Path Schema Research Articles

A critical cognitive analysis of Japan’s nuclear contaminated water discharge discourse

This research investigates the use of compound image schemas in the discourse surrounding Japan’s nuclear wastewater discharge. By analyzing editorials from Asahi Shimbun, this study reveals how discourse producers, from government bodies to media outlets, employ image schemas to navigate, shape, and legitimize their stances on this contentious issue. The investigation identifies the prevalent use of PATH and CONTAINER schemas, facilitating the construction of complex narrative spaces that define “in-group” and “out-group” dynamics, thereby guiding public perception and discourse participation towards an implicit endorsement of specific policy directions. The findings highlight the dynamic interplay between micro-level discourse strategies and macro-level cognitive frameworks, projecting tailored narratives into the public sphere. This projection, rooted in sophisticated cognitive mechanisms, illustrates the strategic use of discourse to influence public opinion and legitimize environmental policy decisions, reflecting broader social implications and the power of discourse in shaping environmental risk perceptions.

Metaphors in Teaching Dilemmas Conveyed by First-Year Science Teachers in Online Mentoring Dialogues

This study explored online mentoring dialogues of first-year science teachers (FYSTs) to construct a model that was informed by metaphors in teaching dilemmas. Nine teachers’ yearlong threaded dialogues were archived and first analyzed by Windschitl’s (2002) four dilemma categories, and later by Lakoff and Johnson’s (2003) conceptual metaphor theory. Particularly, we charted conceptual metaphor systems and schematic elements of FYSTs’ teaching practices in conceptual, pedagogical, cultural, and political dilemma categories using computer-mediated discourse analysis. Findings indicated that the FYSTs’ mentoring dialogues were predominantly pedagogical dilemmas (64.34%), mostly related to mastering the art of facilitation. The conceptual metaphors and schematic elements include a) “Teaching is a trip” within a path schema, b) “Teaching is a race” within an up-down and more-less visual field schema, c) “Teaching is policing” within a sanctioned land schema, and d) “Teaching is building a house” within a construction site schema. This study contributes to the understanding of challenging factors that FYSTs encounter and also illustrates the functionality of the conceptual metaphors for teacher effectiveness.

Complex-Path: Effective and Efficient Node Ranking with Paths in Billion-Scale Heterogeneous Graphs

Node ranking in heterogeneous graphs, which quantifies the relative importance of nodes, can often be improved by incorporating information from relevant paths. Graph database and heterogeneous graph neural network (HGNN) are two main approaches to better solve this problem. Graph databases support efficient path queries for flexible path types but require manual design to combine results for node ranking. Conversely, current HGNNs can automatically integrate semantic information from multiple linear path types for accurate node ranking. However, our experiments show that they fail to outperform a multi-layer perceptron model that utilizes features extracted from multiple nonlinear conditional paths, which can be handled by graph databases. Therefore, we aim to enable HGNN to take advantage of these path types for better performance. However, HGNNs require a generalized path schema to define the structure of input paths, and incorporating each additional path type will significantly increase the required system memory and sampling time for HGNNs. To address these limitations, we introduce CompNode, a novel framework based on a new unified path schema definition called Complex-path, which is used to describe all the required path types, including nonlinear conditional path types. Then, we design a pre-aggregation method to reduce the required system memory and sampling time by pre-aggregating the same type of complex-path. Furthermore, we develop a model that combines semantic information from all aggregated complex-paths for accurate node ranking. Real-world experiments on identifying top potential high-value customers show CompNode outperforms state-of-the-art HGNNs by 20% in average precision and the previously deployed graph database method by 252% in success rate.

The Notion of Image Schemas in Kurdish Proverbs

This study examines the notion of image schemas in selected Kurdish proverbs. As used in Cognitive Semantics, image schemas refer to conceptual structures that represent recurring patterns in our experience of the physical and psychological world. They are abstract concepts consisting of patterns emerging from repeated instances of embodied experience. Examples of image schemas include CONTAINER, PATH, FORCE, SCALE and CYCLE schemas. Applied to Kurdish proverbs, it is argued that image schemas serve as the basis for organizing knowledge and reasoning about the world. They are derived from concrete physical experiences that are projected onto abstract concepts. The aim of the study then is to show how image schemas provide the basis for richly detailed lexical concepts. One interesting finding is that image schemas arise directly from sensory and perceptual experience. They are functions of Kurdish speakers’ everyday interaction with and observation of the world around them.

