Pathfinder Software Research Articles

An improved social force model (ISFM)-based crowd evacuation simulation method in virtual reality with a subway fire as a case study

ABSTRACT Crowd evacuation simulation using virtual reality (VR) is significant for digital emergency response construction. However, existing evacuation simulation studies suffer from poor adaptation to complex environments, inefficient evacuations, and poor simulation effects and do not fully consider the impacts of specific disaster environments on crowd evacuation. To more realistically express the crowd evacuation results obtained under the influence of fire environments and the subjective consciousness of pedestrians in subway stations, we designed a dynamic pedestrian evacuation path planning method under multiple constraints, analysed the influences of an ‘environmental role’ and a ‘subjective initiative’ on crowd evacuation, established an improved social force model (ISFM)-based crowd evacuation simulation method in VR, developed a prototype system and conducted experimental analyses. The experimental results show that the crowd evacuation time of the ISFM is affected by the disaster severity. In simulation experiments without disaster scenarios, the improved model's crowd evacuation efficiency improved by averages of 12.53% and 15.37% over the commercial Pathfinder software and the original social force model, respectively. The method described herein can effectively support real-time VR crowd evacuation simulation under multiexit and multifloor conditions and can provide technical support for emergency evacuation learning and management decision analyses involving subway fires.

Evaluation and Management of Health and Safety Risks of Chlorine Gas in Transportation Routes

Background: More than 90% of goods movement in Iran is done by road transport. A significant part of these materials is dangerous goods. Considering that chlorine gas is considered a toxic and oxidizing substance, predicting the way of release and mortality due to accidental leakage of chlorine gas can be a crucial tool in adopting preventive strategies. This study aims to evaluate the safety of chlorine gas transportation and analyze the consequences of its release. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted in 2020 in Tehran. The transportation risk rating index was used to measure and evaluate the quantitative risk of transportation of hazardous materials. PHAST software was used to determine the consequence of possible accident scenarios on the transportation route. In the final stage, according to the amount of traffic, the time and manner of response to emergencies by the fire and emergency organization were simulated using Pathfinder software. Results: In this evaluation, the chlorine risk rating was calculated as 192. The worst possible scenario was a catastrophic rupture of chlorine in the second half of 2021. As a result of the accident, up to a radius of 1800 m from the center of the leak, the dangerous concentration is equal to 20 ppm, that is, equal to the ERPG3 limit. The simulation results showed that the release of poisonous chlorine gas leads to the death of 10% of people up to a radius of 192 m around the scenario. Conclusion: In the scenario of the sudden release of chlorine, in which people need to escape and move away from the accident site, it was found that it takes more than 24 minutes to leave the ERPG-3 area. Considering that the assumed average speed of 1.15 m/s is the average speed of people and naturally the speed of sensitive people is much lower in the conditions of an accident, it can be concluded that in the scenario of a sudden leak, a significant part of the people involved in the accident may suffer severe and irreparable damage.

Fire Protection and Evacuation Analysis in Underground Interchange Tunnels by Integrating BIM and Numerical Simulation

Rescue and evacuation of underground interchange tunnels after a fire are challenging. Therefore, a method of integrating building information modeling (BIM) and a fire dynamic simulator (FDS) was proposed to analyze fire characteristics and personnel escapes in underground interchange tunnels. A BIM model of underground interchange tunnels was built, and then different formats (DXF and CAD) were generated and imported into Pyrosim software and Pathfinder software. With an increase in ventilation velocity, the CO concentration and temperature downstream of the fire source increased, and visibility decreased, according to simulation results. The critical ventilation velocity was 3.6 m/s at 30 MW. Evacuation simulation results suggested that the congestion of the transverse passage was very unfavorable for personnel escape: the escape time increased by 14.9% and 20% when the interior and entrance of the transverse passage were severely congested, while a 2.5 m wide transverse passage effectively reduced the escape time. Visibility was the first indicator that it did not meet the safety of the escape. After the tunnel’s personnel have been evacuated, the air supply or exhaust system should be started, and smoke should be expelled at a higher velocity. It is necessary to clear the passageway quickly or increase the automatic firefighting facilities when congestion is severe.

