Pathoanatomical Changes Research Articles

The effect of two circovirus vaccines on the safety and weight gain of pigs in the rearing and fattening groups

The aim of the work is to experimentally find out in comparison the effect of two vaccines against circovirus infection Porcilis PCV and Circovac on the safety and weight gain of pigs in the rearing and fattening groups in the pig holding. The object of the study were 6687 pigs: 3393 heads vaccinated according to the instructions with the Circovac vaccine at a dose of 0.5 ml (group 1), and 3294 heads vaccinated according to the instructions with the Porcilis PCV vaccine at a dosage of 2.0 ml (group 2). In both groups, vaccination was carried out on the day of weaning on the 27-28 day of life intramuscularly in the neck area. When weaning, when transferring to fattening and before slaughter, the animals were weighed. According to the results of weighing, the average weight of animals was determined at 28 days, at 75 days and the weight at sale, as well as the average daily gain during rearing and fattening. Autopsy was performed on 209 fallen piglets from group 1 and 202 fallen piglets from group 2. During the pathoanatomic examination, a complex of pathoanatomic changes characteristic of circovirus was not found in any piglet. After vaccination of pigs in two groups with vaccines during the periods of rearing and fattening, there were no cases of cirrhosis among the livestock of both groups. The difference in indicators of case, technological marriage, average weight at weaning, average weight at transfer to fattening, average daily weight gain and weight at realization in the studied groups is minimal, not significant. Circovac vaccine in a dose of 0.5 ml proved to be no worse than the Porcilis PCV vaccine in a dosage of 2.0 ml.

A multipurpose, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-specific, short MRI protocol: A feasibility study in volunteers

IntroductionVisualization of scoliosis typically requires ionizing radiation (radiography and CT) to visualize bony anatomy. MRI is often additionally performed to screen for neural axis abnormalities. We propose a 14-minutes radiation-free scoliosis-specific MRI protocol, which combines MRI and MRI-based synthetic CT images to visualize soft and osseous structures in one examination. We assess the ability of the protocol to visualize landmarks needed to detect 3D patho-anatomical changes, screen for neural axis abnormalities, and perform surgical planning and navigation. Methods18 adult volunteers were scanned on 1.5 T MR-scanner using 3D T2-weighted and synthetic CT sequences. A predefined checklist of relevant landmarks was used for the parameter assessment by three readers. Parameters included Cobb angles, rotation, torsion, segmental height, area and centroids of Nucleus Pulposus and Intervertebral Disc. Precision, reliability and agreement between the readers measurements were evaluated. Results91 % of Likert-based questions scored ≥ 4, indicating moderate to high confidence. Precision of 3D dot positioning was 1.0 mm. Precision of angle measurement was 0.6° (ICC 0.98). Precision of vertebral and IVD height measurements was 0.4 mm (ICC 0.99). Precision of area measurement for NP was 8 mm2 (ICC 0.55) and for IVD 18 mm2 (ICC 0.62) for IVD. Precision of centroid measurement for NP was 1.3 mm (ICC 0.88–0.92) and for IVD 1.1 mm (ICC 0.88–91). ConclusionsThe proposed MRI protocol with synthetic CT reconstructions, has high precision, reliability and agreement between the readers for multiple scoliosis-specific measurements. It can be used to study scoliosis etiopathogenesis and to assess 3D spinal morphology.

Liquid respiratory desaturation. The first experience of application on large biological objects