Understanding Political persuasion: Analyzing Image Schemas as Catalysts in Campaign Strategies

This study delves into the role of image schemas in language with a specific focus on their presence in the construction of metaphors in political speeches delivered during the 2018 electoral campaigns in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Image schemas refer to recurring patterns of understanding that arise from our bodily movements through space. To achieve this, the study utilizes the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Image-Schema Theory, which investigate the presence of image schemas in political discourse. The study centers on the PATH, CONTAINER and FORCE image schemas, examining their role in the formation of metaphors and how they structure the relationship between source domains (journey and container) and the target domain (politics). Precisely, the study examines how politicians conceptualize politics as a journey or container, identifying four structural elements that define this relationship. The research also considers the persuasive techniques employed by Kurdish politicians and how they impact voting patterns. Overall, the study shows that image schemas are an essential tool in gaining public support and influencing voters, and they work as source domains for accessing target domains.

A Review of Digital Narrative Spaces: An Interdisciplinary Examination

<i>A Review of</i> Digital Narrative Spaces: An Interdisciplinary Examination

Image Schemas in Diasporic Visual Discourse: Peripheral Voices in the Selected Photographs of Afghan Migrants Living in Pakistan

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study explores the socio-cognitive dynamics of the photographic representation of Afghan Refugees residing in Pakistan. It aims to reveal counter discursivity present in the images of Afghan refugees and accentuate the visual nature of this counter discourse. Data sets taken for analysis consist of five photographs of Afghan refugees retrieved from the album collection of an international photographer Muhammad Muheisen. By adopting an interdisciplinary perspective based on three schools, i.e. Critical Discourse Studies, Social Semiotics and Cognitive Linguistics, the study proposed a Cognitive Grammar approach to traditional Transitivity Analysis. Cognitive transitivity analysis explored the discursive strategy of Structural Configuration by highlighting the cognitive systems such as image schemas, narrative structures and processes in both visual representations and textual taglines assigned to the images by the photographer. The findings of the study revealed the employment of CONTAINER, FORCE, SPACE, and SOURCE- PATH Schemas and dominant presence of agentive and transactional roles of Afghan refugees. The taglines of photographs revealed material processes dominating the discourse, thus, coinciding with agentive representation of Afghan refugees. The findings revealed that image schemas, narrative structures and processes, being embodied sources, preconceptual and mimetic structures, project Afghan photographic discourse as marginalized in the face of Pakistan’s Refugee Policies.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Conceptual Metaphor in Kahitna’s Song Lyrics

Every song has lyrics and every lyric undeniably contains one or two messages or ideas that a songwriter wants to express. That being said, songwriters usually use conceptual metaphors to make their songs aesthetically audible and emotionally evoking to the heart of the listeners when they hear the song or when they understand of what was written in the lyrics. Unlike the previous research that merely focused on the types of conceptual metaphors but failed to analyze the image schemas of the metaphors, this research aims at finding and describing how conceptual metaphors as well as the image schemas of the metaphors are used in Kahitna’s song lyrics. The data were analysed on the basis of Conceptual Metaphor Theory from Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) and Kovecses’s (2010) and also Saeed’s Image Schema (2016). The research shows that there are nine conceptual metaphors found in Kahitna’s song lyrics: “Passion of Love is Sea,” “Love Story is Journey,” “Difficulty in Relationship is Journey,” “Goal of the Lovers is Journey,” “Deepest Heart is Sea,” “Heart is Container,” “Love is Container,” “Love is Concrete Object,” and “Longing is Waves.” In addition, Containment schema, Path Schema, and Force Schema are also found in this research.

Thinking Path Schema of English Translation for Chinese Classics: An Empirical Study on Translation Schema in Translation Courses

In view of the complicated translation cognitive process, the study investigated and compared students&amp;rsquo; translation process of Chinese Classics through translation thinking path schema. Seventy-six participants learning translation courses based on parallel level in two classes of one Chinese university, some of them trained for four months intentionally, were involved into some translation experiments with selected ancient Chinese classic poems. By the form of discussions, cooperation, or individual written translation, data were gathered from manuscripts, answer sheets, video recordings, think-aloud questionnaires, reflection papers, and interviews, which were integrated and categorized into the process classification evaluation tables in qualitative and quantitative analysis for the empirical study. Through some visible comparing and contrasted data elucidation, results indicated the obvious advantages of making use of the thinking path schema in Chinese Classics translation among trained students, who have presented more diversified translation thinking courses and superior evaluation scores in general. What&amp;rsquo;s more, author could be regarded as an element considered into the angle of translator, but not an independent angle as other non-Chinese-classic-text translation process, amending the former thinking path schema. Furthermore, the conclusions and amendments after translation experiments could be considered into the dynamic translation process for Chinese classics.

