Paternal Role Research Articles

The Division of Labor in Parenting and Its Impact on Adolescent Development

The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Family Education Promotion explicitly requires both parents to engage in their children’s education, but so far there has not been sufficient empirical research on the division of labor in parenting in China. This study, based on questionnaire survey data, is an in-depth investigation of the current situation of the division of labor in parenting, differences in parental status in the family, and the influence of these factors on adolescent development in China. Our findings show that 1) The main pattern of the division of labor in parenting in China is one of intensive maternal parenting with no paternal educational input, followed by a pattern of low participation by both parents. The least common is a pattern of high participation by both parents. 2) The patterns of division of labor in parenting are significantly related to differences in parental status. A family in which the father is highly educated or has a higher level of education than the mother is more likely to evince the pattern of a high level of joint participation by both parents. 3) The division of labor in parenting does not significantly affect the academic performance of adolescents, but has a significant impact upon their mental health and noncognitive abilities. In terms of mental health, strong two-parent participation and intensive maternal parenting with no paternal input are more effective than a low level of participation by both parents. This indicates that a high level of participation by either parent improves children’s mental health. In terms of non-cognitive abilities, we found that a high level of joint two-parent participation is more effective than either the pattern of intensive maternal parenting with no paternal educational participation or the pattern of low participation by both parents. The indicates that a father’s active role in developing children’s non-cognitive abilities cannot be replaced by the mother. 4) A father’s contribution in any dimension of parenting can have positive effects on children’s mental health and non-cognitive abilities, while a mother can only help with children’s mental health and non-cognitive abilities by means of her investment in emotional support and assistance in daily living. The above conclusions indicate that the paternal role is crucial and that greater participation by both parents is highly significant for full adolescent development.

Percepción del padre de su rol hacia la lactancia materna en la región de Ñuble, Chile, 2021

Objective: To describe the perception of the father regarding the paternal role in exclusive breastfeeding in the region of Ñuble, Chile, during the year 2021 and 2022. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological design of a non-probabilistic type. 7 parents were selected and a semi-structured interview of 20-35 minutes was conducted with each participant through the Zoom platform. In the analysis, the recordings of the interviews were used for subsequent transcription and coding. Results: 5 relevant classifications were obtained for the interpretation of the answers submitted by the participants. While all parents lived and live the breastfeeding process differently, everyone knows and recognizes the importance of their role in breastfeeding, and they also agree that this milestone generates different feelings and emotions. Conclusion: It is important that male fathers receive extensive information about breastfeeding and what it entails,so that they can be a concrete help during the breastfeeding period.

Paternal source of germ plasm determinants in the viviparous teleost, Gambusia holbrooki; dads do matter

The identity of germ cells, the progenitors of life, is thought to be acquired by two modes; either by maternal signals (preformed) or induced de novo from pluripotent cells (epigenesis) in the developing embryos. However, paternal roles seem enshrouded or completely overlooked in this fundamental biological process. Hence, we investigated the presence of germplasm transcripts in the sperm of Gambusia holbrooki, a live-bearing fish, demonstrating their presence and suggesting paternal contributions. Interestingly, not all germplasm markers were present (nanos1 and tdrd6) in the sperm, but some were conspicuous (dazl, dnd-α, piwi II, and vasa), indicating that the latter is required for establishing germ cell identity in the progeny, with a possible parent-specific role. Furthermore, there were also spatial differences in the distribution of these determinants, suggesting additional roles in sperm physiology and/or fertility. Our results support the hypothesis that dads also play a vital role in establishing the germ cell identity, especially in G. holbrooki, which shares elements of both preformation and induction modes of germline determination. This, coupled with its life history traits, makes G. holbrooki an excellent system for dissecting evolutionary relationships between the two germline determination modes, their underpinning mechanisms and ultimately the perpetuity of life.

