Patented Research Articles

Pharmaceutical patents: Cathartic or inhibiting

AbstractThe debate between patent rights of pharmaceutical firms and the rights of the poor to equal access to health is an old one. The basic purpose of any patent system that grants a temporary monopoly to an innovator is to stimulate innovation and investment in the production of the newly innovated goods and services, which in turn gives supernormal profits to the innovator. However, the equity considerations dictate the spread of this knowledge in the public domain. The dilemma of the patent system is that, in encouraging R&D, it prevents the diffusion of innovation and consequently creates a non‐competitive situation. This paper examines the impact of patent protection on the number of patent filings by the pharmaceutical companies in India after it signed the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and the trend in research and development expenditure by domestic firms. It questions the basis of this intellectual property right, especially, when a substantial amount of basic research is often carried out in the universities and federal funding is provided at the basic research and development level. It further investigates the success of various flexibilities provided under TRIPS which the Indian Patent Act has used and can potentially use, in comparison to other developed countries, to provide easy access to the medicines. The paper concludes by exploring other options available during public health emergencies and otherwise.

Exploring SureChEMBL from a drug discovery perspective

In the pharmaceutical industry, the patent protection of drugs and medicines is accorded importance because of the high costs involved in the development of novel drugs. Over the years, researchers have analyzed patent documents to identify freedom-to-operate spaces for novel drug candidates. To assist this, several well-established public patent document data repositories have enabled automated methodologies for extracting information on therapeutic agents. In this study, we delve into one such publicly available patent database, SureChEMBL, which catalogues patent documents related to life sciences. Our exploration begins by identifying patent compounds across public chemical data resources, followed by pinpointing sections in patent documents where the chemical annotations were found. Next, we exhibit the potential of compounds to serve as drug candidates by evaluating their conformity to drug-likeness criteria. Lastly, we examine the drug development stage reported for these compounds to understand their clinical success. In summary, our investigation aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the patent compounds catalogued in SureChEMBL, assessing their relevance to pharmaceutical drug discovery.

To the 50th Anniversary of the European Patent Convention (1973–2023)

INTRODUCTION. This paper reflects historical overview of long-standing emergence of mechanisms of judicial protections of patent rights conferred by European patens which begun even in 1950-s and ended with start of operations of the Unified Patent Court in 2023. The paper demonstrates that the establishment of the similar mechanism within the Eurasian Patent Organization or Eurasian Economic Union may require different approaches because of possible centralization of industrial property protection under Eurasian Patent Organization.METHODS AND MATERIALS. The research materials for this paper are scientific works of foreign and Russian scientists and officials of the European Patent Office and the Eurasian Patent Office, legal acts of international and regional levels and drafts thereof. Methodological basis of this research are general and special scientific methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. This paper suggests periodization in emergence and evolution of dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents, reveals rationales for establishment of the unified patent judiciary in Europe and outlines directions for further research of prospects of creation of the similar mechanism in the Eurasian region. Some findings made in this article may facilitate the growth of such researches.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. European Union (EU) accumulated broad experience in establishment of the dispute resolution mechanisms for European patents. Due to uniqueness the Unified Patent Court is of great interest when researching prospect of improvements of the patent judiciary and quasi-judicial mechanisms under the Eurasian Patent Convention. However, trends of developments of the Eurasian Patent Organization and possible centralization of the regional protection of industrial property may testify that a Eurasian analogue of the Unified Patent Court would have a different institutional form.

Construction of Intellectual Property Literacy Education Mode in University Libraries

Abstract The importance and urgency of IPLE (intellectual property literacy education) are increasingly prominent. This paper aims to build an IPLE mode to provide support for the talent cultivation in university libraries facing opportunities and challenges in the service transformation period. The IPLE mode and content of the Regional Patent Information Centers (PIZ Regional Centers) in German universities and university libraries are studied through network research, literature research, and comparative analysis. Based on the practical experience, educational characteristics and advantages, this paper constructs an IPLE mode of university library that includes six modules. Building the IPLE mode of university libraries can provide reference for university libraries in the work of IPLE, and gradually form an IPLE system that meets the needs of users’ training, conforms to the university’s talent training objectives, and improves the development plan of the university libraries.

