Path Diversification Research Articles

Securing Network-on-chips Against Fault-injection and Crypto-analysis Attacks via Stochastic Anonymous Routing

Network-on-chip (NoC) is widely used as an efficient communication architecture in multi-core and many-core System-on-chips (SoCs). However, the shared communication resources in an NoC platform, e.g., channels, buffers, and routers, might be used to conduct attacks compromising the security of NoC-based SoCs. Most of the proposed encryption-based protection methods in the literature require leaving some parts of the packet unencrypted to allow the routers to process/forward packets accordingly. This reveals the source/destination information of the packet to malicious routers, which can be exploited in various attacks. For the first time, we propose the idea of secure, anonymous routing with minimal hardware overhead to encrypt the entire packet while exchanging secure information over the network. We have designed and implemented a new NoC architecture that works with encrypted addresses. The proposed method can manage malicious and benign failures at NoC channels and buffers by bypassing failed components with a situation-driven stochastic path diversification approach. Hardware evaluations show that the proposed security solution combats the security threats at the affordable cost of 1.5% area and 20% power overheads chip-wide.

New Path Development in a Semi-peripheral Auto Region: The Case of Ontario

The automotive industry is facing disruptive trends and great uncertainty. The path forward for automotive jurisdictions is uncertain in terms of how automakers will allocate the production of new connected and autonomous vehicles (C/AVs). The introduction of C/AV technologies creates high levels of uncertainty both for individual firms and regional innovation systems (RISs). The intersection of established production competencies with emerging digital technologies raises questions about how regional pathways and RISs develop and how local and RISs adapt to changes in global innovation networks. Building on recent contributions to evolutionary economic geography (EEG), the article examines the impact of the current technology transition on Ontario’s automotive sector. Drawing on rich empirical data and recent conceptual advances in theorizing about new path development from EEG and the literature on global innovation networks, the article casts light on how the intersection between global innovation networks and regional actors is altering Ontario’s developmental path. It examines the potential for Ontario to diversify away from its historic status as a semi-peripheral automotive region with limited investment in research and development to one with a greater role in the emerging paradigm of connected and autonomous vehicles. The article explores the potential for path diversification based on interpath dynamics between the region's auto and information and computer technology sectors as well as the importance of both system-level and firm-level agency for altering the region's developmental trajectory.

Recognition & Rewards in the Netherlands

In this episode, Kim Huijpen from the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU) tells about the programme following the publication of Room for Everyone's Talent, a position paper aiming for a wholescale overhaul of the practices of research assessment in the Netherlands. The podcast interview was made in conjunction with the 16th Munin Conference on Scholarly publishing in November 2021 (see abstract and video recording of Kim Huijpen's conference paper).
 The nation-wide follow-up programme, named Recognition & Rewards, is coordinated by Kim Huijpen. In her dialogue with stakeholder at Dutch institutions, she often meets dilemmas and concerns that are familiar from similar debates in other countries. Nevertheless, more and more institutions are now implementing the the principles and guidelines laid out in the 2019 position paper, thereby stimulating the growth of open science practices and the diversification of career paths in Dutch academia. The on-going process can be followed on several platforms, including:
 Twitter: https://twitter.com/recogrewards?lang=en LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/recognition-rewards/Youtube: Recognition & Rewards playlist Newsletter: https://recognitionrewards.nl/blog/newsletter-recognition-rewards/DORA Repository: Updated information on the Dutch Recognition & Rewards Programme 
 See also a recap of the Recognition & Rewards Festival (January 2021) and recorded webinars on rewarding teaching (November 2020). A summary of The Dutch Recognition & Rewards Programme can also be found in the DORA Repository

Topology optimization of imperfect frame structures with improved manufacturability

We present a framework for robust topology optimization of frame structures under uncertainty in member geometry. Imperfect geometry is defined as a general out-of-straightness. The uncertainty in response is quantified using a second-order stochastic perturbation that allows for accurate estimation of first and second-order response statistics in the presence of geometric random imperfections. The adjoint method is employed to compute the sensitivities, allowing for the use of gradient-based optimizers. A novel approach based on the augmentation of the set of physical design variables with an “indicator set” and a SIMP-like strategy is utilized to control the complexity of the final design and arrive at optimized topologies with improved manufacturability. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed framework where comparison is made with the deterministic designs to highlight the improvements and differences both in terms of overall topology, e.g., load path diversification, and volume re-distribution and the impact of the manufacturability considerations on the topology of the final design.

