Paternal Styles Research Articles

Evaluación de un modelo explicativo del riesgo suicida con base en factores familiares

Suicide is a high-impact mental health problem in today’s society, both in the world and in Colombia: in fact, epidemiological data shows that there has been an upward trend in the suicide rate both in the country and in the city of Valledupar, which is the local context of interest. On the other hand, within modern conceptualizations such as the socio-ecological model of suicide prevention, it has been recognized that family factors are very important determinants of risk and protection. The different investigations reviewed as antecedents show congruently that family dysfunction as well as coercive paternal socialization behaviors are risk factors for suicide. Likewise, adequate family functionality and parental acceptance, and involvement behaviors are protective factors. Similarly, different studies have shown that older adolescents and females are at greater risk of suicidal behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an explanatory model of the risk of suicidal ideation, which involved the dimensions of parental socialization and perceived family functionality, as well as to establish the influence of the parents’ socialization style, based on the findings of previous studies. For this purpose, a quantitative, explanatory and cross-sectional study was developed. The ESPA-29, the APGAR and the BECK-HF Suicidal Ideation Scale were applied to a sample of 268 adolescents from the city of Valledupar, Colombia. A simple random sampling was used for the selection of participants within a neighborhood of the city of Valledupar. The sample consisted of 51.9 % female and 48.1 % male adolescents. The approval of the parents was obtained through an informed consent of the legal representative, as well as an informed consent for the adolescents, which complies with the characteristics requested by the Colegio Colombiano de Psicólogos. Using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25, five different explanatory models were evaluated, with a SEM modeling-Path Analysis. The model of best goodness of fit indicators (χ 2 = 22.2, p = .022, CMINDF = 2.023, CFI = .968, TLI = .919, NFI = .942, RMSEA = .061) establishes an influence of acceptance/involvement of both parents on family functioning, which reduces the level of suicidal ideation; age and coercion/imposition of the father also directly affect the latter. The data demonstrate the importance of family functioning and of supportive and affective behaviors of the acceptance/involvement dimension, since they present a protective effect against suicidal risk. In the same way, the data shows that the coercion/imposition behaviors of the father, but not the mother, were a risk factor. Although the father’s authoritarian style did predict a greater risk of suicidal ideation, it was the indulgent style, and not the authoritative style, that presented the lowest risk. Although the measurements obtained by this research do not allow us to unambiguously explain why this difference occurs between the study’s findings and what is suggested by the scientific literature regarding maternal and paternal styles of socialization in the face of suicide, there are possible determining factors for the results. The possibility is raised that, at a cultural level, beliefs about the maternal role in families in the Colombian Caribbean region, which arise from a formation of matrilocal families, influence the perception of greater acceptability of punishment by the mother towards their children. On the other hand, there is the lack of evidence of significant differences in terms of suicide risk according to sex. Some directions are suggested for future research, mainly to broaden the research spectrum on the role of the family in suicide prevention and to corroborate in the context of the Colombian Caribbean region the finding about the absence of effect of coercion/imposition behaviors carried out by the mother. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.19

Loyalty of workers to industrial organization

The differences in roles between individuals in Western factories and in Japanese factories - the ways in which individuals are given responsibility and authority, what rewards are given, and behaviors are rewarded - have a close relationship with the differences between their two cultural backgrounds. Japanese industry has for decades coated the top of a very and once feudal society for several centuries. The loyalty of workers to industrial organization, the paternal style of motivating and paying workers, the deep involvement of the company in all things which were to the eyes of the workers' private affairs - all of these had something in common with Japanese pre-industrial social organization. This equation does not underestimate the massive changes that have taken place in Japan during its industrialization period. Japan has changed enormously; and the changes continue. However, if the study of industrialization in Japan is to be relevant for the study of economic development in other Asian nations, then the nature of the changes that have occurred must be well understood.

