Path-goal Research Articles

Governor Herman Deru Leadership Style in the Implementation of the Regional Government System for the 2018-2023 Period in South Sumatra Province

Leaders are the main agents of change. PP No. 33 of 2018 The governor is the representative of the central government in the region, his duty is to oversee the provincial regulations The governor has the task of coordinating, monitoring, evaluating, and supervising the implementation of local government. The research method uses a qualitative approach to the research object of the Governor of South Sumatra collecting data observation interviews documentation, conducted to regents and mayors in South Sumatra using Robert House's path goal theory analysis derective, supportive, participative and achievement oriented. As well as presenting data in qualitative case studies. The results showed that of the four aspects of the leadership style of the path goal theory, there are three aspects that have generally gone well including, in the derective leadership aspect, in the supportive leadership aspect and in the achievement oriented leadership aspect, all of these aspects are optimal. However, in the participative leadership aspect, it is not optimal for the special allocation funds that have been disbursed as much as IDR 3.9 trillion, there are BPK RI findings on the realization of the distribution of special funds for governor assistance that do not have standardized standards in their distribution. the dominant determinant factor is the supportive leadership factor Herman Deru's attitude brings the work atmosphere to feel more fun, the popilarity factor, the communication factor and the development factor.

Effect of Leadership Style on Teacher’s performance of Private School in Nawalparasi

Exercising appropriate leadership, administrators might potentially alleviate the confusion resulting from the overlap of tasks in the work place, administration, and giving the directions within the top level of the management team work unit. The primary theory employed to assist this investigation was the Path-Goal Theory. The purpose of this study was to look into how school administrators' leadership philosophies impact the efficacy of their teachers. This study used a questionnaire as an instrument in a quantitative method survey design. In this investigation, a straightforward random sampling technique was applied. 212 administrators and teachers of private school from Nawalparasi are taken into consideration. Frequency, percentage, mean value, standard deviation, correlation Pearson were used to analyze the results. Furthermore, at the significance level of 0.95 both models of leadership have been showed the teachers effectiveness. In conclusion, administrators should consistently encourage, practice, and enhance these two leadership styles supportive leadership and participative leadership in order to boost the effectiveness of teachers at work.

The Mediation Role of Stakeholders’ Engagement in Enhancing Public Construction Projects Success – The Case of Uganda

Developing economies rely heavily on construction projects. However, not much is known about how stakeholders’ engagement and leadership styles affect public construction project success. This study examines whether, the relationship between leadership styles and the success of public construction projects in Uganda is mediated by stakeholders' engagement. Next, develops a model explaining the success of Ugandan public construction projects. In order to verify hypotheses, we adopted a cross-sectional quantitative design using structural equation modeling and SPSS. With a theoretical lens, a model that incorporates the complimentary effect of path goal and stakeholder theory helped to explain factors influencing project success. Based on a sample of 100 KCCA Construction projects, results indicate leadership style is correlated to project success; stakeholders’ engagement partly mediates the connection between leadership styles and public construction project’ success. Using a developing country (Uganda) in sub-Saharan Africa, the study adds to the literature on public project performance.

Path-Goal Theory and Followers’ Work Engagement: An Empirical Exploration of the Situational Leadership Approach

By adopting a path-goal theory approach, this study tests in a sample of Italian employees (N=181) whether a framework considering at the same time leadership style, follower characteristics, and task characteristics explains work engagement levels in followers. The study provides new empirical evidence supporting path-goal theory and offers insights into the role of situational factors in the leader-follower relationship.