Introduction. This article is a continuation of the publication of the experimental studies results of prevention of acute decompression sickness (aDCS) in laboratory animals by the method of liquid respiratory desaturation (LRDS). LRDS is a method of preventing decompression disorders by the excretion of metabolically indifferent gases (in particular nitrogen) from the body during spontaneous respiration with liquid or artificial liquid lung ventilation (ALLV), by dissolved gas concentration gradient "from tissues to respiratory fluid". The method allows to provide rapid desaturation of the body from metabolically indifferent gases in the process of liquid respiration before and/or during decompression, thereby creating conditions for application of ultra-fast decompression profiles without the risk of decompression disorders.
 The aim of the study was to confirm the possibility of LRDS being a method of DCS prevention on large laboratory animals (minipigs).
 Materials and methods. The studies were performed on Wiessenau minipigs (n=8) — male and female, aged 4–5.5 months and weighing 7.1–11.2 kg. Animals of the control (n=4) and experimental (n=4) groups were subjected by compression by keeping in an air environment under high pressure (absolute 0.5 MPa for 60 minutes) to saturate tissues with indifferent gas (nitrogen). After compression experimental group was exposed to 30-minute ALLV with a liquid (perfluorodecalin) saturated with an oxygen under normobaric conditions. Air environment pressure during procedure of artificial lung ventilation was kept at 0.5 MPa. Decompression of the control and experimental groups was carried out in non-stop manner for 80 and 40 seconds respectively. The investigation of severity of clinical manifestations of DCS (changes in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters) including ultrasonic examination of gas bubbles in the heart and large vessels of the liver and as well as survival of animals in groups and pathoanatomical changes was performed.
 Results of the study. Clinical manifestations, ultrasonic scanning of the heart and venous vessels of the liver, as well as morphological examination data indicated the development of severe acute post-decompression disorders (PDD) in animals of the control group, which caused deaths in 100% of cases. Meanwhile all animals in experimental group survived and their state was stable. According to ultrasonic examination, the presence of small number of gas bubbles in the right-side heart chambers and liver's venous vessels being noted, but they disappeared after several hours. Deviations of the respiration's parameters function from background values (shortness of breath of a mixed type with the participation of auxiliary muscles, etc.) observed from the 2nd to the 4th day after ALLV, as well as compensatory reactions from the cardiovascular system (heart rate variability and instability of hemodynamic parameters) were caused by ALLV.
 Conclusions. Compressed air exposure 0.5 MPa for 60 minutes followed by 80 seconds of non-stop decompression allows to provoke the severe acute PDD minipigs model, manifested by pronounced intravascular gas formation, the development of acute respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiency causing the development of adverse outcomes.
 The ultrasound method of visual assessment of intravascular gas formation severity, adapted for minipigs, together with the dynamics of changes in the indicators of respiratory and cardiovascular systems makes possible to assess not only state of animal under anesthesia, but also the effectiveness of PDD prevention measures.
 The usage of ALLV with PFC liquid completely saturated with 100% oxygen under normobaric conditions makes possible partial removal of indifferent gas (nitrogen) dissolved in tissues of experimental animals during exposition in a compressed air environment before decompression and thereby carry out the prevention of DCS by LRDS method. It makes possible to implement successfully ultra-fast decompression profiles, incompatible with life in the control group.
 The state of animals from experimental group after LRDS is characterized by lung impairment caused by ALLV in hyperbaric conditions accompanied by temporary changes of external respiration function and compensatory reactions of cardiovascular system, observed during first 4 days.
 Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Clinical Study Protocol was approved by local Ethics Committee of The Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health».

Pain in the Context of Sensory Deafferentation.

Pain that accompanies deafferentation is one of the most mysterious and misunderstood medical conditions. Prevalence rates for the assorted conditions vary considerably but the most reliable estimates are greater than 50% for strokes involving the somatosensory system, brachial plexus avulsions, spinal cord injury, and limb amputation, with controversy surrounding the mechanistic contributions of deafferentation to ensuing neuropathic pain syndromes. Deafferentation pain has also been described for loss of other body parts (e.g., eyes and breasts) and may contribute to between 10% and upwards of 30% of neuropathic symptoms in peripheral neuropathies. There is no pathognomonic test or sign to identify deafferentation pain, and part of the controversy surrounding it stems from the prodigious challenges in differentiating cause and effect. For example, it is unknown whether cortical reorganization causes pain or is a byproduct of pathoanatomical changes accompanying injury, including pain. Similarly, ascertaining whether deafferentation contributes to neuropathic pain, or whether concomitant injury to nerve fibers transmitting pain and touch sensation leads to a deafferentation-like phenotype can be clinically difficult, although a detailed neurologic examination, functional imaging, and psychophysical tests may provide clues. Due in part to the concurrent morbidities, the physical, psychologic, and by extension socioeconomic costs of disorders associated with deafferentation are higher than for other chronic pain conditions. Treatment is symptom-based, with evidence supporting first-line antineuropathic medications such as gabapentinoids and antidepressants. Studies examining noninvasive neuromodulation and virtual reality have yielded mixed results.

What Do We Know About the Pathoanatomy of Talar Neck Malunions? Results From a 3D Morphometric Analysis