P-037 The extent of paternal effect: the blastocyst matters! A retrospective analysis of 1351 single, frozen-thawed embryo-transfers

Abstract Study question Is ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) impaired by total motile count (TMC) values in IVF/ICSI cycles? Summary answer TMC does not affect the OPR in IVF/ICSI cycles. What is known already Studies exploring the paternal role and specifically the influence of sperm parameters on the IVF/ICSI outcomes led to contradictory results, especially after the blastocysts formation. If a negative impact of severe male infertility on fertilization rate, embryo morphology and blastocyst formation rate have been described by several studies, its effect on implantation rate (IR), OPR and live birth rate (LBR) is still debated. In this context, TMC is an useful and validated tool for sperm evaluation, combining three critical sperm parameters into a single indicator of sperm quality. Study design, size, duration Retrospective analysis of 1351 freeze-all IVF/ICSI cycles performed between January 2015 and June 2022 in the Reproductive Sciences Unit of Gynaecology/Obstetrics Department of San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy. Participants/materials, setting, methods We included all the first, single, frozen-thawed transfers performed in the study period. Transfers of blastocysts obtained by frozen semen were excluded. Couples’ characteristics, semen parameters and controlled ovarian stimulation data were collected. Semen quality was assessed using TMC and grouped into quartiles of TMC for the analyses. The primary outcome of the study was the evaluation of the effect of TMC on the implantation potential of the obtained blastocysts. Main results and the role of chance 1351 transfers were analyzed. Performing a logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors (maternal age, number of oocytes retrieved and quality of transferred blastocysts), OPR was not influenced by TMC values [odds ratio (OR) = 1.00; confidence interval (CI) = 0.99-1.00; p = 0.5]. After grouping the male infertility population into quartiles of TMC, no significant differences in OPR were found between extreme quartiles (n = 339, TMC ≤4 million and n = 348, TMC ≥42 million respectively), even when adjusted for confounders [OR = 0.99; CI 0.73-1.35; p = 0.97]. Therefore, the implantation potential of the obtained blastocysts, once formed, seems to be independent from the sperm quality. Limitations, reasons for caution The major limitation of the study is the retrospective design. Additionally, although a positive correlation between TMC and pregnancy rate is well described, a TMC threshold for defining severe male infertility has not been yet identified. Wider implications of the findings With a larger sample size we confirmed the results of our previous study. Indeed, TMC did not demonstrated to impair OPR of blastocysts from infertile couples submitted to IVF/ICSI. Further data, such as pregnancy and obstetrics outcomes, would be necessary to better define the role of male infertility in reproduction. Trial registration number Not applicable

Paternal Communication and Sexual Health Clinic Visits Among Latino and Black Adolescent Males With Resident and Nonresident Fathers

PurposeLatino and Black adolescent males experience sexual health inequities, and their engagement in sexual health services remains low. Parents shape adolescent sexual health behavior and other youth outcomes. However, the role of Latino and Black fathers in promoting male adolescent sexual health is understudied, in part because about one in four fathers resides apart from their children and nonresident fathers are presumed to be less influential. We examined associations of paternal communication with sexual health service use and perceived paternal role modeling among Latino and Black adolescent males with resident and nonresident fathers. MethodsWe recruited 191 Latino and Black adolescent males aged 15–19 years and their fathers in the South Bronx, New York City, using area sampling methods; dyads completed surveys. We estimated bivariate and adjusted associations of paternal communication with adolescent male sexual health service use and perceived paternal role modeling using logistic and linear regressions. Effect measure modification by paternal residence was assessed. ResultsA unit increase on a five-point paternal communication scale was associated with approximately twice and 1.7 times the likelihood of clinical sexual health service use during adolescent males' lifetime and in the past 3 months, respectively; there was no significant effect measure modification by paternal residence. Paternal communication was associated with increased levels of perceived paternal role modeling and usefulness of paternal advice, with stronger associations for nonresident fathers. DiscussionBoth resident and nonresident Latino and Black fathers warrant greater consideration as partners in promoting male adolescent sexual health service use.

