Path Protection Research Articles

Optimal Path Calculation for Multi-ring Based Packet–Optical Transport Networks

Multi-domain optical transport networks are inherently non-interoperable and require integrated orchestration and path provisioning mechanisms at the network-wide level. Moreover, ensuring the network’s survivability is a critical issue. While the MPLS-TP (multi-protocol label switching-transport profile) defines various protection and recovery mechanisms as standards, it does not address methods for calculating and selecting protection and recovery paths. Therefore, an algorithm is needed to calculate and set up paths to ensure quick protection and recovery across the entire integrated network, minimizing conflicts in protection and recovery at the packet optical integrated network level. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm that calculates and sets a path that enables rapid protection and recovery in an MPLS-TP network composed of a multi-ring-mesh topology. To this end, this study proposes the concept of a transparent node (T-node) for calculating link-disjoint SPF (shortest path first) in a multi-ring network with dual or more rings. A T-node is a node in a ring with more than a dual ring and indicates that the node has been used once in route calculation. Therefore, during path calculation, a T-node can be used as a source node and an intermediate node but not as a destination node.

Exploration of Liangzhu Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Inheritance Path Based on Semiotics Theory

Exploration of Liangzhu Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Inheritance Path Based on Semiotics Theory

The Preferential Protection of Incomplete Labor Relations and Its Future Legislative Approach

Incomplete labor relations are not a definite legal relationship, but a spectrum of relationships between labor relations and civil relations. The concept of incomplete labor relations was proposed in official documents by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other departments, but it still leaves many issues such as the path, principles, content, and measures of preferential protection to be further studied and explored. The article argues that the preferential protection of incomplete labor relations should choose the "Civil Law +" approach, focusing on protecting the rights related to the basic survival of workers and their basic social rights. At the same time, the content of the preferential protection is not one-size-fits-all, and should reflect differentiation according to specific situations. In the long run, the trend of incomplete labor relations is bound to grow, and it is inevitable that the dichotomy of labor relations will be broken. At the same time, the bundling of social security and labor relations also needs to be dismantled, and the social security system should be transformed into a public service that everyone can enjoy.

Digital Protection and Inheritance Path of Intangible Cultural Heritage based on Image Processing Algorithm

This research paper introduces a novel approach in the realm of digital preservation and inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) through a Customized 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The core of this study lies in the development of an advanced image processing algorithm tailored to accurately recognize, categorize, and archive diverse forms of ICH, which include traditional performances, ceremonies, oral traditions, and crafts. Utilizing a volumetric 3D CNN, this paper demonstrates how complex ICH elements can be effectively captured and analyzed, overcoming the limitations of traditional 2D image processing methods. The network is trained on a comprehensive dataset of ICH imagery, ensuring sensitivity to the subtle nuances and dynamic nature of these cultural expressions. This paper highlights the algorithm’s capability in not only safeguarding the visual aspects of ICH but also in providing an interactive, digital medium for education and cultural dissemination. The proposed method shows significant promise in aiding the efforts of cultural preservationists and educators, offering a technologically advanced pathway for the protection and inheritance of the world’s rich, yet vulnerable, cultural heritage. This study sets a precedent in the interdisciplinary field of cultural heritage conservation, digital technology, and artificial intelligence, providing a scalable and effective solution for global ICH preservation initiatives.

Empirical methods for recognizing and evaluating cultural heritage value of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge from the perspective of cultural memory

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to formulate a pathway for the revitalization and preservation of cultural heritage, offering empirical methodologies for the recognition and assessment of cultural heritage values, with the ultimate goal of facilitating the dynamic conservation of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge cultural heritage. Hence, the present research has developed an approach called the activation protection path method for comprehending, evaluating, and revitalizing the invaluable aspects of vernacular cultural heritage. To begin with, by employing the lens of Cultural Memory Theory and leveraging its holistic approach, the significance of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridges as a cultural heritage site is examined. Furthermore, an elaborate index system is devised to facilitate the assessment of its value. Secondly, an evaluation model was constructed to assess the cultural heritage value of the Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge. This paper explores the influencing factors of cultural heritage value as the research basis for the cultural heritage revitalization and protection work of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge. Based on the case study of 19 preservation units of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridges in Shouning County, Fujian Province, the findings can be concluded as follows: 1). Cultural Heritage Value: The cultural heritage value of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge in Shouning County is estimated to be approximately 178.45 million yuan. Among the different systems, the Text system accounts for 16%, the Image system accounts for 44%, and the Ritual system accounts for 40%. 2). Activation Investment Ratio: Based on the evaluation results of each index value of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge cultural heritage, this study establishes the capital investment ratio for activating the heritage. This ratio provides guidance for successfully implementing the practical path of activating and protecting the cultural heritage of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge. Through an in-depth analysis of the heritage value of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge and the establishment of an evaluation model, this study lays the foundation for activating and preserving vernacular cultural heritage. By promoting the construction of the value subject’s identity, this research contributes to guiding the practical path of activating and protecting the living heritage of Timber-Arched Lounge Bridges.