Effects of Teachers’ Technology Leadership on Postgraduate Preservice Teachers’ Application of TPACK: Perspective of Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

A tremendous amount of technology (e.g., online learning platforms, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and robots) has been utilized to create rich interactive activities to upgrade preservice teachers’ knowledge and skills. However, there is a challenge to transform teacher preparation programs into a fully realized technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) application environment. Teachers’ technology leadership (TTL) should be considered to empower preservice teachers to apply TPACK. Since there was no empirical evidence concerning the impact of technology leadership on student outcomes, this study investigated the relationship between TTL and postgraduate preservice teachers’ application of TPACK by collecting quantitative data in Chinese normal university. Factor analyses were first conducted; and results indicated that the questionnaire combined the ISTE-E standards and TPACK framework was a reliable and valid survey instrument. The descriptive statistics results showed that TTL (professional growth and leadership, digital citizenship, technology collaboration, and technology-empowered learning) was highly perceived, and postgraduate preservice teachers’ TPACK components were at medium levels. Structural equation modeling test results revealed that TTL positively and significantly influenced all dimensions of postgraduate preservice teachers’ TPACK. Finally, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are provided along with theoretical and practical implications.

Influence of Principals’ Participative Leadership Style on Tutors’ Support for Implementation of Performance Appraisal in Public Primary Teachers Training Colleges in Kenya

The study aimed at investigating the influence of principals’ participative leadership style on tutors’ implementation of the performance appraisal in teachers training colleges in Kenya. The study sought to test the following null hypothesis H01: There is no significant relationship between Principals’ participative leadership style and tutors’ support for the implementation of the performance appraisal in public primary teachers training colleges in Kenya. The study was guided by the Path-Goal Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study's target population comprised 840 tutors and 21 principals in the 21 public teacher training colleges in Kenya in 2021. The sample size was determined using Yamane's formula. Therefore, the sample size for tutors was 271. Stratified random sampling was used to select tutors in teachers’ training colleges in Kenya. A census was used to select all the 21 principals of training colleges in Kenya. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire for tutors and an interview guide for the 21 Principals. It was established that principals’ participative leadership style had a positive significant (β=.431, p=0.00<0.05) relationship with the implementation of performance appraisal of tutors. The study concluded that principals’ participative leadership style had a significant influence on tutors’ implementation of performance appraisal. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended that the Ministry of Education, Board of Management, Kenya Education Management Institute, teacher training colleges, universities, parents, and Quality Assurance and Standards officers collaborate in designing and implementing performance appraisal systems. This inclusive approach ensures diverse perspectives are considered, leading to a comprehensive and effective appraisal system aligned with the sector's needs

A PATH-GOAL THEORY APPROACH TO SUPPORTING SUCCESSFUL SME LEADERSHIP

In the activities of an entrepreneurship, a great leader is needed to organise all of the activities that run and aimed to achieve maximum work effectiveness. The purpose of PKM activities is shown as a means to add insight into how an SME manages leadership in order to create a conducive work environment atmosphere. In fact, it faces various problems, especially in carrying out leadership to maintain business sustainability, due to the lack of knowledge of the associations about leadership theory. For this reason, PKM activities aim to help the associated partners to increase their knowledge about Path-goal theory related to leadership models. The method offered in this activity is online training/socialisation through Zoom meetings. The materials to be delivered include: basic introduction to Path-goal theory, main components of Path-goal theory, Leader Behaviour, followers' characteristics, and task characteristics. The results of the activity show that the knowledge about Path-goal theory that was delivered was realised and ran smoothly. Through the evaluation of the material has been understood well. As proven by the answers of partners who 100% can clearly understand and comprehend the material presented. Through this activity, it is hoped that the problems that arise in the associated businesses will be resolved in increasing business success.

Influence of Boards of Management Practices on Teachers Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Manga Sub-County Nyamira County, Kenya