The use of the PATH and FORCE image schemas in Barack Obama’s counterterrorism discourse against ISIL

ABSTRACT The paper focuses on metaphorical representation of military activities of the US-led international coalition and of ISIL which are construed on the basis of systematic metaphors drawn from the combination of the PATH and FORCE image schemas. The corpus for the analysis consists of 30 political speeches delivered by American president Barack Obama in the period from 2014 to 2016 in which the speaker outlined the actions and military strategies against ISIL. Methodological procedure for the identification of systematic metaphors in the President’s discourse followed the steps specified within Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) proposed by Pragglejaz Group [2007. MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752]. The results from the analysis indicate that systematic metaphors drawn from the combination of the PATH and FORCE schemas were employed as a means for the manifestation of progress in the campaign against the organization and they presented power and intentions of both sides involved in the conflict in the area of the Middle East.

Rich heterogeneous information preserving network representation learning

Network representation learning has attracted increasing attention recently due to its applicability in network analysis. However, most existing network representation learning models only focus on preserving fragmentary aspects of network information, either node proximities or fixed semantic information. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm named Rich Heterogeneous Information Preserving Network Representation Learning (HIRL), which integrates the high-order proximity among nodes and semantic information into a generic framework by exploiting a flexible autoencoder network. Based on the proposed algorithm, we can explore the hidden information in heterogeneous information networks through any custom form of path schema, and represents different types of nodes in a continuous and common vector space. Moreover, the proposed HIRL is applicable to homogeneous information networks. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our approach can effectively preserve the information in networks under various path schemas, and performs better on real-world applications such as network reconstruction, link prediction, and node classification compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

SHOWING AND ANALYZING OF THE IMAGE SCHEMAS ( KURDISH READING AND GRAMMAR BOOK OF SIXTH GRADE OF BASIC SCHOOL ) AS A SAMPLE

The aim of this research is to show and analyze the image schemas in Kurdish reading and grammar book of sixth grade of basic school as an example in cognitive linguistics context. The Image schema is a main theme of Philosophy, Psychology, and linguistics in cognitive linguistics. The image schema has its own significance; therefore, image schemas as a process of thoughts and language can show the basic concepts and initial complexities in an organized way. So, this topic has its own significance in educational and learning fields especially in the fields which are related to language and thoughts. This research tries to get the Image schemas of containment schemas, path schemas, force schemas of johnson, such as basic schemas in Kurdish reading and grammar book of sixth grade of basic school.

The Exploratory Study on Thinking Path Schema of English Translation for Chinese Classics --- Exemplified by the Analects in English Versions

In view of the deficiency of holistic study on English translation of Chinese classics and the present holistic study covering a too wide range, it’s few to discuss the integral thinking path schema of English Translation for Chinese Classics. Here, it’s necessary to carry out thinking path schema study of English translation for Chinese Classics in an overall view by some detailed examples. Through the methods of analyzing and comparing the cases in English versions of <i>The Analects</i> by Hongming Gu, James Legge and Guozhen Wu, it summarizes all process elements involved into the thinking path of translating Chinese Classics into English from general macro angle, in the supplementary sublimation of translation integrants from Partial Translation Theory by Holmes. That naturally deduces and extracts the possible existed interactive relationship among translators, source language, target language and the recipients. And it proposes universal applied thinking path schema of English translation for Chinese Classics in order to be referred for translation education, practices and studies.