Using Various Types of Embedded Participants to Enhance Culturally Congruent, Family-Centered Simulation-Based Education

BackgroundSimulation provides a controlled, standardized experience, where learners have increased autonomy to provide culturally congruent care in a healthcare disparity scenario. Importance is noted for scenarios including pediatric populations, to include role players such as the caregiver. The simulation in this study emphasized paternal involvement in the care of a 12-hour-old newborn within a Family-Centered Care Model (FCCM) using embedded participants (EPs). The purpose was to explore the impact and benefit of the EP. The hypotheses included: (1) Learner perception of simulation effectiveness changes when an EP is physically present compared to being virtually present (tele-embedded); (2) Tele-embedded participants (tele-embedded EPs), playing a paternal role, differ between a pop-up parent versus being in-person.MethodsA randomized historical control, posttest-only design guided this study once IRB was obtained. A purposive sample of 115 BSN students was used. Instruments included demographics, SET-M, and ACTS Tool.ResultsDifferences were noted between groups; however, SET-M and ACTS scores were constant with little variance noted between the EP and tele-embedded EP.ConclusionEmbedded participants, regardless of in-person or via tele-embedded, can add to the scenario. Participants actively engaged in communication with both the in-person and remote EP. All the simulation based education scenarios were effective, encouraging continued use within simulation-based education. Embedded participant involvement has the potential to enhance scenarios by providing opportunities to practice culturally congruent care while cultivating effective communication and education of all family members. Further exploration of the use of EPs is needed to understand the potential added benefit of incorporating them into scenarios.

The mediating role of spousal support in the effect of paternal role perception on father involvement

The mediating role of spousal support in the effect of paternal role perception on father involvement

Reimagining the Family, Lesbian Mothering in Contemporary French Literature by Robert Payne

Reviewed by: Reimagining the Family, Lesbian Mothering in Contemporary French Literature by Robert Payne Anoosheh Ghaderi Payne, Robert. Reimagining the Family, Lesbian Mothering in Contemporary French Literature. Peter Lang, 2021. ISBN 978-1-78874-772-1. Pp. 209. This book provides a comprehensive study of the picture of the paternal role in 21st century French lesbian writing. The author selected ten texts from 1970 to 2013, a period in which PACS (civil solidarity pact) was avidly debated across diverse fields in France. He argues that recognition of LGBTQ+ civil rights such as the legalization of same-sex marriage to reproduction and adoption laws, the emergence of self-portrayals of same-sex families, and the advent of discourses on lesbian mothering opened the path for a more inclusive image of the family. Focusing on the lesbian motherhood experience, Payne also explores lesbian writing, which, according to him, has not received equal scholarly attention as literary works produced by gay men. He also aims to acknowledge literature's precedence over legal endorsements in reflecting and contributing to social changes in the case of LGBTQ+ communities. Payne begins his analysis by showing the limits of feminist and psychoanalytic theories when applied to lesbian mothering. With their aversion to the patriarchal model of the family in a heterosexual, heteronormative context, key feminist figures such as Simone de Beauvoir expressed critical views of motherhood. But according to Payne, feminism, and psychoanalysis are myopic to the empowering role that motherhood plays in a non-heteronormative context. Contemporary lesbian writings reflect a more positive portrayal of motherhood and challenge the notion of parenting as a non-biological, non-heterosexual concept. Payne believes that some of the texts actually prefigure the debates on same-sex families in France by queering the concept of parenting through rethinking the fundaments of the family as a biological, binary unit. Nevertheless, the portrayal of same-sex families constantly oscillates between resembling or differentiating from heterosexual families while maintaining equality. The author concludes that the tendency to portray the personal experience of mothering as a lesbian supersedes radical views on motherhood and inclines to normalize lesbian mothering. Therefore, a groundbreaking image of lesbian parenting is yet to be achieved. In his concluding note, he assesses the lack of more transgressive views on the shape of the family in this body of literature. He regrets the inadequacies of these narratives in surpassing the body politics and the ordinary, heterosexual shape of mothering. Undoubtedly, Payne's study of French lesbian writings forwards the discussion surrounding lesbianism and motherhood in important ways. However, the author's final reservations stand in tension with his initial argument about literature's precedence over both social changes and legal recognition. Concluding the book with a comment on the perceived inadequacies of the movement, the analysis tends to unhelpfully mix descriptive and prescriptive approaches. This is likely due to the author's attempt to engage the subject matter from a supposedly purely academic point of view. This criticism, though, does not take away from the ultimate value that Payne's study adds to this difficult and often fractious discussion. [End Page 198] Anoosheh Ghaderi Louisiana State University Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of French