A Study on the Evacuation of an Extra-Long Highway Tunnel Fire—A Case Study of Chengkai Tunnel

The smoke from tunnel fires spreads over long distances and is difficult to vent. Smoke accumulation leads to high temperatures, low visibility, and high concentrations of toxic gases, which greatly hinders the evacuation of people inside the tunnel. In this paper, a representative extra-long highway tunnel—Chengkai Tunnel—is selected as the engineering background, and a tunnel model is built using FDS and Pathfinder software to simulate the fire scenario and evacuation scenario under different longitudinal wind speeds. The concept of safe evacuation reliability is proposed to describe the relationship between the ASET (available safe egress time) and the RSET (required safe egress time). The simulation results show that with the increase in longitudinal wind speed, the ASET upstream of fire source increases first and then remains unchanged, while ASET downstream of fire source increases first and then decreases. The ASET upstream of the fire source is affected by visibility, while the ASET downstream of the fire source is affected by visibility when the wind speed is low, and is affected by temperature as the wind speed increases. The bottleneck effect is an important reason for the long evacuation time of people. The blockage time is a power function of the evacuation movement time, and increasing the width of the cross passage can improve the evacuation efficiency of the tunnel. The increase in the number of evacuees will reduce the reliability of the safe evacuation of personnel. Among all simulated scenarios, a longitudinal wind speed of 2.5 m/s has the highest safe evacuation reliability, with 0.79, 0.92, and 0.99 for scenarios R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Excessive wind speed reduces the safe evacuation reliability downstream of the fire source.

Simulation of fire emergency evacuation in a large-passenger-flow subway station based on the on-site measured data of Shenzhen Metro

Abstract Because of its large capacity, high efficiency and energy savings, the subway has gradually become the primary mode of transportation for citizens. A high density of passengers exists within a large-passenger-flow subway station, and the number of casualties and injuries during a fire emergency is substantial. In this paper, Pathfinder software and on-site measured data of Pingzhou station in Shenzhen (China) were utilized to simulate a fire emergency evacuation in a large-passenger-flow subway station. The Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), number of passengers and flow rates of stairs and escalators were analysed for three fire evacuation scenarios: train fire, platform fire and hall fire. The evacuation time of the train fire, which was 1173 s, was the longest, and 3621 occupants needed to evacuate when the train was fully loaded. Occupants could not complete the evacuation within 6 mins in all three fire evacuation scenarios, which does not meet the current standard requirements and codes. By changing the number of passengers and the number of stairs for evacuation, the flow rate capacity and evacuation time were explored, which have reference values for safety management and emergency evacuation plan optimization during peak hours of subway operation.

First Responders Space Subdivision Framework for Indoor Navigation

Indoor navigation is crucial, particularly during indoor disasters such as fires. However, current spatial subdivision models struggle to adapt to the dynamic changes that occur in such situations, making it difficult to identify the appropriate navigation space, and thus reducing the accuracy and efficiency of indoor navigation. This study presents a new framework for indoor navigation that is specifically designed for first responders, with a focus on improving their response time and safety during rescue operations in buildings. The framework is an extension of previous research and incorporates the combustibility factor as a critical variable to consider during fire disasters, along with definitions of safe and unsafe areas for first responders. An algorithm was developed to accommodate the framework and was evaluated using Pyrosim and Pathfinder software. The framework calculates walking speed factors that affect the path and walking speed of first responders, enhancing their chances of successful evacuation. The framework captures dynamic changes, such as smoke levels, that may impact the navigation path and walking speed of first responders, which were not accounted for in previous studies. The experimental results demonstrate that the framework can identify suitable navigation paths and safe areas for first responders, leading to successful evacuation in as little as 148 to 239 seconds. The proposed framework represents a significant improvement over previous studies and has the potential to enhance the safety and effectiveness of first responders during emergency situations.

Study on Fire Smoke Distribution and Safety Evacuation of Subway Station Based on BIM

A subway station is a confined space, so it is very important to evacuate people safely in case of a fire. It is necessary to study and analyze the smoke distribution and evacuation ability of different station layout schemes when fire occurs. Taking a subway station as an example, this paper combines BIM (Building Information Model) technology with the fire safety evacuation of the subway station. First, we optimize the layout of the public area of the subway station and use BIM technology to establish a subway station model. Then, we use the PyroSim software to establish a subway station fire model to analyze fire development in different locations of the station in the optimization scheme, and determine the time it takes for CO concentration, smoke temperature and visibility to reach the critical value of danger. Finally, a subway station fire evacuation model is established using the Pathfinder software to study the safety evacuation of people in the subway station fire. The results show that it takes the shortest time for the visibility in the station to reach the critical value under fire conditions, and the threat to safety evacuation is the greatest. The available safe evacuation time of the optimized subway station is greater than the required safe evacuation time under different fire conditions, that is, the optimized subway station arrangement can ensure the safety evacuation of the personnel in the subway station under fire conditions. The research results can serve as reference for the optimization of safety evacuation designs of similar subway stations.

