Path Changes Research Articles

A Study on the Attenuation Patterns of Underground Blasting Vibration and Their Impact on Nearby Tunnels

The natural caving method, as a new technique in underground mining, has been promoted and applied in several countries worldwide. The destruction of the bottom rock mass structure directly impacts the structural stability of underground engineering, resulting in damage and collapse of underground tunnels. Therefore, based on the principles of explosion theory and field monitoring data, a scaled three-dimensional numerical simulation model of underground blasting was constructed using LS-DYNA19.0 software to investigate the attenuation patterns of underground blasting vibrations and their impact on nearby tunnels. The results show that the relative error range between the simulated blasting vibration velocities based on the FEM-SPH (Finite Element Method–Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) algorithm and the measured values is between 7.75% and 9.85%, validating the feasibility of this method. Significant fluctuations in blasting vibration velocities occur when the blast center increases to within a range of 10–20 m. As the blast center distance exceeds 25 m, the vibration velocities are increasingly influenced by the surrounding stress. Additionally, greater stress results in higher blasting vibration velocities and stress wave intensities. Fitting the blasting vibration velocities of various measurement points using the Sadovsky formula yields fitting correlation coefficients ranging between 0.92 and 0.97, enabling the prediction of on-site blasting vibration velocities based on research findings. Changes in propagation paths lead to localized fluctuations in the numerical values of stress waves. These research findings are crucial for a deeper understanding of underground blasting vibration patterns and for enhancing blasting safety.

Engineering Triple-Phase Interfaces with Hierarchical Carbon Nanocages for High-Areal-Capacity All-Solid-State Li-S Batteries.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) have garnered widespread attention due to their advantages of high energy density and enhanced safety. However, the typical composite structure composed of solid-state electrolyte (SE), discrete conducting carbon black, and microsized sulfur (μ-S) with long-range Li+/e- conducting path and huge volume changes, suffers from sluggish charge transport and severe electrochemical-mechanical failure. In this work, a unique hierarchical carbon nanocage (hCNC) is applied as a continuous conducting network where nanosized sulfur are confined. Due to the synergistic effects of multi-dimensional (particle, interface, and electrode) structural engineering, this new sulfur-carbon composite cathode (S@hCNC39) can achieve uniform distribution of sulfur and carbon, and efficiently constructs triple-phase interfaces, showing enhanced charge-carrier transport and improved electrochemical-mechanical stability. Remarkable cycling performance of 89% after 300 cycles at 0.2C at 30°C is realized in ASSLSBs assembled with S@hCNC39. Notably, ASSLSBs achieve an ultrahigh areal capacity of 9.95 mAh cm-2 with stable cycling at 60°C with high sulfur contents of 40% and high sulfur loadings of 6mg cm-2. These results provide critical insights into the design of rational sulfur-carbon composites and offer a viable approach to enhance the overall performance of ASSLSBs.

Studies of beam ion confinement to enhance plasma performance on EAST

A key physics issue for achieving steady-state high-performance plasmas on EAST tokamak is to decrease beam-ion losses to improve plasma confinement during neutral beam injections (NBIs). To decrease the beam losses, previous counter-I p NBI injections are upgraded to co-I p injections. Analysis shows that due to the reversed direction of drift across the flux surfaces caused by the pitch angle, the beam prompt loss fraction decreases from about 49% to 3% after the upgrade. Moreover, because of the change of entire beam path, beam shine-through (ST) loss fraction for counter-I p tangential and counter-I p perpendicular injections is reversed to co-I p tangential and co-I p perpendicular injections, respectively. Due to the change in the initial trapped-confined beam ion fraction caused by the peaked pitch profiles, the losses induced by toroidal ripple field are also reversed after the upgrade. To further improve the beam-ion confinement under the present NBI layout, the amplitudes of toroidal field are increased from 1.75 to 2.20 T. Result shows that, due to the smaller orbit width and peaked pitch angle profile, the beam prompt loss power is lower with higher toroidal field. Due to the synergy of higher initial trapped-confined beam ion fraction and narrower Goldston-White-Boozer (GWB) boundary, the loss induced by ripple diffusion is higher with higher toroidal field. The combined effect of beam ST loss, prompt loss and ripple loss, contributes to the increase in beam ion density. The decrease in beam loss power enhances beam heating efficiency, especially the fraction of beam heating ions. Finally, comparison between simulation and measurement by 235U fission chamber (FC) indicates that the increase in neutron rate is mainly contributed by improvement of beam-ion confinement. This study can provide potential support for beam operation and high-T i experiment on EAST tokamak.