Category: Trauma; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Malunions of the talar neck significantly alter the foot biomechanics and predispose patients to arthrosis and poor functional outcomes. Recent interest has focused on the surgical correction of these deformities, with corrective talar neck osteotomy emerging as a safe and effective treatment for malunions without ankle arthrosis. While a talus malunion is traditionally thought to cause a varus deformity due to the shortening of the medial talar neck, the pathoanatomy of these deformities remains unclear and sparsely reported in the literature. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the three- dimensional changes in morphometric parameters of the talar neck after malunion and to determine how these changes affect the architecture of the foot. Methods: Adult patients with a talar neck malunion without ankle arthrosis (Rammelt and Zwipp Type 1-3) were prospectively included. Weight-bearing (WB) AP, Lateral and long axial radiographs, and CT scans of both feet were obtained. 3D models of both tali were generated. The malunion side was mirrored and superimposed on the normal side, and distance maps were generated to identify pathoanatomic changes. Deviation of the talar neck in the axial plane (declination angle [DA]), sagittal plane (inclination angle [IA]), coronal plane (torsion angle [TA]) as well as the medial and lateral neck lengths (MNL and LNL) were measured on the 3D talus models using a semi-automated GEOGEBRA script. AP and Lateral Meary’s angle and the hindfoot moment arm (HMA) was determined on WB radiographs. The t-test was used to compare the talar neck parameters, and correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between talar neck parameters and foot radiographic parameters. Results: 10 patients, 6 males, and 4 females, with a mean age of 32.4 years were included. There were 4 cases of Rammelt and Zwipp Type 1 deformity, and 6 cases of Type 3 deformity. Axial plane changes included varus deviation of the talar neck in 8 cases and valgus deviation in 2. Sagittal plane changes included dorsiflexion of the talar neck in 4, neutral alignment in 3 cases, and plantarflexion in 3 cases. The TA was increased in all cases. TA and MNL had a moderate positive correlation with AP Meary’s angle and, and a moderate negative correlation with Lateral Meary’s Angle. DA and MNL had a moderate positive correlation with the HMA. Conclusion: Talar neck malunions are complex three-dimensional deformities resulting in the common varus and dorsiflexion variants, as well as less common valgus and plantarflexion variants. Despite the variation in malunion types, all cases are characterized by an increased TA. Furthermore, the combination of increased TA and DA and decreased MNL leads to forefoot adduction and hindfoot varus. Due to the intricate and diverse three-dimensional nature of these deformities, surgeons must conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the pathoanatomy before planning surgical correction.

On the issue of ensuring food security in the conditions of the Boensky enterprise

Providing the market with safe meat food is the most important strategic task of the state. The Leningrad region is duly taking the lead in increasing the production of pork and beef relative to other regions. A significant role in ensuring the quality and safety of meat is played by the state veterinary service, whose representatives carry out pre-slaughter inspection of animals and postslaughter veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughter products.The object of the study were slaughter animals - and 1434 heads of cattle and 8629 heads of pigs, supplied for processing at Agrotorg-47 LLC (Leningrad region), as well as slaughter products obtained from them. Acceptance and processing of slaughter animals at the enterprise, as well as postslaughter veterinary and sanitary examination was carried out in accordance with the Veterinary Rules for the appointment and conduct of veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and products of slaughter (fishing) of animals intended for processing and (or) sale (2022).During the post-mortem examination of the products of slaughter of cattle and pigs, veterinarians of Agrotorg-47 LLC periodically reveal pathoanatomical changes that are the basis for the rejection of raw materials. In the lungs in a large number of carcasses, hemaspirations are found (16%), less often feed aspiration (2%). When slaughtering young animals, in rare cases, umbilical hernias (8%) and cryptorchidism were established, especially in boars (13%). During the post-mortem examination of cows, pathologies of the non-infectious nature of the reproductive system and udder were mainly recorded: endometritis (27%), mastitis (31%), cysts and ovarian atrophy (26%), which were the basis for culling animals and sending them for slaughter.Thanks to the complex of measures required, prescribed by the Veterinary Rules, during the slaughter of animals, the fact of circulation on the market of food products that pose a danger to the health of consumers and the well-being of the territory in veterinary and sanitary terms is excluded.

Pathologic-anatomical Changes in the Comorbidity of Eimeriosis and Tuberculosis in Domestic Chicken and Decorative Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L., 1758)

The study of patho-anatomical changes is essential in identifying pathological processes and diagnosing especially comorbid pathologies. The aim of this study was to reveal pathological changes and differences in the spontaneous comorbidity of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium) and eimeriosis (Eimeria spp.) in adult chickens and ornamental pheasants. The paper highlighted the results of pathological-anatomical changes in adult domestic chickens (n = 17) and ornamental pheasants (n = 5) with spontaneous comorbidity of eimeriosis and tuberculosis. Mycobacteria was detected using bacterioscopy of smears-prints from fragments of organs and Eimeria oocysts were detected by the Füllenborn flotation method. In pheasants, tubercular granulomas were found in the intestine, liver, and spleen in combination with scarring and swelling of the wall and mesentery, and venous stasis in the mesenteric vessels. In addition, hematomas and organ destruction in the liver and spleen were found in pheasants. In domestic chickens, tuberculous granulomas and steatosis were found in the liver. In the intestines, there were indications of mucocatarrhal inflammation, edema, hyperplasia, and small hemorrhages in the area of the cecal-intestinal diverticulum. Tuberculous nodules, internal hemorrhages around the perimeter of the tubercle, and devascularization were observed in the spleen. The present study revealed notable differences in the pathological and anatomical changes resulting from the comorbidity of eimeriosis and tuberculosis in domestic chickens and pheasants.