REPRESENTATION OF THE FATHER FIGURE IN PARENTING IN THE LATEST INDONESIAN NOVEL: A STUDY OF FATHER'S MASCULINITY

Discussions about masculinity, in general, will be associated with certain stereotypes of masculinity. This study aimed to describe the representation of masculinity-fatherhood in the latest Indonesian novels. This research was descriptive qualitative research using the fatherhood theory by Asy'ari and Ariyanto. Data sources were several novels entitled My Father (Not) a Liar (Tere Liye), Ayah (Andrea Hirata), Saturday with Father (Adhitya Mulya), and Father Loves Without End (Kirana Kejora). The steps of data analysis in this study used the technique stated by Miles, et al (2014: 10-12) which included collecting data by means of repeated reading of the novel manuscript and then marking/coding the data found, condensation, and categorizing, analyzing, and drawing a conclusion. The results of the research showed that there was a male role as a son, husband, or father who participated in the domestic sphere while still making or showing his masculine side who show with communication, responsibility, interaction with children, teaching methods, and supervisory roles. The conclusion was father's involvement in the parenting role was a manifestation of emotional closeness, the father's accessibility, and responsibility in various aspects. This was a form of support for men who are more pro-feminist where men can share roles in various aspects. This paternal role was also shown as a form of crossing over between masculine and feminine gender roles, which was a reaction to the hegemony of masculinity as a form of effort to eradicate the dominant father's role in a family.

‘I am a different father’. An intergenerational analysis of the social transformation of fatherhood in the Islamic Republic of Iran

ABSTRACTThis paper was inspired by Michael Rush’s works on the social construction of fatherhood in non-European contexts. It aims to fill a knowledge gap in gender, family and Iranian studies by exploring both the changing role of fathers and men’s involvement in family life and care in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Adopting an intergenerational approach and a mixed methods design, the paper considers how fatherhood practices and discourses have changed over the last decades and how different generations of men elaborate, describe, and perform the paternal role. Despite institutionalized gender inequality and a patriarchal family structure supported by family law legislation, fatherhood in Iran is anything but static. Instead, it is possible to notice a gradual redefinition of gender roles within the family. Especially urban middle class’s men are negotiating diverse masculinities and, at the same time, delivering non-traditional parenting roles.

The Case for Parentalism at Work: Balancing Feminist Care Ethics and Justice Ethics through a Winnicottian approach: A School Case Study

AbstractUsing an ethnographic case study based in a UK state school for 11- to 18-year-olds, this paper explores the tensions that arose when the senior leadership team (SLT) introduced a justice-based ethic-of-care that prioritized good grades and equal treatment for all pupils over a feminist ethic-of-care (preferred by most teachers in non-leadership roles) that accentuated individual pupil need and placed greater emphasis on a broader social education. Through highlighting the tensions between a feminist ethic-of-care and a more ‘masculine’ style, justice-based approach to care-ethics, the paper extends the organisational care-ethics literature. We emphasise that such tensions occurred whether the different ethics were enacted by men, women, or non-binary individuals. In order to better understand the tensions between these two ethical approaches, we draw upon the theoretical work of Donald Winnicott, which highlights the importance both of maternal and paternal roles during infancy. We update Winnicott’s ideas, noting how maternal and paternal caring roles can be undertaken by people of varied gender identities. Building on Winnicott’s theory, we propose a new ‘Parentalist’ ethic-of-care, which has the potential to balance and hold together ideas of both a feminist ethic-of-care, and a justice-based ethic. A Parentalist ethic-of-care could support teachers yet recognize the context of the contemporary neo-liberal environment, where most children need to attain formal qualifications in a marketized world, and where such measures of success are highly valued.