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation modulates speech graphs in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Graph theory enables a direct quantification of topological properties of any arbitrary network. Its application in neuroscience has unveiled topological changes of brain networks associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. This study used the graph theory to understand speech deficits in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In particular, this study investigated the effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on the topology of speech graphs. Sixty patients with PD completed a standard semantic fluency test with DBS switched ON and OFF. A control group of sixty matched nonsurgical PD patients completed the test once. All verbal responses were recorded, transcripted, and transformed into directed speech graphs. Volumes of tissue activated (VTA) were estimated for three STN subregions, including sensorimotor, associative, and limbic parts. First, the patients with DBS OFF produced smaller and denser speech graphs than nonsurgical patients, showing fewer nodes, higher density, shorter diameter, and shorter average shortest path. Second, DBS partially reversed the effect of surgery, leading to larger and sparser speech graphs with more nodes, lower density, longer diameter, and longer average shortest path (ON versus OFF). Third, however, the left associative VTA negatively correlated with the DBS-induced diameter and average shortest path changes (ON versus OFF), suggesting that the patients with greater left associative STN stimulation tended to produce smaller and denser speech graphs. This study demonstrates that STN-DBS can partially restore the topological structure of speech graphs in PD patients. However, stimulating the left associative STN appears to disrupt speech graphs.

A kinetic and mechanistic study of the self-reaction between two propargyl radicals.

The propargyl radical plays a critical role in various chemical processes, including hydrocarbon combustion, flame synthesis, and interstellar chemistry. Its unique stability arises from the delocalization of π-electrons, allowing it to participate in a wide range of reactions despite being a radical. The self-reaction of propargyl radicals is a fundamental step in synthesizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this work, therefore, a computational study into the C3H3 + C3H3 potential energy surface has been carefully characterized. The calculated results indicate that the reaction can occur by H-abstraction or addition of two propargyl radicals together. The H-abstraction mechanism can create the products P3 (H2CCC + H3CCCH) and P4 (H2CCCH2 + HCCCH) but the energy barriers of the two H-abstraction channels are very high (from 12 to 22kcal/mol). In contrast, the addition mechanism of two propargyl radicals forming the intermediates (I1, I5, I12) and the bimolecular products (P1, P2, P7, P11, P12) are dominant. Among the bimolecular products, the P11 (C6H4 + H2) product is the most energetically favorable, and the channel leading to this product is also the most preferred path compared to all other paths throughout the PES. The calculated enthalpy changes of various reaction paths in this study are in good agreement with the available literature data, indicating that the CCSD(T) method is suitable for the title reaction. The overall rate constant of the reaction depends on both temperature and pressure, reducing with temperature but rising with pressure. The calculated results agree closely with the available experimental values ​​and previous calculated data. Thus, it can be affirmed that in addition to the CASPT2 method as applied in the study of Georgievskii et al. (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9, 4259-4268), the CCSD(T) method is also very good for the self-reaction of two propargyl radicals. The M06-2X and CCSD(T) methods with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set were used to optimize and calculate single-point energies for all species of the reaction. The bimolecular rate constants of the dominant reaction paths were predicted in the temperature and pressure ranges of 300-1800K and 0 - 76,000Torr, respectively, using the VTST and RRKM models with Eckart tunneling correction for the H-shift steps.

Role of Strain Path Change on Texture and Microstructure of Accumulative Roll-Bonding (ARB) Processed Aluminum: A Comparative Study of Unidirectional and Reverse ARB

Role of Strain Path Change on Texture and Microstructure of Accumulative Roll-Bonding (ARB) Processed Aluminum: A Comparative Study of Unidirectional and Reverse ARB

Addressing catastrophic forgetting in payload parameter identification using incremental ensemble learning

Collaborative robots (cobots) are increasingly integrated into Industry 4.0 dynamic manufacturing environments that require frequent system reconfiguration due to changes in cobot paths and payloads. This necessitates fast methods for identifying payload inertial parameters to compensate the cobot controller and ensure precise and safe operation. Our prior work used Incremental Ensemble Model (IEM) to identify payload parameters, eliminating the need for an excitation path and thus removing the separate identification step. However, this approach suffers from catastrophic forgetting. This paper introduces a novel incremental ensemble learning method that addresses the problem of catastrophic forgetting by adding a new weak learner to the ensemble model for each new training bag. Moreover, it proposes a new classification model that assists the ensemble model in identifying which weak learner provides the most accurate estimation for new input data. The proposed method incrementally updates the identification model while the cobot navigates any task path, maintaining accuracy on old weak learner even after updating with new data. Validation performed on the Franka Emika cobot showcases the model’s superior accuracy and adaptability, effectively eliminating the problem of catastrophic forgetting.