Imaging Methods to Quantify the Chest and Trunk Deformation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review.

Background context: Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine with the most prevalent type being adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The rotational spinal deformation leads to displacement and deformation of the ribs, resulting in a deformity of the entire chest. Routine diagnostic imaging is performed in order to define its etiology, measure curve severity and progression during growth, and for treatment planning. To date, all treatment recommendations are based on spinal parameters, while the esthetic concerns and cardiopulmonary symptoms of patients are mostly related to the trunk deformation. For this reason, there is a need for diagnostic imaging of the patho-anatomical changes of the chest and trunk in AIS. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide an overview, as complete as possible, of imaging modalities, methods and image processing techniques for assessment of chest and trunk deformation in AIS. Methods: Here, we present a narrative literature review of (1) image acquisition techniques used in clinical practice, (2) a description of various relevant methods to measure the deformity of the thorax in patients with AIS, and (3) different image processing techniques useful for quantifying 3D chest wall deformity. Results: Various ionizing and non-ionizing imaging modalities are available, but radiography is most widely used for AIS follow-up. A disadvantage is that these images are only acquired in 2D and are not effective for acquiring detailed information on complex 3D chest deformities. While CT is the gold standard 3D imaging technique for assessment of in vivo morphology of osseous structures, it is rarely obtained for surgical planning because of concerns about radiation exposure and increased risk of cancer during later life. Therefore, different modalities with less or without radiation, such as biplanar radiography and MRI are usually preferred. Recently, there have been advances in the field of image processing for measurements of the chest: Anatomical segmentations have become fully automatic and deep learning has been shown to be able to automatically perform measurements and even outperform experts in terms of accuracy. Conclusions: Recent advancements in imaging modalities and image processing techniques make complex 3D evaluation of chest deformation possible. Before introduction into daily clinical practice, however, there is a need for studies correlating image-based chest deformation parameters to patient-reported outcomes, and for technological advancements to make the workflow cost-effective.

Dynamic evaluation of the cervical spine by kinematic MRI in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation

BackgroundThe pattern of changes in the cervical spine and the spinal cord and their dynamic characteristics in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic changes in the cervical spine and spinal cord from C2/3 to C7/T1 in different positions by using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Yuebei People's Hospital.MethodsUsing median sagittal T2-weighted images for 16 patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation who underwent cervical kinematic MRI, the anterior space available for the cord, spinal cord diameter, posterior space available for the cord from C2/3 to C7/T1, and Muhle’s grade were determined. The spinal canal diameter was calculated by adding the anterior space available for the cord, spinal cord diameter, and posterior space available for the cord.ResultsThe anterior space available for the cord, posterior space available for the cord, and spinal canal diameters at C2/3 and C7/T1 were significantly higher than those from C3/4 to C6/7. Muhle’s grades at C2/3 and C7/T1 were significantly lower than those at the other levels. Spinal canal diameter was lower in extension than in the neutral and flexion positions. In the operated segments, significantly lesser space was available for the cord (anterior space available for the cord + posterior space available for the cord), and the spinal cord diameter/spinal canal diameter ratio was higher than those in the C2/3, C7/T1, and non-operated segments.ConclusionKinematic MRI demonstrated dynamic pathoanatomical changes, such as canal stenosis in different positions, in patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation. The injured segment had a small canal diameter, high Muhle’s grade, low space available for the cord, and high spinal cord diameter/spinal canal diameter ratio.

MANNHEIMIOSIS IN GOATS AND SHEEP

The article presents the analysis results of sheep’s and goats’ examinations, care and feeding conditions at various farms of the Krasnodar Region unfavourable in terms of the upper respiratory tract infectious diseases. The sick animals clinical study data, the pathoanatomical changes found at autopsy on dead small ruminants, the laboratory research results have been noted. The clinical signs in sick goats and sheep were manifested by fever, cough, flux of mucous exudate from the nose. At autopsy on dead animals the lobular fibrinous bronchopneumonia with coagulative necrosis, the fibrinous pleurisy were found; the exudate in the alveolar tissue of the lungs and edema were detected, and when cut, a marble appearance of the lungs. The causative agent Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from the pathological material taken from corpses of dead goats and sheep. Upon the analysis of examinations it was proved that in case of viral infections the efficiency of the respiratory system defence mechanisms weaken, causing colonisation by microbes of Mannheimia haemolytica species. The Mannheimia haemolytica microorganism in ruminants is nasopharynx and upper respiratory system commensal. Under normal conditions the Mannheimia haemolytica microorganism might not always cause the infectious disease in small cattle. The occurrence of this disease at the farms depends on the presence of various predisposing factors related to the deterioration of feeding and care conditions. All this confirms that mannheimiosis is a factorial disease.