Dedicated Path Protection with Flexible Switching Selection in Passive Optical 5G Xhaul Access Networks

This work addresses the optimized planning of survivable optical 5G Xhaul access networks employing passive Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technologies. Specifically, it focuses on the reliability of optical transmission paths connecting remote radio sites to a central hub ensured by using a novel, cost-effective, flexible, and dedicated path protection (DPP-F) scheme, protecting against single-link failures. The proposed DPP-F network protection approach allows for switching of individual wavelengths or the complete multiplexed WDM signal, flexibly applying the best switching option according to given traffic demands. Concurrently, it enables traffic aggregation on the transmission paths from the end and intermediate nodes to minimize the overall network deployment cost. The problem of selecting primary (working) and backup (protection) paths, together with the selection of the best switching and traffic aggregation options, is modeled and solved as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization problem. To evaluate the cost savings achieved with DPP-F, we compare it with two reference DPP schemes based on switching the entire multiplexed WDM signal (DPP-M) and individual wavelengths (DPP-W). Numerical experiments conducted across a wide range of network scenarios reveal, among other things, that DPP-F’s performance is at least as good as that of the reference methods, bringing significant cost savings (from several to tens of percent) in most of the analyzed network scenarios.

Research on the Path of Legal Protection of Artificial Intelligence

Research on the Path of Legal Protection of Artificial Intelligence

Correction to “Safe Drinking Water Act 50th Anniversary—Recognizing an Evolving Path of Groundwater Management and Protection”

Correction to “Safe Drinking Water Act 50th Anniversary—Recognizing an Evolving Path of Groundwater Management and Protection”

A Framework for 5G Network Slicing Optimization using 2-Edge-Connected Subgraphs for Path Protection

Emerging telecommunications technologies require robust frameworks for efficient network slicing. We propose a network-slicing model that aims to optimize the deployment of virtual networks on a physical network topology. Our model ensures compliance with 5G requirements, incorporating latency and capacity constraints on virtual links. Selecting slices with cost and resource requirements on the computing nodes is optimized using a Knapsack problem with revenue maximization. We propose a path protection algorithm to deal with link failures by constructing a 2-edge-connected subgraph (or two link-disjoint Steiner trees) for each slice to provide both primary and backup paths. Simulation results include comparison with existing solutions by metrics such as latency, revenue, resource utilization, number of protected slices, and computation time, providing valuable insights for network planners operating in diverse and dynamic environments. Key contributions include efficient resource allocation using the Knapsack problem, enhanced network resilience via 2-edge-connected subgraphs for path protection, and realistic simulation experiments on SNDlib dataset topologies. The simulation results show that the proposed framework improves computational efficiency compared to the recent related solutions, particularly in large network topologies where k-connected function slicing (KC- FS) subgraph embeddings take approximately 3.5 times more computation time.

Legal Challenges and Countermeasures for Data Privacy Protection

In the digital age, data privacy protection is facing legal challenges and countermeasures. Traditional privacy protection laws have limitations and cannot fully adapt to the era of big data. The illegal collection and utilization of personal information, the failure to meet ethical standards for privacy protection under new technologies, and the lagging legislative practice of personal information protection are all issues that need to be addressed. This article adopts a series of measures and advocates public awareness to enhance citizens' awareness and participation in personal information protection. From an international perspective, the experience of the EU's "data protection" system is worth learning from, while personal information protection involves basic human rights and should be ensured by legislation. In the future, it is necessary to design a path that balances information freedom and privacy protection, explore technology and incentive paths, industry self-discipline and rights building paths, in order to ensure effective protection of data privacy.

Demonstration of a spatial-division multiplexing self-healing ring network

This work demonstrates a spatial-division multiplexing self-healing ring protection scheme. A 3-node, 2-fiber ring with a recirculating length of 139.3 km is implemented using 4-core weakly-coupled multicore working and protection fibers and supported by core-pumped multicore amplifiers. Each node implements a spatial channel switching scheme with 8×8 traffic switches and arrays of 2×2 MEMS switches for ring protection switching with fiber bending taps to simultaneously monitor the power on all cores of the working and protection fibers. We achieve an average loss around 2 dB per network element along the protection path, which enables the use of ring protection with minimal performance impact. With this scheme, we demonstrate the protection of a line-side traffic throughput above 120 Tb/s using polarization-multiplexed 16-ary quadrature-amplitude modulation signals across the C-band.