The purpose of the Basic Education Act No. 14 of 2013 is to increase professionalism in the administration of public elementary schools by establishing Boards of Management. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect that Boards of Management policies have on student achievement in public primary schools in the Manga sub-county of Kisii County, Kenya. The study set out to answer several questions about the impact of various factors on students' academic success, including the availability of instructional resources, the quality of the school's physical environment, the quality of the teaching staff, and the effectiveness of the school's management's efforts to motivate its employees. The research was based on the open systems theory and the Path Goal Leadership Theory. The study used a variety of research strategies. Concurrent triangulation, a research strategy that blends quantitative and qualitative data, was used for this investigation. Principals, BOM members, and the Sub County Director of Education made up the study population. Sampling was performed using a stratified random sampling technique. Strata were designated as learning environments. Questionnaires and interview scripts were used to compile the data. The researcher piloted the surveys with two elementary schools in Manga Sub County that have certain demographic and social characteristics with the study area. Pearson's Product Coefficient was used to verify reliability. Co-efficient. If the dependability co-efficient was lower than 0.7, then the instruments would need to be improved. The instruments' validity and reliability were established by having them crafted under the watchful eyes of the supervisors and by consulting with subject-matter experts. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyse the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the quantitative approaches. Descriptive statistics included measurements of central tendency and dispersion, such as means and standard deviations. Chi-square tests and spearman rank order correlations were used for inferential statistics. Analysing qualitative data required making sense of the responses and contrasting them with prior research. Frequency tables, percentages, and other numerical were used. Ethical considerations were taken into account during the investigation. The vast majority of respondents agreed that their schools' ability to provide necessary teaching and learning resources was facilitated by adhering to a schedule of events. The majority of respondents said that BOM members are capable of accurately forecasting and budgeting for physical infrastructure on their own. All respondents said that those working in BOM were trustworthy because of their moral rectitude and upright character. The research concluded that the Ministry of Education should institute safeguards to guarantee that only qualified individuals serve on public elementary school governing boards. It is imperative that steps be taken to guarantee the exchequer allocates sufficient funds for the purchase of physical infrastructure for public elementary schools

ANALYSIS OF THE GOAL PATH LEADERSHIP MODEL

This study aims to provide an understanding of the theory of the goal path leadership model or goal path, and the characteristics of goal path leadership that can motivate employee performance. This research uses qualitative methods and a literature study approach. The data collected is in the form of literature documentation on; 1). Definition of Leadership; 2). Leadership characteristics of the goal path; 3). Application of Goal Path Leadership. This research found that Leadership is a skill and ability that can direct, foster, train, and prohibit, people from working together to achieve group goals effectively and efficiently. Path goal leadership is a leadership style that has two main functions, namely providing clarity of goals and providing support and attention to subordinates, which has the impact of motivating subordinates. Goal leadership has four leadership characteristics, namely, directive leadership, supportive leadership, participatory leadership, and achievement-oriented leadership). This theory can also be applied to a leader choosing actions in diverse situations and dealing with them effectively.

Path Goal Leadership Of School Heads And Team Effectiveness Among Public Secondary Teachers In Digos City Division

Path Goal Leadership Of School Heads And Team Effectiveness Among Public Secondary Teachers In Digos City Division

Influence of Leadership Competencies on Implementation of Operational Strategies in Organizations in Kenya: A Case of Geothermal Development Company.

Leadership played a pivotal role in shaping organizational direction and strategy execution, especially in the face of challenges posed by dynamic environments and a diverse workforce. The study explored the influence of leadership competencies on the implementation of operational strategies within the Geothermal Development Company (GDC) in Kenya. Drawing upon various theoretical frameworks including Path-Goal Theory, Great Man Theory, Leadership-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory, and Trait Theory, the research delved into the cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies of leaders and their impact on strategy realization. The study, employing a descriptive research design, collected data from 78 management staff members of GDC through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed significant positive correlations between leadership competencies and the implementation of operational strategies. Specifically, cognitive competencies, encompassing problem-solving and analytical skills, were found to strongly influence strategy implementation. Emotional competencies, such as self-awareness and relationship management, also played a significant role in fostering a conducive environment for strategy execution. Social competencies, including interpersonal skills and teamwork, positively impacted the coordination and cooperation necessary for successful strategy implementation. Additionally, functional competencies, comprising communication and decision-making abilities, were identified as crucial elements in aligning resources and guiding organizational efforts towards strategic objectives. The regression analysis further validated the significance of leadership competencies in predicting the implementation of operational strategies. Cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies collectively explained 61.8% of the variance in strategy implementation within GDC. The study underscored the importance of developing multifaceted leadership competencies tailored to the unique contexts of organizations, especially in the public sector where challenges such as limited resources and diverse roles prevailed. These findings contributed to the existing body of knowledge on leadership and strategy implementation, particularly in the context of public entities like GDC. Practical implications suggested that organizations should invest in leadership development programs that focus on enhancing cognitive, emotional, social, and functional competencies among their leaders to drive successful strategy execution. By understanding and leveraging these competencies, organizations could navigate complexities, overcome barriers, and achieve their strategic objectives effectively.