Pharmacological correction of white rats liver damage in aflatoxin B1 poisoning

Aflatoxin B1 is a hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic compound. It is one of the common mycotoxins that causes various pathological conditions in humans and animals such as acute and chronic liver damage, neurological disorders, neoplasms and reproductive disorders.The present work was aimed to study the preventive effect of a dietary supplement based on milk thistle flour, succinic acid, bentonite, probiotic strain B. subtilis, vitamins A and E in experimental aflatoxicosis of laboratory animals. The experiments were carried out on 24 white rats, divided according to the principle of analogues into 4 groups. The first group - biological control, the second group - toxic control, the third and fourth groups were given medications against mycotoxin. White rats were injected with aflatoxin B1 with food at a dose of 500 µg/kg for 10 days. The treatments effectiveness was assessed by clinical signs of experimental animals and hemato-biochemical analysis. The level of exposure to aflatoxin B1 was evaluated by the state of the liver. The use of a biologically active additive significantly reduced the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 on the animal organism, prevented a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, leukocytes and erythrocytes, an increase in platelets, the activity of aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), alkaline phosphatase and malonic daldehyde. There were no pathoana tomic changes in the internal organs of animals receiving a biologically active supplement.The results of the experiment indicate the high therapeutic efficacy of the biologically active additive used in aflatoxicosis, due to the multicomponent composition.

Trunk muscle forces and spinal loads during heavy deadlift: Effects of personalization, muscle wrapping, muscle lever arm, and lumbopelvic rhythm.

Heavy deadlift is used as a physical fitness screening tool in the U.S. Army. Despite the relevance of such a screening tool to military tasks performed by Service Members, the biomechanical impact of heavy deadlift and its risk of low-back injury remain unknown. A kinematics-driven musculoskeletal model of spine was implemented to investigate biomechanics of the lower back in a volunteer (23 years old, height of 1.82 m, and body mass of 98.8kg) during a 68 kg deadlift. In search of protective mechanisms, effects of model personalization and variations in trunk musculature and lumbopelvic rhythm were also investigated. The net moment, compression and shear forces at the L5-S1 reached peaks of 684 Nm, 17.2 and 4.2kN, respectively. Geometrical personalization and changes in lumbopelvic rhythm had the least effects on predictions while increases in muscle moment arms (40%) had the largest effects that caused, respectively, 32% and 36% decrease in the maximum compressive and shearing forces. Initiating wrapping of back muscles at farther distances from the spine had opposing effects on spinal loads; peak compression at the L5-S1 decreased by 12% whereas shear increased by 19%. Despite mechanisms considered, spinal loads during heavy deadlift exceed the existing evidence concerning the threshold of injury for spinal segments, suggesting the vulnerability to injury. Chronic exposure to such high-spinal loads may lead to (micro) fractures, degeneration, pathoanatomical changes and finally low-back pain.

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Calf coronavirus (viral diarrhea) is an endemic disease that is mainly spread by maternal infectivity, cold, wet conditions and crowded housing conditions. Feces were sampled from the rectum of 50 newborn, 3-35-day-old calves. The samples were examined by microbiological, hemagglutination and Bovine enterichek accelerated test (antibody strips) in the ANAU Research Center of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Examination. Epidemiological data, manifestations of clinical symptoms, patho-anatomical changes, hemagglutination reaction and Bovine enterichek test were used to identify the infection of 3-35-day-old calves. Feces with mucus content from the rectum of calves with diarrhea (50 samples), internal organs (spleen, liver, etc.) and affected small intestines of fallen 3-7-day-old animals (3 heads) were examined. During epidemiological studies, an increase in body temperature (42 0 C), anorexia, exhaustion, depression and watery-slimy diarrhea were observed in sick calves. Clots were found on the walls of the arteries of dead animals, inflammation and hemorrages were found in the lymph nods and kidneys. According to epidemiological, clinical symptoms, patho-anatomical changes, microbiological research, as well as hemagglutination reaction and Bovine enterichek rapid test data, both coronavirus and enterobacterial diseases were detected in animals at the same time. As a result, farmers and villagers suffered economic losses due to newborn calf falls. The disease was diagnosed according to hemagglutination reaction, Bovine enterichek test and microbiological methods. Morbidity and mortality rates were respectively 0.1 (10 %), 0.6 (60 %), economic loss – AMD 209 400. Based on the effectiveness of the “BolsheVac” (“БольшеВАК”) vaccine, we propose to carry out preventive vaccinations in vulnerable farms.

ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ОРГАНАХ ДЕТОКСИКАЦИИ БЕЛЫХ МЫШЕЙ ПРИ ВСПЫШКЕ «ГАФФСКОЙ» БОЛЕЗНИ

Gaff disease (paroxysmal-toxic alimentary myoglobinuria, Yuksovsky or Sartlan disease) is a foodborne toxicosis. Occurs in predatory fish, carnivorous animals and birds, in humans. The aim of the work was to study the changes in the internal organs of white mice eating offal of fish from Andreevsky and Ishmenevsky lakes during an outbreak of Gaff disease, performed in the laboratories of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals. The liver, kidneys, stomach and duodenum of white mice eating fish from the unfavorable lakes Andreevsky and Ishmenevsky during the outbreak of Guff disease, as well as the control group, were selected for morphological and histological studies. The material was selected for anatomical, morphological and histological studies. As a result of the research, it was found that in white mice with pronounced signs of Gaff disease (eating offal of fish from Lake Ishmenevsky and Lake Andreevsky), with a standard bioassay, pathoanatomical changes include: 1. catarrhal inflammation of the stomach, degenerative changes in the glandular part of the stomach, enteritis; 2. acute congestive hyperemia of the liver, a decrease in its relative mass, areas of necrosis and necrobiosis, protein degeneration, small foci of hemorrhages in the parenchyma, swelling and expansion of Disse spaces; 3. necrotizing nephrosis, glomerular atrophy and swelling of epitheliocytes, and in 20 % of cases, lymphocytic infiltration of the parenchyma and granular degeneration. All these changes indicate the hepato- and nephrotoxic properties of the toxin, as well as a decrease in the barrier properties of the gastrointestinal tract, which further opens the gate for the active development of opportunistic microflora.

ORNITOBACTHERIOSIS OF BIRDS: EPISOTHOLOGICAL DATA, ILLUSTRATION OF FIELD ISOLATES PATHOGEN ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND STUDY OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL

Bacterial etiology add up a greatpercentage of infectious pathologies in birds. Alot of ailments are called odrazu decilecoma byinfectious agents and develop in association. Beforesuch infectious agents, ornitobacteria can be seen.Particularly ornitobacteriosis are those that aredetected by laboratory methods only at an earlystage. Infection control in Ukraine is not carried out. The meta of our work is to see the sexual isolationof the ornitobacteriosis and the viability of their biological power. Methods – epizootological examination of the ptahological state of Ukraine for ornitobacteriasis were carried out using various clinical, pathoanatomical and serological methods of followup; the sighting of the sexual isolates of the health worker and the birth of their biological authorities were taken for the help of bacteriological and biochemical methods. A follow-up was carried out in several states and a bird was selected with clinical signs characteristic of ornitobacteriasis (stomping, swelling of the lower ophthalmic sinuses and soft tissues of the head, sinusitis, cough) and pathoanatomical changes (aerosacculitis, pneumonia, foamy accumulation of fluid in the chest cavity, anemia, pericarditis and tracheitis). IFA diagnostics for early detection of ornitobacteriosis was carried out. In two batches of birds, an increase in antibody titers to ornitobacteriosis was detected (in broilers and turkeys). They gave a detailed scheme for the diagnosis of ornitobacteriasis, for the help of which, with the help of bacteriological (positing on specific media) and biochemical methods, two isolates were revealed, which, for their power, give birth to Ornithobacter bacteria. As a result of the research, a method for diagnosing avian ornitobacteriasis was developed using different clinical, pathoanatomical, bacteriological methods.