Idiosyncrasy in Foreign Policy Decision Making Situational: Analysis of Trump and Biden Approaches towards South Asia

This paper explores the leadership phenomenon in making foreign policy and in the decision-making process that how does it affect other states. By using leadership theories and idiosyncratic factors which include perceptions of leaders, historical experiences, and ideological orientations all affect the US foreign policy along with it the dynamic geopolitical environment also matters in this regard. The study further argues that how the high-risk situations involve the leader in eliminating obstacles, for example, post 9/11 terrorism climax, Modi recent moves in the region and Trump reaction towards them and as an Asian power what strategies he adopted vis-à-vis Pakistan. In such expected worrisome times this article furthermore highlights the comparative courage, and overview of their approaches that might help in understanding the authoritarian and paternal styles, traits of leadership as an individual.

Relationships in transition: maternal and paternal parenting styles and change in sibling dynamics during adolescence

ABSTRACT Objective The goal of the current 3-year longitudinal study was to evaluate the association between maternal and paternal parenting styles and sibling relationships during the early to late adolescent transition. Our original sample consisted of 272 particpants in grades 9 and 11 from a high school in the Northeastern US. After three years, time 2 data for 135 students from the original sample was collected. The parenting behaviour assessed was parenting styles. Sibling relationship outcomes were sibling support, warmth, and conflict. Maternal authoritative and permissive styles were associated with greater time II sibling support than maternal authoritarian and neglectful styles. Maternal authoritative style was further associated with greater time II sibling warmth than the authoritarian and neglectful styles. Paternal authoritative style was associated with greater time II sibling support than the authoritarian and neglectful styles. Additionally, although overall parenting with low levels of acceptance and involvement was associated with reduced sibling relationship quality, paternal neglectful parenting style was associated with greater increases over time in sibling support than the other paternal parenting styles. Cohort effects were also found for sibling support and conflict. The results highlight the continuous contribution parenting behaviours have on sibling relationship quality during adolescence. The findings point to potential compensatory support offered by siblings in early and late adolescence.

Parental Upbringing Styles and Their Relationship with Social Withdrawal Among A Sample of Kindergarten Children: The Forgotten Victim

This study aimed to find out the paternal treatment styles and their relationship with social withdrawal among children whose ages ranged between (4-6) years old. The study sample consisted of (50) male and female children attending Al-Lo’Lo Al-dori Kindergarten in Ma’an City. The analytical method is used to determine aspects of parents’ behavior and aspects of the social withdrawal behavior that formulate the study instrument. The descriptive correlation method is also used to determine the relationship between variables. Results showed that there are differences with statistical significance between parental treatment styles represented in rejection styles, authorization, and over protection; and the social withdrawal, since over protection has occupied the highest level. Also, there are differences with statistical significance between parental treatment styles and gender. Results showed that the level of social withdrawal is high among kindergarten children; especially among males more than females under the same category of social withdrawal. Direct correlation is also found between parental treatment method and social withdrawal. Keywords : Parental Treatment, Social Withdrawal, the Forgotten Victim, Kindergarten’s Child. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-18-10 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Modelling parenting styles, moral intelligence, academic self-efficacy and learning motivation among adolescents in grades 7–11

ABSTRACTThe current study investigated the associations between three maternal and paternal parenting styles, moral intelligence, academic self-efficacy and learning motivation in three serial mediation models. Omani adolescents enrolled in 7th to 11th grades (N = 296) responded to an online survey containing demographic items and scales measuring the variables noted above. Results of Path Analysis indicated that the three models had a good overall fit. In detail, the three paternal styles (authoritative, authoritarian and permissive) had direct associations with moral intelligence and indirect associations with learning motivation. However, only two maternal parenting styles (i.e., authoritative and authoritarian) correlated directly with learning motivation and these two styles did not associate with moral intelligence. All effects were in the hypothesized direction except the effect of authoritative maternal and paternal styles. Moral intelligence had a positive direct correlation with students’ academic self-efficacy and learning motivation. Moral intelligence also mediated the negative associations between three types of fathers’ parenting styles and students’ motivation. Academic self-efficacy had a positive association with students’ motivation. These findings provided useful insights about the various association between external factors (e.g., parenting styles), internal factors (i.e., moral intelligence and self-efficacy) and students’ motivation among adolescents in middle and high schools.