LOOKING INTO THE INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP OF MASTER TEACHERS DURING THE IN-PERSON CLASSES: A PHENOMENOLOGY

This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to explore and understand the views and perceptions of Master Teachers as educational leaders during in-person classes in the elementary and secondary schools of the Division of Davao de Oro. The study was gleaned from the Contingency Theory and Path-Goal Theory. The research design employed in this study is a qualitative phenomenological design. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the participants, who are Master teachers in the elementary and secondary schools of Davao De Oro. There were fourteen (14) Master teachers, seven (7) for in-depth interview and seven (7) for focus group discussion. Results of the participants’ experiences mainly include managing curriculum implementation, facilitating pedagogical development, encountering difficulties as master teacher, and engaging support for professional growth. Participants also shared that they handled the situation by carrying out effective instructional leadership, being provided with support, and implementing strategies in new setup. Apart from other findings, possessing skills as instructional leader is one of the solutions to continue one’s educational leader role during in-person classes. It is also recommended to research further about the experiences of teachers as school-in-charge as another angle to be seen along with how they coped with the struggles in handling both instruction and administration tasks during in-person classes. KEYWORDS: In-person classes, educational leader, Master teachers, qualitative phenomenological inquiry

Nexus of knowledge oriented leadership and knowledge worker performance in Chinese higher education institutions: a post-pandemic behavioral analysis

PurposeIn the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak understanding the behavioral dynamics and role of knowledge-oriented leadership (KOL) in driving knowledge worker performance (KWP) is paramount for organizations striving to adapt and thrive in the post-pandemic era. Drawing on the path-goal theory, this study explores the impact of KOL on KWP. In addition, this study seeks to examine both the direct and indirect influences of KOL on KWP via digital orientation (DO) and digital citizenship practices (DCP), especially for higher education institutions (HEIs) located in China.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 319 academic staff from HEIs in China. The study used Smart-PLS 4.0 for analytical examination.FindingsThe results indicate that the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership on KWP is negligible. Furthermore, DCP and DO partially mediate the relationship between KOL and KWP. The findings of this research have practical implications for Chinese HEIs and organizations across industries, providing insights into how to navigate the complexities of the post-pandemic work environment and effectively harness digitalization to optimize the KWP.Research limitations/implicationsThe implications of this research extend beyond the HEIs, providing organizations in various industries with evidence-based strategies to promote effective leadership, foster digital skills, and cultivate a culture of digital citizenship in the post-pandemic work landscape.Originality/valueDespite the increasing significance of KOL in the higher education sector, there is a dearth of studies establishing a relationship between KOL and KWP in HEIs. The present study seeks to fill this gap by examining the association among KOL, KWP, DO, and DCP in HEIs during the post-pandemic. This research provides significant contributions to the existing literature on the topic by scientifically exploring the association between KOL and KWP by examining the intervention mechanism of both digital citizenship practices and digital orientation.

Model Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Kontingensial dan Situasional

Contingency is a leadership theory which argues that leadership effectiveness is determined by the suitability between leadership style and the environmental situation. This research was conducted to determine the contingency or situational educational leadership model. This research uses qualitative methods and the data collection technique used in this research is library research, namely the research object used by searching for and collecting data or literary information in the form of books, journals, magazines, reports, and the others. The research results show that there are at least three contingency leadership models, namely Fiedler's Contingency Model, Hersey and Blanchard's Contingency Model, and Robert J. House's Path Goal Theory Contingency Model.