Parenting in Cultural Perspective: A Systematic Review of Paternal Role Across Cultures

The paternal role has become one of the most topic discussions in parenting and has drawn researchers' intention worldwide. This research aimed to explore the existing literature relating to paternal roles across cultures, which analyzed 1) how the paternal roles in cultural perspectives have been researched; 2) what the parental values based on cultures mentioned in the literature are, and 3) what the topic discussed about the paternal role across culture is. The focus of the research was to find out the current trends of paternal roles across cultures from 2012 to 2022 derived from the Scopus database. The method used was a systematic review and followed PRISMA guidelines (the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). The study revealed that most of the literature highlighted the significance of the fathers’ involvement in child-rearing in every culture (Indian, Japanese, Latino, Chinese, Indonesian, Norwegian, and Finland) and the improvement of paternal practices due to the adaptation of new cultures and the emergence of fathers' awareness to take part in their children's lives. It can be concluded that the paternal role in a collectivist culture still holds firm to the culture in parenting practices but has begun to experience a shift from the original position of breadwinner, protector, even disciplinarian and authoritarian, becoming the more involved father in child-rearing. While most fathers from individualist cultures had previously been involved in child care because they were supported by policies in their country of origin.

The role of fathers in children's emotion regulation development: A systematic review

AbstractThis systematic review summarizes the results of 43 studies that explored the potential role of fathers in emotion regulation (ER) development in children. Following a tripartite model, this review investigates the paternal modelling of ER strategies, emotion‐related paternal parenting practices, father–child emotional climate, and fathers' characteristics, by identifying 16 specific themes of paternal factors that could play a role in the child's ER development. Results show that while a large number of studies investigated father–child emotional climate and fathers' characteristics and their association with children's ER, the effects of paternal modelling and the father's emotion‐related parenting practices on children's ER are still understudied. This review reveals that several factors—fathers' modelling of ER strategies; positive reactions and support in responding to their child's expression of emotions; better quality of the father–child relationship; higher father–child attachment security; and positive parenting in terms of sensitivity, engagement, and expressiveness—had significant associations with children's higher ER skills. Conversely, fathers' psychopathology and harsh parenting were associated with poorer ER skills in children.Highlights This study summarized existing literature that explored the association between paternal factors and ER in children. The review showed some evidence supporting the paternal role in children's ER development. Fathers' role in the development of child's ER is most prominent in infancy and toddlerhood. Most paternal factors significantly associated with a child's ER reflected previous findings examining maternal factors.

Paternal Roles Scale: Links with Vulnerability Factors among Quebec Fathers

Paternal Roles Scale: Links with Vulnerability Factors among Quebec Fathers

The Native American Father’s Parenting Style in John Ernst Steinbeck’s The Pearl

This study aims to analyze the parenting style of a Native American father named Kino in John Ernest Steinbeck's The Pearl. Through Kino, all the emotions common to humanity such as family satisfaction, the joy and excitement of finding a great treasure, the fear when family life is threatened, the anxiety of being hunted down, and the tragedy of losing a loved one are revealed. This research applied a qualitative descriptive method with a sociological approach to literature to reveal the relationship between the Native American father and the role of fathers. This research data is collected from the actions and words of the characters in the story. The research results indicate the important role of the Native American fathers played by Kino through the role of father thinking and behavior. Five paternal roles involving Kino's actions as a Native American father such as Kino as a provider, protector, decision- maker, educator, and foster mother are vividly reflected in this research.

Fierce Courtship: Animal Judgement in Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley

This article considers how Tartar serves as a unique type of guard dog in Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley. While we expect guard dogs to ward off burglars, Tartar uses protective fierceness to fortify Shirley’s home and body from unsought romantic invasions, necessary given her gender positioning. Sometimes Tartar’s judgement aligns with Shirley’s wishes, as when he helps to forcefully remove the insufferable Mr Donne from Shirley’s property. However, Tartar’s high valuation of Shirley’s eventual husband, Louis, while the heiress still resents the tutor reveals Tartar’s agency as he guides Shirley’s choices like a respected father. Once Tartar helps to bring Shirley and Louis together, Louis can then take over the paternal role of guardian. Brontë’s animals shape the marriage plot, allowing Tartar a powerful role within the text.

The Need for Educational Reform Concerning the Paternal Role in FASD Pathogenesis

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term for a group of neurodevelopmental impairments caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD pathogenesis often implicates the mother, largely focused on maternal alcohol consumption prior to or during pregnancy. As such, most FASD interventions are geared towards the mother. However, an array of risk factors within the family environment, notably paternal alcohol consumption and attitudes toward maternal consumption during pregnancy, can impact FASD development in the offspring. This paper sheds light on the paternal role in FASD pathogenesis that is rarely discussed and promotes the importance of family-centred interventions. FASD is a preventable disorder: prophylactic measures such as increasing the information and educational resources to reach a larger population could greatly reduce the risk and incidence of FASD.