T28. QUALITY OF PARENTAL BONDING AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH ULTRA-HIGH RISK OF PSYCHOSIS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS

BackgroundA child’s parental bonding, measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), has been found to be associated with psychiatric illnesses. In particular, a significantly higher proportion of patients with schizophrenia tend to report affectionless-controlling mothers as compared to healthy controls.This study aims to (i) investigate the applicability of the PBI tool in Singapore, using exploratory factor analysis, and (ii) explore the association between parental bonding, symptom severity and functioning across schizophrenia patients, individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR), and healthy controls.MethodsData from 59 schizophrenia patients, 164 UHR, and 510 healthy controls (N = 733) were collected. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was used to ascertain any psychiatric diagnoses. Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were administered on UHR and patients. Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) was administered on HC and UHR. Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) was administered on UHR only.Two exploratory factor analyses of the PBI were conducted on maternal items and paternal items (oblimin rotation). PBI factor scores were calculated for each individual and compared across groups using one-way ANOVA. Multivariate backward regressions were conducted to elucidate the association(s) between parental bonding factors and the clinical scales.ResultsFactor analyses revealed three-factor solutions for both maternal and paternal items, with factors ‘care’, ‘autonomy’, and ‘overprotection’. All the original ‘care’ items loaded onto the ‘care’ factor for maternal and paternal analyses. The original ‘control’ items were split into ‘autonomy’ (the degree to which children were allowed to make their own decisions, e.g. ‘gave me as much freedom as I wanted’) and ‘overprotection’ (e.g. ‘felt I could not look after myself’). Fit statistics suggested a good fit for both maternal items and paternal items (CFI > 0.9, TLI > 0.9). UHR were 1.61 times as likely to report affectionless-controlling mothers (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13–2.30, p = .008) and 0.52 times as likely to report having optimal mothers (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29–0.93, p = 0.028). No significant differences in paternal styles were reported.Compared to HC, patients and UHR reported significantly lower maternal care (F(2,729) = 27.51, p < .001), higher maternal overprotection (F(2,729) = 17.00, p < .001) and paternal overprotection (F(2,711) = 9.30, p < .001) (bonferroni-corrected). Among UHR, higher paternal overprotection was significantly associated with higher total PANSS scores (β = .162, p = .045), higher PANSS general psychopathology subscores (β = .185, p = .022), lower GAF scores (β = -.188, p =.021), lower SOFAS scores (β = -.183, p = .024), and worse CDSS scores (β = .210, p = .009). Among patients, higher maternal overprotection (β = .444, p = .022) and paternal care (β = .400, p = .036) were associated with higher GAF functioning.DiscussionThis psychometric investigation of the PBI among Asian participants yielded three-factor models, which deviate from the original two factors. Our findings replicate previous evidence of higher proportion of affectionless-controlling mothers among UHR and patients. Lower maternal care, lower maternal and paternal overprotection were reported. Paternal overprotection was associated with worse positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, worse social, occupational, and psychological functioning, and more severe depressive symptoms among UHR. Our results highlight the importance of addressing childhood parental bonding issues in early intervention services for UHR.

Toward a Resource Theory of Fathering

AbstractA resource model of fathering is elaborated as a proposed midrange father‐centered theory that provides a comprehensive framework for integrating the fathering literature. By explaining how fathers manage multiple components of fathering across levels and domains that are embedded within personal, interpersonal, and community contexts, the proposed theoretical model incorporates cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of lived experiences. Integrating existing theories to explain observed diversity in common measures of fathering, including assessments of father–child attachment, paternal style, and father involvement, the proposed theory provides direction for advancing an understanding of fathering by identifying under‐researched associations between fathers and the contexts and relationships in which they are embedded with the potential for informing fathering education and intervention.

Relationship between Parenting Styles and Academic Self-efficacy of Students

ABSTRACTPresent study aimed to identify the relationship between perceived parenting styles and students’ academic self-efficacy. Study sample consisted of 300 students enrolled in public universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Sample was selected by using multi-stage cluster random sampling technique. The study was delimited to BS programs of Social Sciences Department. Two standardized self-report questionnaires were used for data collection. For measuring perceived parenting styles of the students, Parental Authority Questionnaire was used and for measuring academic self-efficacy of the students, Academic Self-efficacy Scale was used. The students’ responses were scored. To test the study hypotheses, Pearson Product-moment correlation was applied. The results showed a weak but positive and statistically significant relationship between paternal authoritative style and academic self-efficacy of the students. A weak, positive and not statistically significant relationship was found between maternal aut...