Opposing Firm-Level Responses to the China Shock: Output Competition versus Input Supply

We decompose the “China shock” into two components that induce different adjustments for firms exposed to Chinese exports: an output shock affecting firms selling goods that compete with similar imported Chinese goods, and an input supply shock affecting firms using inputs similar to the imported Chinese goods. Combining French accounting, customs, and patent information at the firm level, we show that the output shock is detrimental to firms’ sales, employment, and innovation. Moreover, this negative impact is concentrated in low-productivity firms. On the other hand, the impact of the input supply shock is reversed. (JEL D22, D24, F14, J23, L25, O31, O34)

Divisional patents: a system prone to abuse

Abstract Divisional patents are derivatives to an already active patent or pending application used to separate part of the parent-patent’s subject-matter and create a new autonomous patent. They are extensively used in the pharmaceuticals sector to protect blockbuster medicines with multiple overarching patent rights, thus creating complex patent portfolios. These strategies have attracted the attention of competition enforcers and judicial bodies as potential abuses of dominant position because they aim to prevent and delay generic market entry for the patent holder to maintain their monopolistic prices. However, scrutinizing these strategies has proven challenging because the current rules are prone to exploitation, there is no unified approach to evaluating them, and the core of the issue is the much-debated interplay between IP and competition law. It will be shown that European case law varies across jurisdictions, with none of the current solutions fully addressing the issues. In the search for a functional, effective system, it is essential to understand the rationale behind patent rights, the unique features of the pharmaceuticals sector, and the arguments for and against the use of competition law to scrutinize patent strategies. On this basis, the article proposes a system which combines competition law enforcement with patent law amendments.

Problems and strategies to maintain the existence of domestic registered patents in Indonesia to promote the economic growth

AbstractThe number of acquisitions of Indonesian domestic patents is still low, while Article 130 letter d of Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents regulates the abolition of patents due to the patent holder not fulfilling the obligation to pay the annual fee. This provision causes the loss of registered patent rights that have been hard to obtain, while the legal protection is still long, and there is still potential for commercialization value. It is feared that this will become one of the obstacles in the effort to increase the acquisition of domestic patents which in the end will also hamper Indonesia's economic growth. This article seeks to formulate the problems and strategies in maintaining the existence of domestically registered patents to be able to provide adequate protection for the exclusive rights of inventors while at the same time being able to support national economic growth.

Intellectual property law protection for energy-efficient innovation in Saudi Arabia

Laws and policies are important instruments to protect and promote innovation. Intellectual property laws like copyright, patent, and confidential commercial information law facilitate can increase business outputs, economic growth, and green production standards. The objective of the article is to analyze copyright, patent, and confidential commercial information laws in Saudi Arabia to see the availability of these laws in encouraging and protecting energy-efficient innovation while contributing to achieving sustainable development. Content analysis, doctrinal research method, and comparative legal analysis were used to achieve the research objective. The research findings demonstrate that the three selected legislation could be extended to protect energy-efficient innovation in Saudi Arabia though there is a need to amend some of the provisions of the existing laws. However, creating public awareness of the availability of laws and proper implementation of the laws are necessary to protect energy-efficient innovation. The article proposes recommendations to the policymakers about the need for further improvement of the law and its enforcement. The findings of this research could fill the gap in the literature on the assessment of intellectual property law to protect energy-efficient innovation in Saudi Arabia.