Research on Stator Sections Switching Process of High-Thrust Linear Motors

The high-thrust linear motor used for the electromagnetic launch is switched by switches composed of anti-shunt thyristors. During the switching process, different current path states will appear, which will lead to changes in motor parameters and current fluctuation. Focusing on the air-core synchronous linear motor with parallel and series power supply, this paper analyzes the change in current path caused by the change in the trigger signal of anti-parallel thyristors in the process of sectionalized stator switching. The motor circuit model of the switching process is derived. A new sectionalized stators switching method is proposed to realize the smooth switching of the sectionalized stators linear motor. Finally, the correctness of the analysis and modeling is verified by simulation, and the effectiveness of the sectionalized stators switching method is tested by using the test prototype.

Exploring the Influence of Digital Economy Growth on Carbon Emission Intensity Through the Lens of Energy Consumption

Exploring the impact of new economic forms such as the digital economy (DE) on carbon emissions is crucial for China’s “dual carbon” goals. This paper assesses the impact of the DE on carbon emission intensity (CI) from a 2011–2021 perspective on energy consumption in 30 provinces (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are excluded) by using a double fixed-effects model for evaluating the DE. Based on the results from 2011 to 2021, (1) China’s DE and CI differ spatially and temporally. In contrast to CI, DE shows a pattern of low in the northwest and high in the southeast. The changes are similar to Hu Huanyong’s line, with considerable changes in the southeast, especially the coastal region. (2) Chinese DE’s carbon control effects (−0.027) vary by region. A significant negative effect is seen in both the eastern and western regions, with the western region having the greatest negative effect (−0.030), and a positive but insignificant impact in the central region. (3) Total energy consumption (TEC), structure (EC) and efficiency (EI) are all pathways of its influence. Path changes in China are mainly dominated by dual paths (Accounting for over 47%), with fewer single and multiple paths. Among them, the main dual path types are TEC and EC in the east and central regions, TEC and EC, and EC and EI in the western regions; meanwhile, the paths are unchanged in most of the provinces in China, and the changed provinces are mainly in the west. Based on these findings, DE development policies based on regional energy consumption differentiation are crucial to reducing carbon emissions.

32 years of changes in river paths and coastal landscape in Bangladesh, Bengal Basin

AbstractThis study examines the geomorphological changes and environmental impacts on the coastline and the evolution of major river systems in Bangladesh over the past 32 years using remote sensing and GIS analyses. The central coastal area, characterized by fine sediments, has experienced significant land erosion due to the dynamics of the Meghna Estuary and its depositional patterns. In contrast, the southwestern Sundarbans Forest coast has remained relatively stable, aided by mangrove root stabilization despite anthropogenic threats. Channel migration analysis revealed the Brahmaputra River’s persistent braided configuration, while its tributaries, Teesta and Dharla, increased meandering nature due to reduced water availability and human interventions. The Ganges-Padma system displayed a shift towards a more sinuous channel pattern driven by reduced water discharge due to the Farakka Barrage construction in the upstream and a minor decrease in precipitation. The Upper Meghna River maintained moderate sinuosity with stable anastomosed patterns, whereas the lower Meghna River’s convergence with the Jamuna and Padma Rivers increased its susceptibility to erosion. These findings highlight the interplay of natural processes and human activities in shaping the coastal and fluvial landscapes of Bangladesh and the Bengal Basin, emphasizing the need for sustainable land-use practices and adaptive management strategies to mitigate future risks associated with sea-level rise and river course changes.