Evacuation in Buildings Based on BIM: Taking a Fire in a University Library as an Example

As a typical public place, a university library has a large collection of books with heavy fire load, dense population, and large flow of people. The situation of safe evacuation in case of fire is very serious. This study utilizes Revit, Pyrosim, and Pathfinder software to research evacuation of a university library. First, a Building Information Modeling (BIM) is constructed based on Revit software in 1:1 scale. Second, the evacuation passage with the highest utilization rate was determined through Pathfinder software. According to the "most unfavorable principle," the location near it was assumed to be where the fire occurred. Pyrosim software was used to determine the smoke spread, visibility, CO concentration, temperature, and other conditions at each stairway exit in case of fire. Finally, the evacuation situation is compared with that after man-made route planning. The results indicate that evacuation exits 1#, 7#, 13#, 19#, and 23# have the highest utilization rate. The safe evacuation time was 739.275 s, which was shortened to 638.025 s after man-made route planning, a 13.67% increase in evacuation efficiency. Evacuation efficiency can be significantly improved by increasing broadcast guidelines, adding signs, widening staircases, and other optimization suggestions, which can provide reference for the study of evacuation effects in public places and the improvement of the layout of public facilities.

Pedestrian level of service simulating and redesigning sidewalk in crowded urban areas

The design of sidewalks in crowded areas is of great importance in cities. These spaces are sensitive if they happen to be in a central business district (CBD). In this research study, the main objective is to analyse and design the sidewalk adjacent to the bazaar in Semnan, Iran, in a CBD, positioned in a historical location of the city. After surveying number of pedestrian sidewalks during peak hours in the morning and evening, the above-mentioned street was divided into eight parts, and the highest traffic flow was considered as a criterion for the design. Then, based on HCM2016, the density and the level of service (LOS) of each part were obtained. The findings indicated that part 4 had LOS E and density 11 < 11, 52 < 18, part 6 had LOS E and density 11 < 12, 06 < 18 and part 7 with the highest traffic volume of about 2500 people and LOS E was prioritised to increase LOS. The data obtained for each part were studied by PathFinder software and compared with the obtained manual information. Therefore, the road-diet theory was implemented. By increasing the width of the sidewalk by about 3–5 ft/section, there was a resulting improvement in LOS.

A Study on the Evacuation Spacing of Undersea Tunnels in Different Ventilation Velocity Conditions

Ventilation velocity conditions may affect the smoke diffusion and evacuation environment in a tunnel fire, which should be fully considered in evacuation spacing designs of undersea tunnels. This study focuses on reasonable evacuation spacing under various possible velocity conditions of an undersea tunnel, providing a design method reference for calculating safe evacuation spacing. Fire Dynamic Simulator and Pathfinder software were used for numerical simulations of a 50 MW fire and evacuation process in a full-scale undersea tunnel with traffic congestion. The simulation cases contained velocity modes from zero to satisfying the critical velocity and evacuation spacings from 30 m to 80 m. The calculated distributions of the available safe escape time indicated that a low ventilation velocity, such as 1.0 m/s, is beneficial to the downstream evacuation, but turning off mechanical ventilation increased risk near the fire source. The required safe escape time is shortened with a reduction in slide spacings, but the shortened rate slowed down after spacing was less than 60 m. In addition, the slow evacuating areas from 100 m to 300 m from the fire source independent of spacing are identified. Ultimately, the reasonable evacuation spacings of 60 m, 50 m, and 30 m, corresponding to three possible ventilation velocity modes of low, medium, and high, are proposed through the comparisons of the distributions of available safe escape time and required safe escape time.