Study on the Path of Generative Artificial Intelligence Copyright Protection under the Strategy of Intellectual Property Power

Generative AI copyright protection is in response to the inherent requirements of AI development and intellectual property protection. At present, generative AI copyright protection faces problems such as insufficient legal basis for prevention and control mechanisms, unsmooth preventive systems, and poor operation mechanisms. Therefore, to solve the dilemma of generative AI copyright protection, it is necessary to take the principle of risk prevention as the concept, clarify the legal basis for generative AI copyright prevention, reasonably define the scope of generative AI, establish a multi-principal protection system to protect generative AI copyright, introduce diversified ways to help generative AI copyright maintenance, and set up a composite responsibility system to solidify the generative AI copyright protection bottom line, and establish an administrative protection system to protect the copyright protection bottom line. The bottom line of copyright protection is an administrative protection path to help generative artificial intelligence copyright protection efforts to promote the healthy development of the two in the integration.

Digital Protection and Innovative Development Path of Red Culture Resources Based on Distributed Machine Learning Supported by Intelligent Information

As a product of the revolutionary war years, red culture, with its strong vitality, strong cohesion and extraordinary charm, with its incomparable positive energy, resists vulgar and flattering culture, promotes people to rebuild their faith, purify their minds, stimulate their motivation, and promote the process of cultural power. Yan’an, represented by red culture, is rich in resources. This is the holy land of Chinese revolution, the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities named by the State Council, and the three major education bases of patriotism, revolutionary tradition, and Yan’an spirit. The development and utilization of such resources have great political, cultural, educational and economic values. This research is based on the development of red culture, and uses the distributed machine learning system to realize in the system architecture of parameter server. In the distributed system set in this study, node downtime and network interruption are random. When the parameter server system adopts static scheduling, it leads to poor scalability and robustness. The experimental results show that under the intelligent simulation of machine learning system, the development of red culture resources meets the expected assumptions, and the accuracy of the model is relatively high.

Study on the Protection and Development Path of Linpan in Western Sichuan under the Background of Rural Revitalization

Study on the Protection and Development Path of Linpan in Western Sichuan under the Background of Rural Revitalization

Jurisprudential Discernment and Protection Path of Personal Biological Information in the Context of Metaverse

元宇宙是借助数字技术打造的沉浸式全息虚拟社会，其实现需要依靠增强现实（AR）、虚拟现实（VR）等沉浸式技术设备获得用户的动态，在此过程中需要大量收集用户的身体特征数据、手势动作、眼球位置信息等广义的“个人生物信息”。当前，我国《个人信息保护法》对于广义上的“个人生物信息”并无明确定义，仅将“个人生物识别信息”列举为“特殊个人敏感信息”的七种情形之一。结合个人生物信息在元宇宙中的技术中立、平台管理、跨国利用、去中心化追责风险，应拓宽“个人生物识别信息”的法律概念，将“可识别”纳入其概念范畴内，以回应个人生物信息的广义内涵。此外，还需要建立去中心化身份认证系统，完善 “My Data” 数据模式，并强化代码与法律的互补，以构建更加全面和有效的个人生物信息保护机制，在技术发展的同时确保个人隐私不受侵害，构建安全、公正、有序的元宇宙环境。 Metaverse is an immersive holographic virtual society created with the help of digital technology, the realisation of which needs to rely on immersive technological devices such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) to obtain the dynamics of the user, and in the process needs to collect a large number of user’s physical characteristics data, gestures, eye position information and other broadly-defined “personal bio-information”. Currently, China’s Personal Information Protection Law does not have a clear definition of “personal biological information” in the broad sense, and only lists “personal biometric information” as one of the seven types of “special personal sensitive information”. It only lists “personal biometric information” as one of the seven cases of “special personal sensitive information”. Taking into account the risks of technological neutrality, platform management, transnational use and decentralisation of personal biometric information in the meta-universe, the legal concept of “personal biometric information” should be broadened to include “identifiable” in its conceptual scope, in order to respond to the broad connotation of personal biometric information. The legal concept of “personal biometric information” should be broadened to include “identifiable” in order to respond to the broader meaning of personal biometric information. In addition, it is also necessary to establish a decentralised authentication system, improve the “My Data” data model, and strengthen the complementarity between code and law, in order to build a more comprehensive and effective protection mechanism for personal biometric information, to ensure that personal privacy is not infringed upon while the technology develops, and to build a safe, just and orderly meta-universe environment.