Unlocking the Sustainable Development Path of China’s Nonferrous Metal Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation

The sustainable development of an industry is an important topic of technological innovation. To unlock the path dependence of industrial development, it is critical to identify the evolution law of the industrial collaborative innovation network. Taking China’s nonferrous metal industry as an example, this paper establishes two collaborative innovation networks from the time and space dimensions, respectively. The networks cover both the macroenvironment and the microinnovative subjects of the industry and fully consider the collaborative relationships between these subjects. Through multilevel and multidimensional analysis, the authors drew the following conclusions: the macropolicies and technology paradigm can create a window of opportunity for the industry, which directly drives the breeding of new industries and the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries; the interaction between the macroenvironment and microinnovative subjects leads to the differentiation of the industrial innovation path; the provinces can enter the first echelon of interprovincial innovation collaboration and realize sustainable development of the industry through the unlocking path, which consists of path continuation, path expansion, path implantation, and path diversification.

Regional innovation strategy for resilience and transformative industrial path development: Evolutionary theoretical perspectives on innovation policy

Many countries in the developed world are currently experiencing low rates of economic growth, which is furthermore regionally and socially unequal. This increasing inequality seems to have deepened during the Corona crisis. When economic policies are discussed in these demanding times, the strategic question remains whether the best strategy is to seek to bounce back to the 'old normal', or to use this critical time as a conjuncture to departure on a development path to a 'new normal' that is more innovative, sustainable, and inclusive. In light of this, the main aim of this paper is to look for new perspectives on theory and policy with important implications for promoting the most radical forms of industrial path development, viz. path diversification based on unrelated knowledge combinations and new path creation, securing the adaptability of an economy to become more resilient.

Core-guided method for constraint-based multi-objective combinatorial optimization

Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization(MOCO), which consists of several conflicting objectives to be optimized, finds an ever-increasing number of uses in many real-world applications. In past years, the research of MOCO mainly focuses on evolutionary algorithms. Recently, constraint-based methods come into the view and have been proved to be effective on MOCO problems. This paper builds on the previous works of constraint-based algorithm MCSEnumPD(AAAI-18) using path diversification method. Due to the inadequacy that the original method fails to prune the redundant search space effectively, this paper proposes the definition of infeasible path and develops a novel algorithm that exploits the properties of unsatisfiable cores, referred as CgPDMCS. The approach extends MCSEnumPD algorithm with a core-guided path diversification method, which avoids solving infeasible paths representing the supersets of the unsatisfiable cores. Experimental results show that the novel approach provides further performance gains over the previous constraint-based algorithms, especially for the instances tightly constrained.

Impact, Strategies, and Opportunities for Early and Midcareer Cardiovascular Researchers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Impact, Strategies, and Opportunities for Early and Midcareer Cardiovascular Researchers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

DDM: Fast Near-Optimal Multi-Robot Path Planning Using Diversified-Path and Optimal Sub-Problem Solution Database Heuristics

We propose a novel centralized and decoupled algorithm, DDM, for solving multi-robot path planning problems in grid graphs, targeting on-demand and automated warehouse-like settings. Two settings are studied: a traditional one whose objective is to move a set of robots from their respective initial vertices to the goal vertices as quickly as possible, and a dynamic one which requires frequent re-planning to accommodate for goal configuration adjustments. Among other techniques, DDM is mainly enabled through exploiting two innovative heuristics: path diversification and optimal sub-problem solution databases. The two heuristics attack two distinct phases of a decoupling-based planner: while path diversification allows the more effective use of the entire workspace for robot travel, optimal sub-problem solution databases facilitate the fast resolution of local path conflicts. Extensive evaluation demonstrates that DDM achieves high levels of scalability and high levels of solution optimality.

The spatial evolution-institution link and its challenges for regional policy

ABSTRACT Contemporary economic geography acknowledges that regional economies develop in evolutionary processes, and that institutions matter in this process. Evolutionary dynamics have been classified into six types of path development (path extension, path branching, path diversification, path creation, path importation, and path upgrading) that serve to distinguish how precisely regional economies diversify or upgrade. Shaping these evolutionary dynamics is a major objective policymakers aim to achieve by applying regional policies with an evolutionary ambition such as smart specialization. However, there is a gap in understanding how the specific institutional arrangements found in regional economies condition these different types of path development. The article links path development to institutional context and identifies policy challenges for affecting evolutionary dynamics under the smart specialization approach.