Relationships between Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Ego-Resilience: The Mediating Role of Fathers’ Parenting Participation

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of fathers’ involvement with their children in the relationships between paternal and maternal parenting styles and their adolescents’ ego-resilience. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: A total of 293 adolescent boys and girls (aged 14-16 years) who lived with their two parents in Seoul, Korea participated in this study. Baron and Kenny’s steps based on regression and bootstrapping tests were conducted for the analysis. Findings: According to the examination on the mediating effects of paternal parenting participation on the relationships between both parents’ four types of parenting styles including affection-hostility, autonomy-control, fulfilling-non-fulfilling, and rational-irrational and their adolescents' ego-resilience, paternal parenting participation has partial mediational effects on the relationships between both fathers’ and mothers’ affectionate and fulfilling parenting styles and adolescents' ego-resilience. That is, fathers’ involvement and fathers’ and mothers’ affectionate and fulfilling parenting styles are linked to positive outcomes in adolescents. In addition, parents’ affectionate and fulfilling parenting styles are far more likely to promote adolescents’ ego-resilience when it occurs in the context of fathers’ more active involvement in parenting. Improvements/Application: The results of this study are meaningful in that fathers’ engagement with their children is important to develop their children’s positive internal development such as ego-resilience.

Depressive Symptomatology in Greek Preadolescents: The Role of Parenting Style Perceptions

The relationships between preadolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ parenting style and depressive symptomatology were examined in a sample of 640 Greek preadolescents (mean age = 11.82 years, SD = .83). Children completed the Paternal Style and Dimensions Questionnaire, the Maternal Style and Dimensions Questionnaire, and the Children's Depression Inventory. According to the results, there is a significant link between parenting style (both for mothers and fathers) and depressive symptoms as manifested by preadolescents. In this study, gender differences were not found. Furthermore, the results indicate that preadolescents’ perception of their parents’ style is a significant factor in predicting depressive symptomatology. Finally, the present findings highlight the influence of parenting styles on children's psychological wellbeing.

Memories of parenting styles and communicative processes in adolescence

This study aims to (a) examine the links between adolescents’ memories of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles and parent–child communicative processes; (b) test adolescents’ and parents’ gender differences. Data were collected from 479 Italian adolescents (Mage = 16.62 years; SDage = 1.46) attending public high schools. Participants completed Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and Parental Solicitation and Child Disclosure scales. Results indicated that memories of maternal authoritative style were significantly related to both parental solicitation and child disclosure, whereas memories of paternal authoritative style were significantly linked only with parental solicitation. No significant links involving neither authoritarian nor permissive styles were found and no differences between adolescent genders were identified. Present findings suggest that parent–child relationships featuring both warmth and control built through past interactions facilitate communicative ...

Exploring correlation between perceived parenting styles, early maladaptive schemas, and depression among women with depressive symptoms in iran and India- role of early maladaptive schemas as mediators and moderatos.

Background:Many studies have reported that inadequate parental styles can contribute to depressive symptoms through dysfunctional cognitive styles.Objectives:This study aimed to investigate the association of dysfunctional schemas and parenting style with depression, as well as the role of maladaptive schemas such as moderators and mediators in Iran and India.Patients and Methods::The study sample was selected randomly and consisted of 200 (age group 16-60 y) depressed females (mild to moderate); 100 from Tehran (Iran) and another 100 from Pune (India). The type of the research was causal-comparative. The data collection took place in hospitals and clinics in the targeted cities. Descriptive statistic tests and hierarchical multiple regression were executed (for the purpose of analyzing data) by SPSS 17.Results:It was demonstrated that the association between parenting and depression was not moderated by early maladaptive schemas. On the contrary, the results supported meditational models in which parenting styles are associated with the cognitive schemas, and these in turn are related to depressive symptoms. It was also found that abandonment mediates the impacts of maternal style on depression in Iran. On the other hand, abandonment and punitiveness schemas mediated the relation between paternal style and depression in India.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the correlation between childhood experiences and depression in adulthood are mediated by dysfunctional schemas.