Multi cascaded transformer network and hybrid heuristic-aided optimal bi-clustering mechanism for patent retrieval system using query expansion

To enhance the reliability of the document retrieval system, the most efficient techniques such as Query Expansion (QE) are utilized. It has offered more adequate queries for the user when assimilated over original or initial queries by adding up one or more expansion keywords. Moreover, these techniques are more effective to enhance the performance of document retrieval and return the unnecessary information. In recent times, searching the suitable documents in the huge datasets is tiresome work. Generally, the automatic QE is used to address the refining query. A typical technique for QE has included the extracted close expression and the related documents clustering by utilizing the clusters. However, classical clustering poses some issues to QE. Hence, a novel optimized bi-clustering mechanism is proposed in this paper for patent retrieval by QE. The ultimate aim of this implemented model is to retrieve the patent information by expanding the request query. Initially, the patent-related data is collected from standard data sources in terms of abstract and text. It is then given to the text pre-processing stage. Consequently, the pre-processed text or word is converted into vector formation by using the Multi-cascade Transformer Network (MTN). Finally, the retrieval process is done by proposing the Optimal Bi-Clustering (OptBi-C) process, in which the parameters are optimally determined by a hybrid algorithm of Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA) and Lion Algorithm (LA) termed as Iteration-based Reptile Search and Lion Algorithm (IRSLA). Thus, the performance of the model is examined with certain metrics and compared with traditional techniques. The precision of the implemented patent retrieval system using the QE model is maximized by 8.82% of DHOA-OptBi-C, 7.35% of HHO-OptBi-C, 10.29% of RSA-OptBi-C, and 7.35% of LA-OptBi-C respectively when the number of retrieved data is 10. Moreover, the recall of the designed patent retrieval system using the QE model is enhanced by 21.83% of KNN, 24.13% of CNN, 19.54% of FUZZY, and 11.49% of Bi-clustering respectively when the number of retrieved data is 6. Thus, the findings demonstrate that the system improves the retrieval performance.

A data set of Japanese corporates’ green transformation technologies patents

Abstract* In 2020, the Government of Japan declared 2050 “carbon neutral” and launched a long-term strategy to create a “virtuous cycle of economy and environment.” Japanese corporations possess many technologies that contribute to decarbonization, which is important for expanding investments in green transformation technology inventory (GXTI) development. Patent data are the most reliable measure of business performance for applied research and development activities when investigating knowledge domains or technological evolution. Our paper describes a Japanese patent dataset of Japanese corporations’ green transformation (GX) patent applications on the Japan Platform for Patent Information, using a search method of bombinating International Patent Classification (IPC) codes and keywords. The dataset contains 37,476 GX patent applications from 298 corporations during the period 1999–2022.

Characteristics of the existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates

Carotenes, which simultaneously have the properties of natural dyes and biologically active substances that have a positive effect on human health and life expectancy, are becoming increasingly widespread in the food, pharmacological and cosmetic industries. This necessitates an increase in the production of carotenes on an industrial scale. For use in food technologies, an encapsulated form of carotenes is recommended, which requires their high purity. The purpose of this study is to analyze domestic and foreign scientific, technical and patent information on existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates to determine the direction of research for the development of technology for the production of carotenes, in particular lycopene, ensuring the production of high purity lycopene from carotenoid concentrates, as well as increasing release of lycopene. The issues of using chromatographic methods for isolating lycopene, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the use of non-polar and low-polar organic solvents for isolating lycopene from carotenoid concentrate are considered. The promising direction of research on the use of adsorption resins in the isolation of lycopene from carotenoid concentrates is noted.It has been concluded that the currently existing methods for obtaining carotenes from carotenoid concentrates, in particular lycopene, are quite technically complex and time-consuming. Some of the mallow the production of high purity lycopene, but the yield of lycopene is so low that their industrial scaling seems impractical. Taking this into account, research is being updated in the field of developing a technology for producing lycopene from a carotenoid concentrate, providing a high yield of high purity lycopene, with the possibility of its implementation on an industrial scale.