La preposizione da e alcuni suoi corrispettivi polacchi – uno studio cognitivo

Prepositions are highly polysemous items i.e. they are used in various semantic and syntactic contexts. In the theory elaborated by Johnson (1987) and Lakoff (1987), image schemas have been applied to the analysis of the meaning of prepositional phrases. These structured wholes allow for the interpretation of the prepositional phrases both in spatial contexts (locational and directional) and in their metaphorical extensions. The analysis of the preposition in in Italian in spatial contexts leads to the conclusion that the unit in is a linguistic tool that engenders the container schema in whatever spatial context (static or dynamic) it appears. In dynamic contexts the container schema structures only the final location of the trajector which is located in the inner part of the landmark. Directional movement is structured with a path schema built up into the verb stem. The in phrases out of the context (without a static or dynamic predicate) can receive both in or into interpretation. There is only a partial overlap between the uses of the preposition in in Italian and in Polish, which is due to different categorisations of spatial relations in both languages. The Polish equivalents of in phrases in Italian are the following: w+loc, w+acc, na+loc, na+acc i do+gen. They involve different image schemas including the container schema. The first structure w+loc is modelled by the container schema, the second in+acc by the path and container schema, the third na+loc by the support and contiguity schema, the fourth na+acc by the path and support and contiguity schema and the fifth do+gen by the endpoint schema. These correspondences may result useful in the teaching/learning process of prepositional units.

A Comparative study of ‘在+一起+V’ and ‘V+在+一起’ Structure in Modern Chinese

This paper aims to examine the structural and cognitive differences between ‘在一起V’ and ‘V在一起’ sentence structure. Firstly, the structural difference were analyzed by the characteristics of action participant NP, spatial meaning of ‘一起’, combination with verbs (phrases), and combination with aspects. The action participant of 在一起V sentence structure had the characteristics of [+有生], and that of [±有生] showed traits of [±有生]. Whereas the spatial meaning of ‘一起’ within ‘在一起V’ exhibited specific spatial meaning, that of ‘一起’ herein ‘V在一起sentence structure displayed both specific and abstract spatial meaning. Furthermore, the two sentence structures revealed a significant difference in the combination of verbs (phrases) and location of ’了’. In particular, it was confirmed that ‘V在了一起’ appeared quite often in the ‘V在一起’ structure. This paper also looked into the cognitive differences between the two sentence structures through scanning systems and image schema. In terms of scanning systems, the sentence structure of ‘在一起V’ was interpreted as a progressive scanning system that incorporates repetitiveness, intentionality, and progressiveness, also the ‘V在一起’ sentence structure as a batch scanning system and having non-repetitiveness, non-intentionality, and non-progressiveness. In addition, the two structures showed a difference in image schema too, as seen by the ‘在一起V’ sentence structure to be explained by container schema, and ‘V在一起’ sentence structure by image schema created by the combination of path schema and container schema.

Theory-oriented software engineering

There has been a growing interest in the role of theory within Software Engineering (SE) research. For several decades, researchers within the SE research community have argued that, to become a ‘real’ engineering science, SE needs to develop stronger theoretical foundations. However, so far, the role of theory is neither fully appreciated nor well understood in SE research. Without a good common understanding of what theory is, what it constitutes in SE research, and the various roles it can play in SE research, it is difficult to appreciate how theory building can help to strengthen SE research. In this paper we discuss the importance of theory and conceptualization, and review the key components that comprise a theory. We then present the Research Path Schema (RPS), which is an adaptation of an analytical framework from the social sciences. The RPS defines a research study as consisting of three components: some phenomenon, system or substance that a researcher is interested in; some technique or method to study that substance; and some form of conceptualization or theory that provides an explanation for, or abstraction of the observations made in a study. Different research studies have a different archetypical ‘architecture,’ depending on the selection of these three components. Consequently, the role of the conceptualization or theory will be different for each archetypical study design, or selected research path. We conclude this paper by outlining a number of implications for future SE research, and argue for a Theory-Oriented Software Engineering research perspective, which can complement the recent focus on Evidence Based Software Engineering.