Investigation on the causes and consequences of Kiss nightclub fire in Brazil

Nightclub fires are often catastrophic because it usually outbreak during events that have many people together in a confined place. This is what happened in the Kiss nightclub, in 2013, in Brazil. This paper presents the results of a research in the causes and consequences of this fire. Numerical simulations carried out with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software allowed to determine the fire spread and the temperature evolution and smoke movement inside the nightclub. They have been also carried out numerical simulations with the Pathfinder software for studying the evacuation event of the nightclub in function of the fire development. These simulations have been carried out for two scenarios: (a) considering what existed in the building in the day of the fire and (b) what should exist in the building according to the current Brazilian standards. The numerical models were calibrated with data taken from reports, news and videos of the fire and results from laboratory tests especially carried out in this research. It was concluded that if proper finishing and coating materials had been used, the fire could not have broken out and spread so fast. On the other hand, if adequate emergency exits exist probably the number of victims would not have been so high. Some advices for fire safe construction of these buildings and to the fire safety regulations are given in the paper.

Simulation of emergency evacuation from construction site of prefabricated buildings

To ensure the safe construction of prefabricated buildings and improve the efficiency of the safe evacuation of construction personnel after a fire caused by improper operation during construction, this study used the PyroSim software to numerically simulate a fire situation based on the size and volume of a prefabricated building construction site. The variation rules of smoke visibility, CO concentration, and ambient temperature in the construction site of prefabricated buildings were analyzed and the available safe evacuation time was determined. Moreover, the Pathfinder software was used for simulation in combination with the physical attributes of personnel, evacuation speed, and personnel proportions. The time required for safe evacuation was determined and the factors influencing the evacuation time, such as the quantity and location of stacked prefabricated components, machinery, and appliances, and the number of on-site construction personnel, were analyzed. The data collected by the temperature sensor, CO concentration sensor, and visibility sensor reveal that the visibility and crash time are the key factors restricting the efficiency of personnel avoidance and evacuation. At 400 s, the visibility at the escape exit of the prefabricated apartment construction site was lower than 5 m. The crashing time of the building was 360 s, which is the critical point for casualties. The first emergency evacuation simulation took 398.7 s. The required safe evacuation time (TREST) > available safe evacuation time (TASET), and the original site layout cannot facilitate the safe evacuation of all construction workers. The evacuation time can be effectively reduced by re-planning the stacking positions of prefabricated construction site components, construction equipment, and other items, and reducing the number of personnel in the construction plane. The results of the second simulation reveal that the safe evacuation time (TREST) is 355.2 s. Because it is required that the safety evacuation time (TREST) < available safe evacuation time (TASET), the results are in line with the emergency evacuation requirements. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the rational planning of evacuation passages at the construction sites of prefabricated buildings and assist the management of construction site safety.

Evakuacija putnika iz aviona na zemlji

Introduction/Purpose: Aircraft present one of the safest and most frequently used means of transport. However, despite taking many security measures, accidents happen. No matter a damage level, if the aircraft somehow manages to land, the most important is to evacuate passengers from the aircraft, fast and safely. Evacuation of aircraft is very complex and depends on many different factors such as a damage degree, presence of fire, speed of passengers, presence of panic and fear, etc. So, it is important to, somehow, as much as possible, predict potential ways of evacuation and potential evacuation strategies and routes. Landed aircraft can be in different conditions so fast and safe evacuation of passengers is very important. The only way to predict safe evacuation routes, to determine proper evacuation strategies and to calculate potential evacuation times needed to leave the aircraft is to use some adequate simulation software. Methods: In this paper, for calculating needed evacuation times and potential evacuation routes, the simulation method was used. Simulations of evacuation scenarios and calculations of evacuation times were realized in Pathfinder software. The simulation model created in Pathfinder was a model of the A 321 aircraft related to its real dimensions. Results: The results of this paper, obtained on an appropriate simulation model of the aircraft with stairs and emergency slides, have shown the evacuation times for two different evacuation scenarios with different speeds of passengers/occupants. Conclusion: A proper evacuation strategy and the fastest evacuation of occupants are crucial for saving lives. Simulation software use in evacuation problems presents a very effective way in terms of safety, cost-effectiveness and prediction. This kind of software presents an obligatory engineering tool for more effective and more precise dealing with evacuation and similar problems. This paper was written to show how simulation software can be used for calculating evacuation times from an airplane on land.