Negative Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles as Predictors of Children’s Behavioral Problems: Moderating Effects of the Child’s Sex

Mothers and fathers often adopt different approaches to raising their children, and the influence of different parenting styles on the development of behavioral problems may be different for boys and girls. Using data from 89 subjects, 42 boys and 47 girls, with a mean age of 62.8 months (SD = 3.3), the current study tested the influence of early negative maternal and paternal parenting styles on the development of boys’ and girls’ aggressive and behavioral problems. Parents, when children aged 5–6, completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, and when children aged 8–9, the child behavior checklist. Children were evaluated for aggressive behavior with peers using the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale at age 8–9. Our results show that an authoritarian maternal style is positively associated with both children’s externalizing and internalizing problems while the combination of an authoritarian maternal style and a permissive paternal style was negatively associated with internalizing problems, but only in boys, and this type of family was positively associated with both types of aggressive behavior in girls and boys. Besides, the combination of a permissive maternal style and a permissive paternal style was positively related to girls’ (but not boys’) physical aggression.

Mothering, Fathering, and Italian Adolescents’ Problem Behaviors and Life Satisfaction: Dimensional and Typological Approach

In this study, we explored the relationship between mothering, fathering and Italian adolescents’ problem behaviors and life satisfaction by using both typological and dimensional approaches. From a typological perspective, we examined variations in adolescent adjustment as a function of maternal and paternal parenting styles. From a dimensional perspective, we examined the relationships between crucial dimensions of perceived mothering and fathering (acceptance and strictness) and their contribution to adolescents’ adjustment, for girls and boys separately. A total of 213 adolescents (99 boys and 114 girls), aged from 14 to 16 years of age, completed self-report measures on perceived parenting styles, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and life satisfaction. Overall, the results confirmed the relationship between maternal and paternal styles and adolescents’ adjustment. Still, the data have not led to the identification of an optimal parenting style among the Italian adolescents because the authoritative, the authoritarian, and the indulgent styles emerged as most favorable in relation to the different dimensions of adjustment and life satisfaction, whereas the neglectful style was most linked to behavioral problems and to low satisfaction. When the focus was on the dimensions, the results showed that for boys, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related to behavioral problems—both internalizing and externalizing—and positively related to general satisfaction. Meanwhile, for girls, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related only to externalizing problems. Paternal acceptance was negatively related to girls’ behavioral problems, while maternal acceptance was positively related to girls’ general satisfaction.

Cuidados paternos nos primeiros três anos de vida de seus filhos: um estudo longitudinal

Este trabalho investigou aspectos do envolvimento paterno tendo como base teórica a abordagem sociocultural. Participaram da pesquisa sete famílias quando seus filhos primogênitos estavam com 5, 20 e 36 meses. As mães responderam o instrumento Estilo Paterno e foi realizada uma entrevista com os pais para investigar o nível de satisfação paterno e materno com o envolvimento do pai com os filhos e identificando em que aspectos essa participação é mais ou menos frequente. Os resultados encontrados afastam esse grupo de pais das características da paternidade tradicional. Percebe-se uma tendência de envolvimento do pai no cotidiano dos filhos, tanto nos aspectos de lazer como nos de cuidado, e um aumento dessa participação juntamente com o aumento da idade dos filhos.Palavras-chave: paternidade; participação paterna; estilo paterno.

Pais não autoritativos e o impacto no uso de drogas: a percepção dos filhos adolescentes

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associacao entre uso de drogas e estilos parentais percebidos pelos filhos adolescentes brasileiros. METODOS: Este estudo transversal foi realizado com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos que ligaram para o Servico Nacional de Orientacoes e Informacoes sobre a Prevencao do Uso Indevido de Drogas. Participaram do estudo 232 adolescentes. As entrevistas, realizadas por telefone, incluiram: a Escala de Responsividade e Exigencia Parental, que classifica os estilos materno e paterno percebidos pelos adolescentes em autoritativo, negligente, indulgente e autoritario; variaveis sociodemograficas; e instrumento para avaliar consumo no mes e abuso de substâncias. RESULTADOS: Os estilos parentais materno e paterno percebidos como negligente, indulgente ou autoritario (nao autoritativos) tiveram associacao significativa para uso de drogas [odds ratio (OR) = 2,8, intervalo de confianca de 95% (IC95%) 1,3-5,7 para maes, e OR = 2,8, IC95% 1,3-6,3 para pais]. Os estilos nao autoritativos tambem demonstraram relacao significativa com uso de tabaco no mes para o estilo materno (OR = 2,7, IC95% 1,2-6,5) e para o paterno (OR = 3,9, IC95% 1,4-10,7), uso de cocaina/crack no mes (OR = 3,9, IC95% 1,1-13,8) e abuso de qualquer droga (OR = 2,2, IC95% 1,0-5,1) somente para o estilo paterno. A analise de regressao logistica mostrou que o estilo materno (OR = 3,3, IC95% 1,1-9,8), sexo do adolescente (OR = 3,2, IC95% 1,5-7,2) e idade (OR = 2,8, IC95% 1,3-6,2) tiveram associacao com o uso de drogas. CONCLUSOES: Adolescentes que avaliam suas maes como nao autoritativas apresentam maior chance de usar drogas. Os pais nao autoritativos tem mais associacao com abuso de drogas pelos adolescentes.