New Comprehensive Stability and Sensitivity Analysis on Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects Parameters

Based on the transmission line modeling for multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MGNR) interconnects, system stability was studied on intrinsic parameters. In addition to width,length and height variation, dielectric constant, permeability and Fermi velocity path change in multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MGNR) interconnects are analyzed. In thispaper, the obtained results show with increasing dielectric constant and decreasing permeability, Fermi velocity system becomes more stable. Nyquist diagram and stepresponse method results confirm these and are matched with physical parameter variation like resistance, capacitance and inductance in the following sensitivity analysis results where it shows with increasing width and length, sensitivity will decrease and increase respectively. Impulse response diagram results show with increasing 50% width, sensitivity will be zero but with increasing 50% length, amplitude will decrease and the time of setting will increase. On the other hand, from the step response of the transfer function, both width and length increase cause more stability for a system but the width parameter will be a better choice for manipulating the dimension of MGNR to reach a stable system.

A lateral and longitudinal control method based on linear quadratic regulator for intelligent vehicles considering future path changes

Abstract To improve the tracking performance of intelligent vehicles, a lateral controller based on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory and a longitudinal controller based on backstepping sliding mode control (SMC) theory are proposed in this paper. Firstly, a feedforward LQR controller was established based on a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. To solve the stability reduce problem of feedforward LQR controller caused by model linearization, the controller was improved based on the constant turn rate and velocity model. To further improve the predictive controller, an adaptive prediction time mechanism based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm was established. Finally, a longitudinal tracking algorithm based on backstepping SMC was proposed. To verify the performance of the proposed controllers, co-simulation and hardware in loop experiments were conducted. The results show that the proposed controllers have both stability and accuracy, which can significantly improve tracking performance.

Springback behavior after air bending of pre-strained AA 6016-T4 sheets: Influence of dislocation density and backstress on model accuracy

Predicting springback in sheets of aluminum alloys is challenging, particularly for complex strain path deformation used to form the material. This paper presents experimental and modeling results for air bending of AA 6016-T4 sheet material. Prior to bending, pre-strains were applied to the specimens in uniaxial tension, plane-strain tension, and biaxial tension. Specimens were then cut from the pre-strained material and were subjected to air bending using three different bend angles in a v-die, after which springback was measured. It was found that greater levels of pre-strain result in larger springback magnitudes, and that the biaxial pre-strained specimens generally exhibited greater springback than the others. A CPFE – EPSC model with phenomenological backstress component in the hardening law was used to predict springback magnitude across the different pre-strain paths, pre-strain levels, and imposed air bend angles. It was observed that the more significant the strain path change, as was seen in the case of biaxial tension pre-strain followed by bending, the greater the influence of backstress on model accuracy, owing to the activation of new slip systems. When backstress was excluded from the model, a 3.2 % prediction error in springback angle was observed in the worst case, versus an error of 0.8 % when backstress was included. Backstress was correlated to more rapid dislocation density development on both the tensile surface of the sheet, and also through the thickness, after the strain path change. On the other hand, for the case of plane-strain pre-strain followed by bending, dislocation density development was more gradual and the backstress impact on model prediction was less significant, with the same slip systems active during both pre-strain and bending. Therefore, it is seen that the influence of backstress on accuracy springback modeling in AA 6016-T4 varies significantly depending on the strain path. Thus, the use of a phenomenological backstress law within the CPFE-EPSC framework is seen to be an accurate and efficient approach for modeling springback after strain path changes that can occur during industrial forming applications.

Prediction-Based Submarine Cable-Tracking Strategy for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles with Side-Scan Sonar

This study investigates the tracking of underwater cables using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with side-scan sonar (SSS). AUV motion stability is crucial for effective SSS imaging, which is essential for continuous cable tracking. Traditional methods that derive AUV guidance rates directly from measured cable states often cause unnecessary jitter when imaging, complicating accurate detection. To address this, we propose a non-myopic receding-horizon optimization (RHO) strategy designed to maximize cable imaging quality while considering AUV maneuvering constraints. This strategy identifies the optimal heading decision sequence over a future horizon, ensuring stable and efficient cable tracking. We also employ a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to predict future cable states, further minimizing AUV motion instability during abrupt path changes. Given the computational limitations of AUVs, we have developed an efficient decision-making framework that can execute resource-intensive algorithms in real time. Finally, the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm were validated through comparative experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods in key metrics such as cable-tracking accuracy and AUV motion stability. This ensures that the AUV can acquire high-quality acoustic images of the submarine cable in an optimal state, enhancing the continuity and reliability of cable-tracking tasks.