Influence of Democratic Leadership Style on the Performance of Agricultural Enterprises in Kenya

A performance evaluation of agricultural enterprises in Kenya was conducted to assess the influence of democratic leadership style. The assessment of agricultural enterprises’ performance in Kenya encompassed both financial and non-financial indicators. The overarching aim of the research was to assess the influence of democratic leadership style on the performance of agricultural enterprises in Kenya. The study was guided by the Systems Theory, Path Goal Theory, and Transformational Leadership Theory. The study evaluated the influence of Democratic leadership style on the Performance of Agricultural Enterprises in Kenya. Explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was adopted using cross-sectional survey design to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were gathered using closed-ended questionnaires, while qualitative data were gathered using interview guides and focused group discussion guides. A stratified random sample of 222 leaders and employees was selected from a population of 525 leaders and employees drawn from a census of 105 agricultural enterprises for the quantitative study. Qualitative data drew a sample of 40 participants. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics as provided for in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 28.0.1. The overall findings of the study show that agricultural enterprises in Kenya perform better under democratic leadership style. The study recommends the implementation of Democratic Leadership Style by governments, donors, and capacity building organizations to enhance the performance of agricultural enterprises in Kenya.

Механизмы моделирования семантики метафорического термина (на материале юридической терминологии)

The aim of the article is the identification of the specificity of metaphorical modeling of the Russian legal terminology in the aspect of the types involved as bases of cognitive models. The theoretical and methodological basis is approaches developed within a cognitive approach to the semantics of the term and metaphorology (conceptual metaphor theory, metaphorical modeling theory, extended conceptual metaphor theory). The analysis methodology includes the continuous selection method, MIPVU; the components’ and conceptual frames’ analysis method, the metaphorical modeling procedure. The empirical data are 909 legal metaphor terms in Russian. The study established the following. The metaphorical fragment of the legal terminology is diverse. In the aspect of the semantics of the source conceptual domains for the representation of knowledge in the field of law, the macrocategories of HUMAN, OBJECT, and SPACE prevail. The HUMAN macro-category is more often used to reveal abstract legal domains such as LEGAL, JUDICIAL, ECONOMIC, CIVIL, POLITICAL, PROCEDURAL, ILLEGAL ACTION, and LEGAL STATE. Models representing physical actions of a human are more actively involved in legal knowledge modeling. The representations of character traits, mental, communicative and social actions are also applied. The macro-category OBJECT most often profiles the characteristics of the legal domains, OBJECT OF LEGAL RELATIONS and its PROPERTIES, OBJECT OF ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND CIVIL RELATIONS, and PROPERTY OF OBJECT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS. The most common notions about the object are most often involved here: the majority of metaphors are based on image-schemes. The macro-category SPACE forms such abstract legal domains as PROPERTIES OF THE OBJECT OF LEGAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS, SUBJECT OF LEGAL RELATIONS, LEGAL STATUS, STATE OF THE OBJECT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS, and LEGAL ACTION. Spatial organization and movements notions are involved more consistently. In the aspect of organization, the markers of the spatial part and size are more prominent. Within terms’ semantics modeling based on this knowledge, the image-scheme “source–path–goal” is actively applied, but representations of the vertical direction of spatial movements are rarely involved.

Impact of Leadership Styles on Government Construction Project Success: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Government construction projects play an important role in both developed and developing countries. They contribute about 80% of total capital assets, 10 % of GDP, and more than 50% of the wealth invested in fixed assets and employment opportunities. As such, several countries like Sweden in Europe, Indonesia in Asia, South Africa and Kenya in East Africa have invested heavily and succeeded in construction projects. Similarly, Uganda has also invested heavily in construction projects; however, most of these projects have been unsuccessful, yet projects contribute to economic development. This study aimed to determine the contribution of leadership styles to the success of government construction projects in Uganda. The study was cross-sectional with a quantitative research design. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 100 Kampala Capital City Authority construction projects from a population of 120 projects that were stratified according to the five divisions of Kampala district. Four respondents were selected from each of the 100 projects selected, resulting in a total of 400 respondents for the study. Structural Equation Modelling was conducted using SPSS. Results show that leadership styles, especially communication and participation are positively and significantly associated with government construction project success. Therefore, government project managers should communicate effectively and involve stakeholders at every stage of the project cycle to realise project success. It is recommended that the path-goal theory be adopted for replicating the study. Also, government ministries must adopt the proposed model as it is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners, especially those involved in government construction projects. Similarly, the government, through the Ministry of Works and Transport, should constantly remind government project managers to ensure adequate internal and external communication and allow the participation of stakeholders during the implementation of government projects. Keywords Communication, Government Construction Projects, Leadership styles, Participation, Project Success, Structural Equation Modeling, Uganda

Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Performance in The Ministry Of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in Kenya.

The effectiveness of Kenyan government ministries in delivering their mandates has long been a concern. This raises an issue with type of leadership approach that has always been adopted by these government ministries. A notable case, has been seen at the Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development. It is foreseeable that in reality, competent management and leadership have determined successful or unsuccessful operations in many other agencies and organizations at large. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether and to what degree democratic style of leadership affect performance of Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development Government. This study looked at the effect of transformational leadership style on the performance of Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in Kenya. This study relied on transformational leadership theory, path goal theory, team leadership theory and leader member exchange theory frameworks. This study used a descriptive research approach and targeted 188 employees at the Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in the government of Kenya. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and thereafter analyzed descriptively using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. The findings from the study revealed that employee motivation had a significant positive effect on organizational performance of Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in Kenya. The study found that 36.7% in variation of performance was attributable to employee motivation. However, the study found that employee work commitment had a moderate negative significant effect on organizational performance of Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in Kenya. Lastly, the researcher found that employee creativity significantly and positively affected organizational performance of the Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing and Urban Development in Kenya. the study found that 62.4% in variation of performance was aa a result of employee creativity. The therefore concluded that employee motivation and employee influenced organizational performance whereas employee work commitment negatively influenced organizational performance. The researcher therefore recommended that management and policy makers need to emphasize on the need for strategy and policy formulation that fosters creativity among employees for them to achieve better performance. Future research was recommended to be done on the effect of leadership attributes on sustainable performance of government ministries in Kenya. 

Assessing the Influential Act of Compensation and Leadership on Stressful Jobs: also Devising Leadership and Compensation as Mediators

Abstract The provision of supportive leadership and equitable compensation is widely regarded as essential for optimizing employee productivity. This research examines the motivational factors that lead to maintaining workers performance in a stressful working environment by achieving employee satisfaction levels. This research uses the path-goal theory that describes a positive supervisor’s qualities as crucial to deal with workers. Data were collected through 400 questionnaires distributed to middle-level managers and their subordinates in private companies in Pakistan. The PLS-SEM technique was employed to execute comprehensive results that show a stressful environment that directly hits employee performance; the results are sufficient and have proven the relationships between variables. The current body of literature provides limited insight into these connections, resulting in a void that this investigation has filled. The findings of the study can be utilized to enhance working conditions for improved employee performance, thereby resulting in increased productivity within an organization.

Path Goal Leadership, Knowledge Sharing dan Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi Pada Kinerja Guru dengan Mediasi Self Efficacy

This research aims to analyze the influence of Path Goal Leadership, Knowledge Sharing and Use of Information Technology on Teacher Performance with Self Efficacy as a Mediating Variable for Teachers at SMKN 1 Pemalang. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling so that 75 teachers were used as respondents. Path analysis has been used to analyze the data and sobel test to test mediation. The results of the path analysis show that Path Goal Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, and the use of information technology have a direct and significant influence on teacher performance. Sharing knowledge is the biggest contributing factor to teacher performance. The results of the Sobel test show that self-efficacy is able to mediate the relationship between path goal leadership, knowledge sharing and use of technology with teacher performance. The application of a leadership style based on good path goal leadership, knowledge sharing and good use of information technology with teachers' confidence in their abilities will contribute to improving teacher performance at SMKN 1 Pemalang.