Non-authoritative parents and impact on drug use: the perception of adolescent children

To evaluate the association between drug use and parenting styles perceived by Brazilian adolescent children. This cross-sectional study enrolled adolescents aged 14 to 19 years that used the Serviço Nacional de Orientações e Informações sobre a Prevenção do Uso Indevido de Drogas (VIVAVOZ). A total of 232 adolescents participated in the study. Phone interviews were conducted using the Parental Responsiveness and Demandingness Scale, which classifies maternal and paternal styles perceived by adolescent children as authoritative, neglectful, indulgent or authoritarian. Sociodemographic variables were collected and an instrument was used to assess monthly drug use and abuse. Maternal and paternal parenting styles perceived as neglectful, indulgent or authoritarian (non-authoritative) were significantly associated with drug use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.3-5.7 for mothers and OR = 2.8; 95%CI, 1.3-6.3 for fathers). Non-authoritative styles also had a significant association with tobacco use in the previous month in the analysis of maternal (OR = 2.7; 95%CI, 1.2-6.5) and paternal (OR = 3.9; 95%CI, 1.4-10.7) styles, and use of cocaine/crack in the previous month (OR = 3.9; 95%CI, 1.1-13.8) and abuse of any drug (OR = 2.2; 95%CI, 1.0-5.1) only for the paternal style. Logistic regression revealed that maternal style (OR = 3.3; 95%CI, 1.1-9.8), adolescent sex (OR = 3.2; 95%CI, 1.5-7.2) and age (OR = 2.8; 95%CI, 1.2-6.2) were associated with drug use. Adolescents that perceived their mothers as non-authoritative had greater chances of using drugs. There was a strong association between non-authoritative paternal styles and adolescent drug abuse.

Corporate Governance Practices in Bangladesh: The New Paradigm in Management Education

Successful corporate governance depends to a great extent of trade-off among the various conflicting interest groups like Government, Society, Inventors, Creditors, and Employees of the organization. The basic governance issues related to the effectiveness and accountability of board of directors. The present paper highlights the information collected through a survey of the 180 sample respondents based on random sampling. This paper shed light on the question of transparency and accountability of corporate governance. It identifies the major challenges in this process. The data reveal that the Bangladeshi corporate management suffers from transparency, independence in decision-making and accountability. It has been identified that among the various reasons of this scenario, the important ones are absence of professionalism in management, paternal style of leadership, lack of skilled human resources, absence of dynamism in management culture and the likes. The paper concludes with some strategies, which are considered essential for the exercise of good governance in the company management of Bangladesh such as accountability to shareholders, transparency of disclosures, quality of directors, independence of decision-making etc.

“Comparisons are odorous” (Shakespeare): financial performance and management competence at four Scottish colliery companies, 1900—46

The decline of British industry after 1870 has often been attributed to poor entrepreneurial decisions. This article uses a variety of sources, including published accounts, to compare entrepreneurial performance in four coal-mining companies (Edinburgh Colliery; Lothian Coal; Niddrie and Benhar Coal; Shotts Iron) all of which exploited the coal reserves of the Lothian basin from 1900 to nationalization in 1946. These companies are comparable as they shared local geology, geography, history, markets, technology, customs and labour conditions. Factors for success were found to be conservative financing, good labour relations and a paternal management style.