

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON POSTHARVEST DISEASE IN MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L. 'KEITT')

Postharvest diseases in mango (Mangifera indica L.) are a major constraint to the shelf life of fruit and have a major impact on domestic and export marketing. The most important of these diseases are anthracnose caused by the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and stem-end rot caused by Dothiorella spp. (teleomorph Botryosphaeria spp.) and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Currently the control of these pathogens relies mainly on the pre- and postharvest use of synthetic chemicals, postharvest hot water dips and controlled ripening and storage. Little is known of the effects of nutrition on the ability of mango fruit to resist these pathogens. Our aim was to determine the effects of preharvest nitrogen fertilization on the development of these postharvest diseases. Fruit from trees grown under high nitrogen (350 g tree) applied in three applications during fruit growth had significantly higher anthracnose severity (20.6%) than fruit from trees grown without nitrogen (0 g tree) (9.9%). When nitrogen was applied at rates between 0 and 417 g tree during fruit development, fruit from trees with more than 125 g N tree had significantly higher anthracnose severity (>8.2%) than trees receiving less nitrogen (2.8%). Fruit from trees with nitrogen applied at flowering and mid fruit development, had significantly higher anthracnose severity than trees with nitrogen applied 2 weeks prior to harvest, or no nitrogen. There were no treatment effects on the severity of stem-end rots in any of the experiments. These data confirm the detrimental effects of high preharvest nitrogen on postharvest fruit anthracnose, and suggest that nitrogen should not be applied during flowering or fruit development unless applied just prior to harvest, if nitrogen stimulated anthracnose is to be reduced.

The Metarhizium anisopliae Perilipin Homolog MPL1 Regulates Lipid Metabolism, Appressorial Turgor Pressure, and Virulence

Cells store lipids in droplets. Studies addressing how mammals control lipid-based energy homeostasis have implicated proteins of the PAT domain family, such as perilipin that surrounds the lipid droplets. Perilipin knock-out mice are lean and resistant to obesity. Factors that mediate lipid storage in fungi are still unknown. Here we describe a gene (Mpl1) in the economically important insect fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae that has structural similarities to mammalian perilipins. Consistent with a role in lipid storage, Mpl1 is predominantly expressed when M. anisopliae is engaged in accumulating lipids and ectopically expressed green fluorescent protein-tagged MPL1 (Metarhizium perilipin-like protein) localized to lipid droplets. Mutant M. anisopliae lacking MPL1 have thinner hyphae, fewer lipid droplets, particularly in appressoria (specialized infection structures at the end of germ tubes), and a decrease in total lipids. Mpl1 therefore acts in a perilipin-like manner suggesting an evolutionary conserved function in lipid metabolism. However, reflecting general differences between animal and fungal lineages, these proteins have also been selected to cope with different tasks. Thus, turgor generation by DeltaMpl1 appressoria is dramatically reduced indicating that lipid droplets are required for solute accumulation. This was linked with the reduced ability to breach insect cuticle so that Mpl1 is a pathogenicity determinant. Blast searches of fungal genomes revealed that perilipin homologs are found only in pezizomycotinal ascomycetes and occur as single copy genes. Expression of Mpl1 in yeast cells, a fungus that lacks a perilipin-like gene, blocked their ability to mobilize lipids during starvation conditions.

Cloning of a Cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori

O-Glycans of the human gastric mucosa show antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori by inhibiting the bacterial cholesterol-alpha-glucosyltransferase (Kawakubo, M., Ito, Y., Okimura, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sakura, K., Kasama, S., Fukuda, M. N., Fukuda, M., Katsuyama, T., and Nakayama, J. (2004) Science 305, 1003-1006). This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of four unusual glycolipids: cholesteryl-alpha-glucoside, cholesteryl-6'-O-acyl-alpha-glucoside, cholesteryl-6'-O-phosphatidyl-alpha-glucoside, and cholesteryl-6'-O-lysophosphatidyl-alpha-glucoside. Here we report the identification, cloning, and functional characterization of the cholesterol-alpha-glucosyltransferase from H. pylori. The hypothetical protein HP0421 from H. pylori belongs to the glycosyltransferase family 4 and shows similarities to some bacterial diacylglycerol-alpha-glucosyltransferases. Deletion of the HP0421 gene in H. pylori resulted in the loss of cholesteryl-alpha-glucoside and all of its three derivatives. Heterologous expression of HP0421 in the yeast Pichia pastoris led to the biosynthesis of ergosteryl-alpha-glucoside as demonstrated by purification of the lipid and subsequent structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In vitro enzyme assays were performed with cell-free homogenates obtained from cells of H. pylori or from transgenic Escherichia coli, which express HP0421. These assays revealed that the enzyme represents a membrane-bound, UDP-glucose-dependent cholesterol-alpha-glucosyltransferase.

CAMP regulation of “pathogenic” and “saprophytic” fungal spore germination

We report on the elucidation of two separate pathways of spore germination in a plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene. Conidia of the fungus can germinate either from one side or from both sides, depending on external conditions. In shake culture that includes an extract made up from fresh peas, the unicellular conidium divides and one of the two cells develops a germ tube. On a solid surface this germ tube differentiates an appressorium. In rich medium without pea extract, germination is highly similar to Aspergillus spore germination: the conidium swells, forms a single germ tube and then divides and forms a second germ tube. Conidia that germinate in a rich medium do not form appressoria even on a solid surface and are non-pathogenic. In rich medium, cAMP stimulates germination in rich liquid cultures and induces appressoria formation on a hard surface. In pea extract cAMP induces swelling and formation of irregular germ tubes and appressoria. Our results suggest that plant surface signals induce pathogenic-specific spore germination in a cAMP-independent manner. cAMP is required for saprophytic germination and for appressorium formation.

ChemInform Abstract: Antifungal Compounds from Idioblast Cells Isolated from Avocado Fruits.

(E,Z,Z)-1-Acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene was isolated from avocado, Persea americana Mill., idioblast cells. It inhibited spore germination of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Full characterization is also reported for two additional compounds that have been described and partially characterized previously.

Antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits

( E,Z,Z)-1-Acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene was isolated from avocado, Persea americana Mill., idioblast cells. It inhibited spore germination of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Full characterization is also reported for two additional compounds that have been described and partially characterized previously.