Comparative investigation of the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of different parts of thin-walled steel

Abstract To comparatively investigate the effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of different parts of C-shaped thin-walled steel, the flat and corner parts of C-shaped steel purlin, with a service life of 9 years in an industrial environment, were processed into the tested specimens. The effect of corrosion on the cold-formed effect of C-shaped thin-walled steel was investigated by fracture morphology and stress-strain curves. Thus, three methods for calculating the yield strength of cold-formed steel with corrosion damage were also proposed. Finally, based on reverse reconstruction technology, ABAQUS software was used to analyse the effect of corrosion surface morphology on the stress distribution and for the same specimens with different thicknesses. The results showed that different fracture modes and characteristics occurred in both the flat and corner parts after corrosion, which can be attributed to the corrosion surface and thickness reduction. With an increasing degree of corrosion, the strength of the corner parts obviously decreased more than the strength of the flat parts. When the corrosion ratio was 36%, the yield ratio of the corner parts was as high as 0.99, and the elongation was only 2.8%. The corrosion aggravated the cold-formed effect on the strength and the ductility of cold-formed materials. In addition, the corrosion surface will lead to the unbalanced development of surface stress, resulting in the diversification of fracture paths and locations. Especially when the corrosion surface was more uneven with depth, the stress at the maximum corrosion depth was always greater than the stress at other locations. The effect of the corrosion surface on the mechanical properties was related to the residual thickness of the specimens and increased with thinner residual thickness.

The multiple roles of demand in new regional industrial path development: A conceptual analysis

This paper contributes to the literature on new regional industrial path development by highlighting the multiple roles that demand can play in regional development. We develop a conceptual framework relating different roles of demand to different types of new path development. Based on the literature on regional development, we differentiate between the role of demand as anonymous consumer, sophisticated buyer, active co-developer, public procurer and norm and value setter. These roles influence different types of new path development, including path extension, path upgrading, path importation, path diversification and path creation. New path development can be triggered by changing norms and values in the society (e.g. environmental concerns and the growing demand for cleaner technologies), public procurement for innovation (governments demand new products or services and thereby steer economic development) or by users modifying existing products or developing novel solutions that are not yet on the market (e.g. user innovations). The various roles of demand, as well as its effect on new regional industrial path development, depend on the geographical context. We argue that taking a nuanced view towards demand will add a novel dimension to the debate on new path development in regions.

Regional industrial restructuring resulting from individual and system agency

The article discusses mechanisms and policy that stimulate regional economic restructuring. Economic restructuring is conceptualised through the notion of path development. The article distinguishes four types of path development: the extension and upgrading of existing regional industries are two types, diversification of existing industries and the creation of new industry paths are the two others and more substantial path developments. A main idea in the article is that new path development requires industry actors who initiate new firms or innovation activities in existing firms, i.e. firm level agency, but that restructuring also requires action by actors operating in the regional support system, i.e. system level agency. System level agency, understood as actions or intervention to transform regional innovation systems to better support economic restructuring, is particularly important for the two most ‘radical’ types of restructuring, i.e. path diversification and creation, and in regions with thin and specialised knowledge and industrial structure.

Robust topology optimization of skeletal structures with imperfect structural members

A topology optimization framework is proposed for robust design of skeletal structures with stochastically imperfect structural members. Imperfections are modeled as uncertain members’ out-of-straightness using curved frame elements in the form of predefined functions with random magnitudes throughout the structure. The stochastic perturbation method is used for propagating the imperfection uncertainty up to the structural response level, and the expected value of performance measure or constraint is used to form the stochastic topology optimization problem. Sensitivities are derived explicitly using the adjoint method and are used in conjunction with an efficient gradient-based optimizer in search for robust optimal topologies. Topological designs for three representative examples are investigated with the proposed algorithm and the resulting topologies are compared with the deterministic designs. It is observed that the new designs primarily feature load path diversification, which is pronounced with increasing level of uncertainty, and occasionally member thickening to mitigate the impact of the uncertainty in members’ out-of-straightness on structural performance.

Smart specialisation, innovation policy and regional innovation systems: what about new path development in less innovative regions?

The paper takes smart specialisation strategies as the point of departure and frame of reference for the discussion of innovation policies and regional innovation systems. It aims to demonstrate that the regional innovation systems approach, representing a dynamic perspective on innovation and learning in the promotion of international competitiveness and economic growth, is an instrumental policy tool for the design and implementation of smart specialisation strategies. Moreover, the paper discusses different types of new path development, especially emphasising development paths that represent transformative activities in the form of path diversification based on unrelated knowledge combinations and new path creation, and how such path development can be achieved. The paper argues that such new path development, implying increased complexity of technology and knowhow but low relatedness, does not constitute a “casino strategy” as argued by Balland et al. (Balland, P.-A., et al. 2017. “Smart Specialisation in the EU: Relatedness, Knowledge Complexity and Regional Diversification.” Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography, Utrecht University.), but a transformative activity or long jumps with the potential of “generating new options for subsequent structural transformation” (Hidalgo, C. A., B. Klinger, A.-L. Barabási, and R. Hausmann. 2007. “The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations.” Science 317: 482–487). As such these radical forms of new path development should be in the scope of policy makers even if they represent “high risk/high benefit” alternatives. The analytical framework is applied on a moderate innovative, Eastern European region (Mazovia) of the EU.