Clinical study on turkeys of the combined coli-salmonella bacteriophage

Infectious diseases of turkeys, in particular salmonellosis and colibacteriosis, are a serious problem and lead to significant economic losses. The damage is due to the high mortality of young animals, reduced egg production in breeding herds, deterioration of meat quality, costs of treatment, elimination of the disease and preventive measures. However, the main problem is the impact of contaminated meat products on public health. The use of antibiotics allows you to get good results in treatment, but it is ineffective in terms of eliminating infection. To solve this problem, it is advisable to minimize their use in industry, as well as replace them with other antimicrobial agents. One of such promising areas is the use of bacteriophages. This paper presents the results of a clinical study of a combined bacteriophage on turkey in industrial conditions, confirming its safety and effectiveness. The basis for conducting clinical trials of the combined coli-salmonella bacteriophage were cases of infectious pathology caused by enteropathogenic escherichia, periodically recorded in young turkeys, as well as the detection of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in pathological material during monitoring studies. The disease was manifested by a violation of the gastrointestinal tract, intoxication with signs of depression, ruffled feathers, typical pathoanatomic changes in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. With the prophylactic use of the combined bacteriophage, there were no outbreaks of colibacteriosis and salmonellosis, whereas 3 cases of colibacteriosis were recorded in the control group, confirmed by the results of bacteriological studies. When evaluating the therapeutic effect, it was found that the use of the drug for a course of 3-5 days makes it possible to effectively stop the disease, regardless of the age category of the bird. With the course use of the drug, there was no increase in mortality and an increase in the number of forcibly culled poultry, which indicates the harmlessness of the tested drug. When assessing the economic efficiency, it was found that the costs of treatment courses of the drug in the experimental group were less than in the control group. Similar results were obtained with the prophylactic use of the drug.

Adenovirus infections in dogs: diagnostic features

In the general pathology of dogs, viral diseases occupy a leading place, and infectious hepatitis, the causative agent of which is a virus of the Adenoviridae family, is of particular concern. Recently, the virus has spread to many countries around the world, which indicates changes in the properties of the pathogen. At the same time, the epizootic situation concerning infectious diseases, including adenoviruses, whose development is influenced by the mass keeping of dogs, has worsened in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to supplement, clarify, and generalize data on epizootological features, morphological and biochemical parameters of blood and pathological and anatomical changes in type I canine adenovirus. The following research methods were used to conduct the research: epizootological analysis, clinical (determination of the general clinical condition of animals), pathological and anatomical (detection of macroscopic changes), haematological (morphological and biochemical parameters of blood) and statistical (processing of digital data to determine the probability of changes in indicators). According to the results of comprehensive studies, it was proved that dogs of different breeds, including mongrels, are susceptible to type I adenovirus, and the peak manifestation of the disease is the spring-summer period in animals aged one to two years. Infectious hepatitis is characterized by the development of erythrocytopenia, a decrease in haematocrit, leucocytosis, and lymphocytopenia. Changes in biochemical indicators are characterized by a decrease in haemoglobin, creatinine, urea, glucose in the blood, and a decrease in the activity of α-amylase and an increase in the content of total bilirubin, hyperfermentaemia of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. The most pronounced pathoanatomical changes are an increase in the size of the liver with the development of necrosis, and in the gastrointestinal tract-haemorrhages in the small intestine. The multisystem pathogenic effect of the virus is characterized by nephrosis, pinpoint haemorrhages in the pancreas, and inflammatory changes have been established in the lymph nodes. As a result of an experimental study of haematological parameters and pathoanatomical changes, a complex pathogenesis of the disease with multiple organ failure was established. In the study of infectious diseases of dogs, the most important aspect is clinical and diagnostic information content. Therefore, scientific research on a more profound understanding of the diagnosis of canine adenovirus will determine the algorithm for justifying the diagnosis

Acute and subchronic toxicity of multicomponent antiparasitic drugs Insaсar Total C Plus, Insaсar Total K Plus