How Silence Became “Outdated”: Secrecy, Anonymity and Artificial Insemination by Donor in Belgium, 1950s-1990s

This article for the first time places the issues of secrecy and anonymity in donor conception in historical perspective. It relates the gradual move away from secrecy to the growing importance attached to honesty and transparency in the 1970s, during the ‘sexual revolution’. Debates surrounding secrecy received new impetus in the 1980s, when single and lesbian mothers gained access to AID, who told their children the truth because there were no men in their life to assume the paternal role. Yet the issue of anonymity only became questioned under the influence of child development studies relating to adoption and identity.

English

This study was conducted to determine the situation in Türkiye in terms of fathers looking after their children in public settings. For this purpose, natural observations of parents who came to playgrounds, movie theaters, stores, toy stores, and restaurants with their children aged 3–5 years were made in the study. Observational data were collected from 522 children and parents who came to the shopping mall with their children in Ankara, the capital of Türkiye. The study found that mothers looked after their children in public settings more than fathers did. However, fathers spending time with the child varied depending on whether it was the weekend or a weekday. Fathers look after their children more on weekends than on weekdays. In the study, it was determined that the gender of children was influential in parents looking after them and that fathers mainly looked after boys and mothers mainly looked after girls, but the children's age had no effect. These results are significant in that they show that fathers in Türkiye maintain their traditional understanding of looking after their children less while looking after their sons more than mothers; however, they are experiencing a shift toward the new paternal role during weekends.   Key words: Preschool, father-child, naturalistic observation, fathers, Türkiye.

Associations of Maternal and Paternal Parenting Practices With Children's Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity: Preliminary Findings From an Ecological Momentary Study.

BackgroundChildhood obesity prevention interventions routinely focus on changing maternal parenting practices. Failure to assess how fathers’ weight-related (ie, diet and physical activity) parenting practices contribute to children’s energy balance behaviors limits the understanding of their paternal role within the family. Examining the independent and interacting effects of fathers’ and mothers’ weight-related parenting practices on children’s diet and physical activity addresses this important research gap.ObjectiveThis study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the within-subject and between-subject independent and interactive effects of maternal and paternal encouragement to eat and preparation of fruits and vegetables (F/V) and encouragement of and taking their child to be physically active on their child’s self-reported F/V intake and physical activity engagement.MethodsParticipants included mother-father-child triads (n=22 triads, n=205-213 prompts/occasions) in the Mothers and Their Children’s Health Study and the University of Southern California Fathers Study. Simultaneously, mothers and fathers (agesmean 44.2 years, SD 5.6, and 45.2 years, SD 8.1, respectively), and their children (agemean 12.0 years, SD 0.7) completed up to 8 randomly prompted EMA surveys per day on separate smartphones for 7 days. At each prompt, mothers and fathers each reported whether they did the following in the past 2 hours: (1) encouraged their child to eat F/V, (2) prepared F/V for their child, (3) encouraged their child to be physically active, or (4) took their child to be physically active. Children self-reported whether they consumed F/V or were physically active in the past 2 hours.ResultsResults from Bayesian multilevel logistic models (all in log-odd units) indicated that at the within-subject level, greater maternal encouragement (β=2.28, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.68) of eating F/V was associated with greater child report of eating F/V, but paternal encouragement (β=1.50, 95% CI –0.83 to 4.52) showed no effects above and beyond maternal encouragement. Additionally, greater than usual paternal encouragement (β=2.28, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.54) and maternal encouragement (β=2.94, 95% CI 0.36 to 6.69) of physical activity had significant independent effects and were associated with greater child report of physical activity. No other within-subject or between-subject associations nor interactive effects were significant.ConclusionsFindings from this study suggest that fathers play a role in supporting their children’s physical activity but not their intake of F/V. Future EMA studies should recruit larger samples to evaluate the independent and interacting roles of mothers’ and fathers’ weight-related parenting practices on child’s obesogenic behaviors.