Unrelated knowledge combinations: the unexplored potential for regional industrial path development

The paper engages in a critical discussion of the related variety – regional branching argument and foregrounds a more differentiated perspective on regional industrial path development. It contributes by i) sharpening the definition of key concepts, namely specialisation and diversity, related and unrelated variety, ii) discussing their relevance in local and non-local spaces, iii) scrutinizing related variety as source for regional branching, and iv) developing a conceptual framework capturing the opportunity space for regional structural change that unveils the relevance of path upgrading, path importation, path branching, path diversification, and new path creation as different forms of new path development.

Reubicándose en la universidad. Propuesta de una tasa de reubicaciones a partir de un estudio de trayectorias educativas

La universidad ha vivido transformaciones importantes en los últimos años como es la expansión de una mayor heterogeneidad en el perfil de los estudiantes. Esta realidad ha implicado cambios significativos en el acceso a la universidad, los resultados y la salida hacia el mercado laboral de los universitarios. Los estudiantes provienen de entornos socioeconómicos diferentes, de vías de acceso diversas y se incorporan a la universidad con distintas expectativas y ritmos están produciendo una diversificación de las trayectorias educativas. En este sentido, esta diversificación conduce a una mayor frecuencia de trayectorias que desencadenan cambios de grado y abandonos de los estudios, lo que ha supuesto que se hayan desarrollado numerosos trabajos para determinar los factores explicativos. Este trabajo aborda los cambios de grados y abandonos de los estudios universitarios utilizando el concepto de “reubicación académica” mediante un análisis de trayectorias de 60.300 sujetos. El período analizado ha sido de seis cursos académicos (2009-10 a 2014-15). El objetivo es estudiar las “reubicaciones” entre titulaciones de grado para, a partir de ello, proponer el cálculo de un nuevo indicador: la “tasa de reubicaciones”. Las diferencias apreciadas entre titulaciones y su agrupación por ramas de conocimiento permiten constatar la importante heterogeneidad institucional.

Une migration économique ?

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les migrations de travail internes à l’Union européenne ont connu une forte augmentation, en particulier de l’Est à l’Ouest et, plus récemment, du Sud au Nord. Malgré la diversification des pratiques et des itinéraires migratoires, ces mobilités sont souvent regroupées sous le terme de « migrations économiques », et opposées à d’autres formes de mobilité supposées plus électives. À partir de matériaux qualitatifs (37 entretiens biographiques) et quantitatifs (enquêtes nationales), cet article explore les pratiques migratoires des jeunes Polonais et Roumains au Royaume-Uni et en Espagne ainsi que la diversité des usages sociaux de celles-ci. Toutes les pratiques ne jouissent pas de la même légitimité sociale, illustrant la manière dont la mobilité est à la fois socialement structurée et socialement structurante. La notion d’usage social permet alors de comprendre les modes socialement différenciés d’investissement de l’espace géographique.

Entrepreneurial industry structures and financial institutions as agents for path dependence in Southwest Norway: the role of the macroeconomic environment

ABSTRACTGuided by an evolutionary perspective, we study how macroeconomic shifts as an exogenous factor contribute to the endogenous roles of financial institutions and the entrepreneurial industry structure as indicators for path extension or diversification in Southwest Norway. Path extension implies that new firm formation reproduces itself with limited variation. Path diversification implies a departure from existing paths, in that entrepreneurial activities expand into unrelated or related industries. Between 1992 and 1998, we observe a departure from path extension and an increase in entrepreneurial path diversification into unrelated industries, but this trend declines in the following years. The increase and decline are stronger for Southwest Norway than for the rest of the country. Throughout the whole period of observation (1992–2011), we observe a steady decline in path diversification into related industries. Thus, Southwest Norway, and the country as a whole, experiences an extension of an industry structure that increasingly reproduces itself, which implies stronger path dependence and decreasing diversification of related and unrelated entrepreneurial activity. Financial institutions mostly reinforce path extension, even in periods when abundant capital is available, but to some degree, they also induce related path diversification.

Diversification of paths in sport games as a determinant of differentiating competences of trainers and team managers - the paradigm vs. reality

Contemporary sport games are characterised by an increasing diversification of paths and phases one may select when determining one's objective of engaging in a game. As these objectives - and, consequently, conditions of achieving them - change, trainers and other support personnel need to adapt their competences to one specific path and its accompanying objectives. In the light of the above, the purpose of this publication is to:justify the need for diversified identification of the above-mentioned paths and phases,subsequently, define a network-processual model that enables flexible identification of these paths and phases,explore the inadequacy of coaching and managing competences currently favoured in trainers and managers in Poland; finally, present a model of qualitatively diversified sets of competences, including: player's fitness coach, talented player's tutor, team coach and team manager.