Jurisprudential Discernment and Protection Path of Personal Biological Information in the Context of Metaverse

摘要：随着大数据时代的降临，算法技术的正当性问题引发人们关注。区别于算法正义和数据正义，认知正义以认知主体为视角并具有法律意义，要求认知主体的认知水平与认知客体的可信度相匹配。实践中存在对大数据挖掘所获证据的证明力进行天然推定，证明标准难以对法官心证形成控制的现状。这是由于大数据挖掘基于相关关系的思维冲击了人们的认知惯性，将解释权交给了算法，降低了认知水平，算法黑箱的不透明性和难以检验性导致认知客体本不应当赋予过高的可信度，算法歧视导致难以对二者匹配的过程进行矫正。需要将内心确信符合信念标准、偏见性算法信息应仅发挥补强性作用、将大数据挖掘所获信息在辩护人阅卷中进行披露、破除相互印证的因果逻辑桎梏，从而回归于认知正义，走向法治而非“算法治”。 Abstract: With the emergence of the big data era, questions about the legitimacy of algorithmic technologies have arisen. Distinguished from algorithmic justice and data justice, cognitive justice takes the perspective of the cognitive subject and has legal significance, requiring the cognitive level of the cognitive subject to match the credibility of the cognitive object. In practice, there is a natural presumption of the probative power of evidence obtained by big data mining, and the standard of proof is difficult to control the judge’s mental evidence. This is due to the big data mining based on the correlation of thinking impacts the cognitive inertia of people, the interpretation of the right to the algorithm, reducing the level of cognition, the opacity of the black box of the algorithm and difficult to test leads to the cognitive object should not have been given too much credibility, the algorithmic discrimination leads to the difficulty of the process of correcting the matching of the two. There is a need to return to cognitive justice, towards the rule of law rather than the “rule of law”, by bringing inner certainty in line with the standard of conviction, biased algorithmic information should play only a reinforcing role, disclosure of the information obtained from big data mining in the reading of the defense case file and breaking the shackles of the causal logic of mutual corroboration.

Network Coding with Parallel Path Protection for Multiple Link Failure in WOBAN

Background: WOBAN is a high-speed network and hence any kind of failure results in huge data loss. Using the proposed network coding technique with parallel path protection can handle multiple link failures, the performance of the network can be improved. Aims: This study aims to improve network performance using network coding with parallel path protection routing algorithm (NC-PPR) for multiple link failures in WOBAN. Objective: We investigated the multiple link failures in WOBAN by the proposed approach namely Coded Path Protection Algorithm, which enhances the survivability of the WOBAN against multiple link failures in the front end and eliminates the need of backup resources. Methods: Extensive simulation is carried out to implement proposed work. A simulation model and code is developed in MATLAB to get the performance enhancement of WOBAN. Results: We compared the performance of proposed algorithm with existing algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm has superior performance than the existing algorithm. Conclusion: In this paper, a new routing approach, which works in three phases namely path finding, encoding, and decoding, using random linear network coding (RLNC) is introduced to address the survivability issue of the WOBAN. The proposed approach also enhances the network performance in terms of PDR, overhead, and delay.

Safe Drinking Water Act 50th Anniversary—Recognizing an Evolving Path of Groundwater Management and Protection

Safe Drinking Water Act 50th Anniversary—Recognizing an Evolving Path of Groundwater Management and Protection

Research on Machine Learning Copyright

A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation led by artificial intelligence is on the rise. Driven by new theories and technologies, artificial intelligence presents new features such as deep learning, cross-border integration, human-machine collaboration, swarm intelligence openness, and autonomous control, and is having a significant and far-reaching impact on economic development, social progress, and global governance. Artificial intelligence technology has made a leap forward, and the ensuing legal issues have aroused discussions in the academic and practical circles, mainly focusing on the copyright law of artificial intelligence products, including the legal attribute of the generated results and its protection path, as well as exploring the new path of machine learning infringement risk and its compliance governance.

Research on the Digital Protection and Inheritance Path of Liao Dynasty Ancient Pagodas

Under the background of the digital intelligence era, this paper discusses the significant importance of the digital protection and inheritance of cultural heritage of ancient pagodas from the Liao Dynasty, expounds the guiding ideology of digital protection and inheritance, and proposes the method of comprehensive utilization of digital technologies such as data collection, database construction, digital modeling, digital maps, and digital museums. These methods aim to promote the digital protection and inheritance of Liao Dynasty ancient pagodas and provide innovative approaches for the dissemination of their history, art, and culture.