Simulation and Optimization of Emergency Evacuation of Huoshenshan Hospital Based on BIM and Pathfinder

After the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic, Huoshenshan Hospital, as the main place for patient isolation, is characterized by large floor space and high staff density, and its evacuation time is directly related to the safety of patients and medical care. In this article, we use BIM and Pathfinder software to establish an emergency evacuation simulation model, setting 2400 patients of different ages and degrees to participate in the simulation, and carry out the simulation in Steering behavior mode to study the influence of evacuation mode, exit size and initial distribution of personnel on the evacuation time and evacuation distance of Huoshenshan Hospital respectively. The simulation results provide a theoretical basis for the standardized management of Huoshenshan Hospital and have certain reference significance.

Principles for Monte Carlo agent-based evacuation simulations including occupants who need assistance. From RSET to RiSET

A few modelling approaches are available to assess the egress of people who need assistance to evacuate, since both physical and cognitive aspects should be considered. In this study, an agent-based approach has been adopted with a focus on the behavioural rules assigned to the agents depending on their characteristics and goals. In emergency, while the majority of the occupants recognise the risk and start their evacuation autonomously, the people who need assistance do not necessarily act in that way. Trained and skilled staff are required to contact and assist those needing help that could otherwise remain inside. In this study, “meta-communication” defines the different ways that “link” the rescuers and the people who need assistance during the evacuation. A unified framework is proposed to establish a standard codification of the occupant profiles, both autonomous and those who need assistance, in order to evaluate their evacuation capabilities for use in agent-based models. Based on their mobility and way-finding abilities, occupants are classified into a basic set of five categories. For each occupant category, the mobility device and the staff assistance eventually required are specified. This codification may originate a variety of design occupant profiles which are applied to specific groups of building occupants. Apart from occupant characteristics, it is necessary to define the service discipline, consisting of three components: the staffskills and consistency, the scheduling policy, and the mobility device eventually required to relocate the assisted occupant. The movement of people as groups should also be considered to establish a link between the occupants, including those who need assistance. The inclusive approach proposed in this study has been implemented using Pathfinder software and applied to the analysis of the assisted horizontal evacuation scenario of a hospital ward. The stochastics variables representing the occupant characteristics and the service discipline have been described by probability distributions, including both autonomous and assisted profiles. The Monte Carlo methods provide the means to address the parameter uncertainty in probabilistic risk analysis. The general relationship between the number of iterations executed and the accuracy of the results of interest (mean, variance, proportion of population of the output stochastic variable of interest) is discussed. Based on the Central Limit Theorem, a general a priori estimate of the number of trials required for a specified accuracy in the evacuation time modelling is obtained and a predictor-corrector scheme for conducting and terminating a single loop Monte Carlo evacuation modelling analysis is proposed and applied to the worked case. Model validation is then required to establish whether the results of the simulations are accurate and correctly predict the relevant evacuation scenario. The principles of performance-based inclusive design are thus established, introducing the occupants who need assistance, the assisting staff role, and the service discipline, in a generalization of the conventional Required Safe Escape Time (RSET): the Required Safe and inclusive Escape Time (RiSET).

Effectiveness of travel time during evacuation in high-rise residential buildings: a case study in Selangor, Malaysia

PurposeIn recent years, the number of high-rise buildings in Malaysia has been increasing. Therefore, it is essential to take evacuation into consideration especially for emergency conditions such as fire, explosion and natural disasters. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the escape time in typical Malaysian high-rise residential buildings.Design/methodology/approachThis work comprises simulation on three buildings around the Selangor area in Malaysia. Quantitative methodology is adopted using Pathfinder software to simulate the evacuation process and time of the three typical Malaysian high-rise residential buildings. Four parameters were studied namely, the occupant load density, walking speed of first and last occupants, average of evacuation time per floor for the three buildings and effect of placement of emergency staircase on travel time.FindingsFindings show that 12 m2 which is double the allowable occupants' density in Malaysia increases evacuation time by 67.9% while the placement of the emergency staircase on the left and middle section of a building significantly affects the evacuation time by 21.2%. In conclusion, from the simulation studies, it is recognized that a higher occupant's density affects the evacuation time.Originality/valueThis work could provide information on escape time for future construction of high-rise buildings in Malaysia. Hence, the specification and design of buildings could be reviewed based on the results obtained from this simulation. This information could be beneficial to the building regulators and developers thus enhancing the knowledge of building constructor and possible issues in the design of staircases, corridors and height of buildings.