The immiscible to miscible transition and its consequences for 3-phase displacements in porous media of arbitrary wettability: Comparison of 3D pore network results with basic theory

The theory of the immiscible to miscible transition and its consequences for 3-phase displacements in a system of arbitrary wettability distribution has been studied in a previous paper using a “process based” model through the simplest case possible; a capillary bundle (CB) model. As expected, the CB model was not able to capture many realistic phenomena such as phase trapping, film and layer-flow, topological effects etc. However, it was recognized that it should be able to indicate certain expected qualitative trends in 3-phase displacements in real 3D connected networks.The current paper extends that earlier work by showing the consequences of changing the model of the porous medium to a 3D connected lattice pore network model (PNM) to capture phase trapping and rock connectivity. Initially a simple 3D regular cubic bond lattice is used for this initial work to make a clear comparison with the CB model. Two important characteristics of 3D network refer to (i) displacement phase accessibility, and (ii) defending phase trapping/escape. Three trapping/escape cases based on the probability of invading phase accessibility and defending phase escape have been defined in the 3D lattice network. Networks with different coordination numbers (z = 6 and 4) were studied in order to mimic different rock connectivity and study how and in which way the applied rules result in specific changes in 3-phase saturation paths, 3-phase pore occupancies and phase trapping. Again the focus is on the changes which are predicted to occur in all these quantities as the system moves from an immiscible (IFT σgo ∼ “large”) to a miscible (σgo → 0) case.In this paper, a weakly oil-wet (WOW) wettability distribution is considered and various phase invasions (gas, water, and oil) in the corresponding 2-phase systems are investigated. Both saturation paths and pore occupancy sequences of different phase invasions under different miscibility conditions are presented for both the CB and PNM models. It is found that having a well-connected network and considering a relaxed rule on defending and displacing phases, the results are quite similar to that of the CB model. Also, applying restricted trapping/escaping rules and less connected network mean deviation from the CB model, but the underlying physics of the immiscible to miscible transitions and the central physical parameter of 3-phase displacements in all cases are the same as those observed for the CB model.

A modified mixed-mode Timoshenko-based peridynamics model considering shear deformation

The original two-dimensional bond-based peridynamic (BBPD) framework, which only considers the pairwise forces (compression and tension) between two material points, is extended by incorporating the effect of shear deformation in the calculations and its influence on the failure of the bonds. To this end, each bond is considered as a short Timoshenko beam, and by doing so, the traditional BBPD is enhanced into a more comprehensive model known as multi-polar peridynamic (MPPD). The proposed novel approach explicitly considers the shear influence factor used in Timoshenko beams and introduces a strain-based shear deformation failure criterion. The model is then validated against two benchmark experimental tests (i.e., a standard pure mode I edge crack, and a Kalthoff-Winkler configuration) reported in the literature under in-plane dynamic loading and plane stress conditions. In most cases, the developed model is shown to be more accurate in predicting the crack paths obtained from the experimental results when compared to other theoretical methods delineated in the literature. Furthermore, a noticeable change in crack branching and crack path is observed in a study on the effects of Poisson's ratio and the loading rate. This investigation also demonstrated that the proposed MPPD model can accommodate materials with Poisson's ratios up to 1/3, expanding the range beyond the traditional BBPD limitations.

Precision straightness and displacement measurement based on phase-modulated interferometric scheme with different modulation depths

In this study, a novel straightness and displacement measurement method using a Wollaston prism-sensing phase-modulated interferometer (WPHI) is proposed to accurately measure straightness errors and the position of linear stages. In the proposed WPHI, a Wollaston prism assembly along with a semi-reflector serves as a sensing element to generate two straightness and one displacement measuring beams. By using an electro-optic phase modulator to modulate the linearly polarized laser beam at 45° to its optic axis, different modulation depths are introduced into the straightness and displacement measuring beams to obtain phase-modulated interference signals. Thus, the straightness error can be directly obtained from the change in the optical path difference between the two measuring beams, thereby avoiding any additional errors introduced by separately measuring the changes in the optical path of each beam. Moreover, a 2 × 2 array photodetector is used to simultaneously measure the displacement and rotational angles of stage to compensate for the influence of rotational errors on the displacement result. The experimental results showed that within a range of 4 m, the standard deviations of the straightness error and displacement measurements between the proposed WPHI and a commercial interferometer were 0.50 and 0.59 μm, respectively. Thus, the proposed WPHI has substantial applications in the fields of ultraprecision machine-tool control, precision motion stage testing, and displacement sensor calibration.