스마트폰 UX에서 개념 메타포의 재매개 특성에 관한 연구

본 연구는 스마트폰으로 인한 사용자 경험의 확장과 변화를 체현인지 이론에 입각한 개념 메타포 관점에서 고찰하고 그 재매개 특성을 고찰하였다. 본 연구의 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개념 메타포의 중심 이미지 스키마인 그릇 이미지 스키마와 경로 이미지 스키마는 인간의 신체적 경험에 의한 체현적 스키마 구조를 포함하고 있어 스마트폰을 통한 사용자 경험을 매핑시키기에 적합한 이론이다. 둘째, 재매개의 관점에서 고찰한 스마트폰의 사용자 경험은 인간은 스마트폰에 의해 재매개되고 물리공간은 행위 공간에 재매개되어 상호작용하고 있는 특성을 발견할 수 있었다. 셋째, 스마트폰 UX의 개념메타포는 암묵적인 상호작용을 통해 그릇 이미지 스키마를 활성화시키면서 매체의 실존성을 망각시키는 투명한 즉시성을 가지고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 넷째, 명시적인 상호작용을 통해 활성화되는 경로 이미지 스키마는 매개된 매체의 하이퍼매개를 경험하게 하는 특성을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 고찰한 개념메타포와 재매개 이론은 스마트폰 사용으로 인한 새로운 사용자 경험을 설명하는데 이론적 기반으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 본다. In this study, I research about extensions and changes of user experience by using smartphone from the point of conceptual metaphor based on embodied cognition and the remediation characteristics. The result of this study is as follow; The first, container schema and path schema as center image schema of the conceptual metaphor are a proper theories to be mapped user experience by using smartphone because of including embodied schema structure by human physical experience. The second, user experience of smartphone in the point of remediation is remediated by smartphone. And physical space is rededicated and interacted to behavior space by the user experience. The third, the conceptual metaphor of smartphone UX activate container chema through implicit interaction and has transparent immediacy to ingenerate existence of media. The forth, path schema that is activated from explicit interaction makes users to experience hypermediacy. Conceptual metaphor and remediation in this study could be used to theoretical framework and to explain new user experience from using smartphone.

Cognitive study of schema in two poems by “Sohrab Sepehri”

The present study aims at analyzing cognitive schemas in two long poems. Path schema, containment schema, and force schema were frequent in the text. It is understood that some linguistic forms are connected with some schemas; some special prepositions with containment schemas, verbs (or nouns derived from them) containing the concept of motion with path schemas, and verbs (or nouns derived from such verbs) containing the concept of power accompanied by two nouns with force schemas. There are probably no relations between the theme of the text and path and containment schemas, but such a relation can be found between the theme and force schema.

Subsidiarity relationships between image-schemas : an approach to the force schema

In this paper, we investigate the nature of the FORCE image-schema as subsidiary to the PATH schema. On the basis that not all image-schemas can be ranked on a par (see Pauwels and Simon-Vandenbergen 1993 and Peña 1998) we establish three different types of subsidiarity relationships between image-schemas. We further observe that the FORCE image-schema plays a prominent role in the conceptualization of metaphors for emotions in English. Additionally, the seemingly chaotic and abstract domain of emotions will be shown to be endowed with coherence and structure.

Recursive robust kinetics estimation by using a mechanistic short-cut technique and a pattern-recognition procedure

In the simulation of complex reactions, the use of mechanistic based kinetic models ( KM), although requiring extensive experimental and computational effort, presents the advantage of increased prediction reliability and physically meaningful estimated parameters. Because rapid off/on-line process simulation and optimisation usually require reduced KM-s, repeated parameter and model structure adaptations are necessary. Recently, Maria and Rippin (1995a,b) and Maria (1995) proposed a reliable short-cut technique ( MIP, the Modified Integral transformation Procedure) for rapid model identification and approximate parameter estimation. The MIP only implies rapid algebraic manipulations and does not present any convergence problems. Supplementary elements of reaction path recognition (similarity analysis, problem decomposition, alternative path discrimination, transfer of information rules), and model term-by-term sensitivity and estimate analysis, make the MIP solution more robust and of considerable improved quality compared with the classical direct estimation procedures. The procedure is very suitable for non-linear and ill-conditioned cases, being less sensitive to the noise level, outlier presence, or data and model degeneracy. The MIP, integrated in an expert system for kinetic modelling, allows a rapid kinetic data-bank check for suitable KM selection and adaptation to the new considered data. The MIP could also be used as a recursive parameter estimator by transferring previous information about the current process, without use of tuning factors or model linearizations during the identification rule. In this paper some completions to the MIP method are presented in order to improve the initial step when little prior information about the process is available: i) fast identification of a similar KM structure in the data-bank and discrimination among extended or reduced reaction path schema; ii) initial use of other direct estimation techniques and few data from the process to generate rough prior KM estimates; iii) initial use of non-linear regression ( NLS) steps and few data from the process to initiate the MIP recursive estimation.