A chain navigation grid based on cellular automata for large-scale crowd evacuation in virtual reality

Large-scale crowd evacuation simulation in virtual reality is of great significance for emergency response. However, the existing large-scale crowd evacuation simulation methods are challenging to apply to the virtual reality scene. Thus, the efficiency of large-scale crowd rendering in virtual reality needs to be improved. Here we proposed a chain navigation grid for virtual reality large-scale crowd evacuation simulation. The objective of this study was to apply traditional cellular automata crowd evacuation simulation algorithms to virtual reality scenes through a chain navigation grid. Combined with the characteristics of crowd movement, we proposed the vertex raster rendering method to efficiently visualize large-scale crowds in virtual reality scenes. Finally, we constructed two evacuation scenes and carried out experimental analyses. The results show that the chain evacuation navigation grid can transform the discrete crowd movement of cellular automata into continuous crowd movement in virtual reality and can connect multiple cellular automata corresponding to multi-floors. Compared with the evacuation results of Pathfinder software, the chain evacuation navigation can add the factor of environmental familiarity. Therefore, this study improved evacuation simulation by increasing about 6% efficiency in time and computing process. Compared with the traditional crowd evacuation rendering method, the vertex raster rendering method increases the maximum number of people rendering from 2 times to 31 times.

Simulation and optimization of fire safety emergency evacuation in university library

To ensure the safety and emergency evacuation of university library buildings and improve the efficiency of safe personnel evacuation after an emergency, this study considered the actual size and volume of university libraries. The library project of the main campus of Liaoning Technical University was modeled using the Pathfinder software. By considering the site personnel load, personnel attributes, evacuation speed, and personnel ratio, a simulation was conducted to analyze the effect of stacked items’ quantity and location and the effect of the number of items, such as tables, chairs, and bookshelves, and other factors on the time required for evacuation through an indoor evacuation passage. The results reveal that the bottleneck area of evacuation is the indoor corridor and exit of evacuation stairs. The stacking quantity and location planning of items in the reading area greatly influence the evacuation time. Restrictive measures should be taken when the number of personnel in each layer reaches a certain value. The results obtained by this study can provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable planning of evacuation pathways and the future safety management of university libraries.

Evacuation simulation of a high-rise teaching building considering the influence of obstacles

High-rise teaching buildings are complex public buildings integrating the evacuation risk of teaching buildings and high-rise buildings. In this regard, studying the evacuation characteristics of high-rise teaching buildings is paramount for a safe and fast evacuation. In this paper, we first analysed whether the obstacles in the classrooms would be beneficial to the overall evacuation. Obstacle and obstacle-free models of a high-rise teaching building were constructed and simulated using the Pathfinder software. The simulation results of the two models were compared and analysed in terms of the evacuation time and evacuation conditions on the main floors. The physical mechanism where obstacles influence the evacuation process was analysed considering the evacuation density and path. This influence was further investigated using the obstacle model by varying the number of evacuees, assigning safety exits, and changing the obstacle settings. The results showed that a dense and regular arrangement of the desks as obstacles in the classrooms could yield a more reasonable evacuee density distribution while playing a positive role in physically segregating and diverting the crowd and restricting the evacuation path. Thus, the overall evacuation time in the obstacle model was lower than in the obstacle-free model. However, this positive impact varied to different degrees when varying the number of people and obstacle setting and the constraints of the stairway capacity. The evacuation time could be further reduced by designating safety exits for some people and changing the arrangement of the obstacles by considering the behavioural characteristics of people walking alongside. Our research showed that standard evacuation order, reasonable arrangement of the desks in the classrooms, and obstacle-free evacuation passageways are conducive to evacuation management in high-rise teaching buildings. We suggest improving the evacuation drills for a more rational distribution of the evacuation routes and for a more scientific designation of the evacuation exits.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ ЗОН БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДЛЯ МАЛОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ГРУПП НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

The article discusses the regulatory requirements for security zones, especially for the calculation of its area. Using the example of the Three Sisters rehabilitation center, located in the Moscow region, the actual required area of the security zone required for one person of the M4 population with limited mobility is considered. The number of patients with reduced mobility in rehabilitation insti-tutions exceeds at least twice. The evacuation of the M1-M3 mobility groups is considered via stairwells directly to the outside. Fullscale observations of the evacuation of people along horizontal paths to the safety zones were carried out to establish the evacuation time and the capacity of the safety zones. In the Pathfinder software product, a three-dimensional computer model of the buildings of the protection object was developed, taking into account the data obtained from field observations to assess the safe evacuation of people.