Effect of continuous and discontinuous non-proportional loadings on formability of DX54 sheet material

Both continuous and discontinuous non-proportional loadings occur in multi-stage automotive stamping processes. Discontinuous loading is widely studied, but due to requiring sophisticated experimental procedures, continuous loading has been studied less. This study explores the impact of continuous loading on DX54 steel utilising an innovative experimental setup that enabled cruciform samples to undergo uniaxial to biaxial strain path change continuously without unloading. A similar two-stage discontinuous loading from uniaxial to biaxial with unloading in between was generated in DX54 to understand the differences in macro-strain, micro-strain, microstructure, and micro-texture evolution between the continuous and the discontinuous loadings. The stress state of the material during continuous loading was different to that during discontinuous loading. In this study, the occurrence of ‘pseudo-localisation’ was observed during continuous loading, and the observed rotation of high-strain bands differed between continuous and discontinuous loading. The discontinuous loading induced a higher strain, hardening rate, and increased elongation compared to the continuous loading. These results suggest the potential for higher formability during the discontinuous loading compared to the continuous loading.

Anisotropic formability and deformation mechanism of near-α titanium alloy sheet under continuous nonlinear strain paths at high temperature

In the present study, the anisotropic formability and underlying deformation mechanism of near-α TA32 titanium alloy sheet under continuous nonlinear strain paths (CNSPs) at high temperature were investigated in depth. To achieve this goal, a new experimental method combining hot gas bulging with step-combined dies was proposed, and the hot CNSPs of metal sheets can be flexibly and conveniently realized by changing the number and shape of step-combined dies. Based on this method, the anisotropic deformation behavior and forming limits of TA32 sheet under fifteen CNSPs were tested at 800 ℃ with a strain rate of 0.001 s−1. Then, two advanced constitutive models with different scales were embedded into the classical Marciniak-Kuczyński (M-K) theory to predict the forming limits of TA32 sheet under different strain paths: the macro-scale viscoplastic model coupled with Hill48 yield criterion and non-associated flow rule (NAFR) as well as the meso-scale three-dimensional crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model coupled with cellular automata (CA). The results demonstrate that the CPFE-CA-MK coupled model exhibits higher accuracy in predicting the forming limits of TA32 sheet under linear and continuous nonlinear strain paths. Especially for the tension-tension strain paths, the CPFE-CA-MK coupled model improves accuracy by at least 3.1 % compared to macro-scale models. Due to the material anisotropy, the initial inclination angle of the groove in the CPFE-CA-MK model is closely related to the strain path and significantly affects the prediction accuracy. Based on the CPFE simulation, the effects of anisotropy and strain path change on the dislocation slip mode of different texture components was analyzed in depth, which provides a theoretical guidance for the optimization of hot forming process of TA32 titanium alloy complex components.

Orientation effect of chopped steel fiber on tribological performance of very low metallic brake pads: An interface study

The orientation effect of chopped tiny steel fibres (length < 3 mm; diameter < 200 µm) in brake pads parallel (NAPA) to the sliding direction is studied using two different methods. Inverting the specimen during testing yields fibre perpendicular (NAPE) to the sliding direction, which is compared to commercial random-oriented fibre pads (NARA). The orientation coefficient value of near unity is achieved only in NAPA. NAPA and NAPE have a lower density than NARA by 13.2% due to less than 54.55% of steel fibres in the formulation. More and larger plateaus stabilized friction in NARA, utilising the elongation properties of parallel steel fibres, than in NAPE, which produced only tiny plateaus. However, the wear resistance decreases when the sliding path or direction changes from parallel to perpendicular. The measurement of thickness loss is misleading during wear because of the swelling effect, and hence energy requirements are considered. The energy required to wear 1 cc of specimen in the NAPE is 23.78% greater than that in the NAPA, and hence wear resistance is better. Adhesion followed by delamination at elevated temperatures are the dominant wear mechanisms in NAPA, whereas abrasion is dominant in NAPE. Thus, semi-metallic performance can be obtained in a very low metallic pad by orienting these fibres.