The purpose of the research is to study acute oral toxicity in mice, and acute dermal and subchronic toxicity in rats of multicomponent antiparasitic Insacar Total C Plus (for dogs) and Insacar Total K Plus (for cats).Materials and methods. The toxicity of the drugs was studied in September-April 2020–2021 at the premises of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV Vivarium. To determine acute oral toxicity, 80 outbred mice weighing 20 g were used, of which 7 test and one control group were formed. The drugs were administered once in a 1 : 3 dilution with polyethylene glycol as a solution through an intragastric tube and an automatic controller. The control animals were intact. After a single administration, the physical condition of the test mice was monitored within 14 days; weight gain, expected clinical toxicity symptoms and possible death were assessed. Before and on days 1, 3, 7, 11 and 14 of the experiment, the test and control mice’s weight gain were evaluated. The toxicity parameters were calculated by the methods of Pershin, Miller and Taintner. In a subchronic experiment, the study drugs were tested on 80 outbred white rats divided into 6 test and 2 control groups. The rats’ coat was also shaved on the back. The solution was applied to the shaved skin area once a day for 7 days at doses of 1,000 mg/kg (0.1 mL/100 g), 500 mg/kg (0.05 mL/100 g) and 200 mg/kg (0.02 mL/100 g) of the animal weight. On day 8 of the experiment, 5 rats from each group were euthanized; their blood samples were taken, and the internal organs were examined. On day 21 of the experiment, the second part of the animals was euthanized to analyze the reversibility of potential pathoanatomical changes after prolonged repeated application of the drug. The results were processed statistically.Results and discussion.The half-lethal dose (LD 50) after oral administration of the drug for dogs to the mice was 2,475 by the Pershin method, and 2,500±388 mg/kg by the Miller and Taintner method. LD50 of the drug for cats when administered into the mice’s stomach was 2,713 by the Pershin method, and 2,650±403 mg/kg by the Miller and Taintner method (hazard class 3). LD 50 when applied to the rats’ skin was more than 10,000 mg/kg (hazard class 4). When applied once to the rats’ skin, the drugs had a slightly irritating effect. In subchronic experiment on the rats with daily drug application on their skin at doses of 1,000 mg/kg, 500 and 200 mg/kg, no negative effects on the general condition or death of the animals were observed during the entire study. Hematological and biochemical parameters of the test rats that were treated with the drug for dogs at a dose of 200 mg/kg, an increased content of lymphocytes up to 83.40% was observed on day 8 of the experiment, and up to 74.20 % in the control; and an increased glucose level up to 6.08±1.23 mmol/L, and up to 4.82±0.70 mmol/L in the control; LDH was up to 766.00±264.19 U/L, and up to 434.80±525.89 U/L in the control.

Cystic malformation (lymphangioma) of the thoracic lymphatic duct (peculiarities of clinical and radiological diagnosis, a brief review)

Introduction. The thoracic lymphatic duct in the upper half of the body collects lymph from the left lung, the left half of the heart, the walls of the left half of the chest, from the left upper limb and the left half of the neck and head. Therefore, the left-sided localization of the revealed pathological changes, with the involvement of the mediastinum and neck in the process at the same time, can be a sign of damage to the thoracic lymphatic duct (at the location), and therefore the key to a successful diagnosis of the disease. Aim. Demonstration of modern possibilities of clinical and radiological diagnosis of cystic malformation of the thoracic lymphatic duct (CMTLD). Results. In the literature, the pathology of the thoracic lymphatic duct is designated by two terms: “lymphangioma” and “cystic malformation of the thoracic lymphatic duct”. According to the generally accepted classification of vascular formations ISSVA (adopted at the 20th ISSVA conference in Melbourne in April 2014, last revised in May 2018), the term “lymphangioma” with regard to lymphatic malformations is considered obsolete, its use is recommended for true benign tumors of the lymphatic vessels. CMTLD – benign, extremely rare lymphovascular lesions resulting from embryological disorders (weakness of the duct wall and valve mechanism) in the development of the lymphatic system. The median prevalence is less than 1 % among all mediastinal cystic formations. Effective non-invasive diagnostics at the initial visit of the patient already at the outpatient stage deserves professional evaluation. We present the own clinical and radiological observation of a 26-year-old patient without any special clinical manifestations, in whom volumetric changes in the mediastinum on the left were detected during routine fluorography. The nature (X-ray semiotics) of preoperative imaging using computed tomography has been clarified. The revealed X-ray and pathoanatomical changes were compared. Conclusion. CMTLD – congenital lymphatic anomalies, more frequent and symptomatic in children. In older patients, acquired and asymptomatic CMTLD are most often diagnosed. The logistics of modern imaging technologies makes it possible to successfully diagnose such a rare disease as CMTLD already at the stage of the patient’s initial visit to the doctor.

Mycoplasma synovia is an infection among broilers at an industrial-type poultry farm

A method for diagnosing infectious synovitis among young broilers aged 11-12 weeks, obtained from an industrial-type poultry farm, was investigated in laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out on the basis of the Microbiology Department of the All-Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Poultry Farming - a branch of the VNITIP Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. To perform mycoplasmatological studies, the limbs of birds with pronounced joint damage were selected and a nutrient medium was prepared by adding 20% horse blood serum, 10% yeast extract and 0.5% glucose to Edward's broth. Phenol-mouth at a concentration of 0.0001% was used as an indicator of the medium. As a result of a series of 7 "blind" passages, the appearance of opalescence and precipitation was noted, small transparent colonies were observed on a dense nutrient medium. Thus, the preliminary diagnosis of infectious synovitis (infektious synovitis) of broilers, obtained on the basis of epizootological data, clinical signs and pathoanatomic changes, was fully confirmed by a positive result of mycoplasmatological studies. According to the results, tilan was proposed for the treatment of sick poultry in doses recommended by the manufacturer, and for the prevention of the disease – strict compliance with the norms of bird planting density and indoor microclimate.