Characteristics and outcomes of the drug patent linkage system in China

BackgroundOn July 4, 2021, China officially introduced the drug patent linkage system, which has made more localized adjustments than have similar systems in the US and South Korea. This study describes the characteristics and outcomes of China’s patent linkage system.MethodsFor this study, we used the database of China’s patent information registration platform for marketed drugs to capture all listed patents and patent certifications from June 25, 2021, to June 30, 2023. We used descriptive statistics for the above data to assess the impact of patent linkage on branded drug manufacturers, generic drug manufacturers, and the public’s access to medicines.ResultsDuring the study period, the patents of 632 branded drugs were listed, and 5058 ANDAs submitted patent certifications to the Registration Platform. Of these 632 branded drugs, 462 (73.1%) drugs were approved before the year of patent registration, and the average number of listed patents per drug was 1.8, with a standard deviation of 1.4. However, of these 5058 ANDAs, P1 certifications accounted for 85.1%, and P3 and P4 certifications accounted for 16% combined. In addition, according to the detailed statistics of P2 certifications, we found that the proportion of patent invalidation cases was 46.4%. The remaining validity of the patents corresponding to P3 certifications was longer, with a median value of 17 months, and the IQR was 10-30.75, ranging from − 2 to 204 months.ConclusionsChina’s patent linkage aims to promote the balance of multiple interests —innovation, imitation and public health—and has its own system characteristics. Patent listing and patent certification are the key indicators reflecting the implementation effect of the system. From the perspective of system outcomes, ANDAs have been connected to the patent linkage system in an orderly manner, but the growth of patent challenges is not obvious. Moreover, manufacturers of foreign branded drugs that have not yet entered the Chinese market need to pay more attention to the role of patent listing.

The use of natural extracts with photoprotective activity: a 2015-2023 patent prospection.

Synthetic sunscreen offers protection against excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, and protects the skin from possible damage. However, they have low efficacy against the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive molecules that can be generated in the skin when it is exposed to UV radiation, and are known to play a role in oxidative stress, which can contribute to skin aging and damage. Thus, there is an ongoing search for sunscreens that do not have these negative effects. One promising source for these is natural products. Therefore, the current patent review summarizes topical formulations made from natural compounds that have antioxidant properties and can be used as photoprotective or anti-aging agents, either using a single natural extract or a combination of extracts. The review reports basic patent information (applicant country, type of applicant, and year of filing) and gives details about the invention, including its chemical composition, and the in vitro and in vivo tests performed. These patents describe natural products that can be used to protect the skin and validate their efficacy, and safety, in addition to standardizing their formulations. The compositions described illustrate the consistent innovation in the use of natural products to protect against UV damage and photoaging disorders, a promising field which is receiving growing global recognition.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Unemployment and Future Work

The rapid development of artificial intelligence should also affect the world market. Unemployment is ex- pected to increase as artificial intelligence can perform tasks performed by humans in many different sectors. The eight- year study (2010-2017) investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on unemployment in 26 developed and devel- oping countries. More precisely, this study uses data analysis techniques to investigate how the use of artificial intelligence technology affects unemployment in 26 different sectors. The results of a data study compiling World Bank and OECD data show a positive relationship between advances in artificial intelligence and unemployment. The advancement of artificial intelligence is determined by patent information. Due to the differences in artificial intelligence development between the countries studied, artificial intelligence development has been shown to have a positive impact on the unemployment rate in the studied countries. Additionally, compared to younger workers, older workers with higher education may have less impact on employment due to improved skills. Finally, re- search and development (R&D) spending varies widely across countries, making it difficult to aggregate. Therefore, this study does not show the relationship between the share of R&D expenditures in GDP and how artificial intelligence affects unemployment. One of the most talked about topics in the public today is intelligence. Many people associate this with changes in the economy, especially changes in the economy that are generally expected to cause high unemployment. As artificial intelligence becomes more widespread, the public tends to predict which professions will become obsolete and eventually disappear. The healthcare sector is one of the most challenged sectors outside of production due to various medi- cal treatment studies. There are other scientists who disagree with this bad proposition. They argue that the emergence of artificial intelligence will create new jobs, just like all previous economic revolutions. Keywords-- Artificial Intelligence, Unemployment, Future Work, Impact, Automation, Job Displacement, Skills Gap, Job Creation, Manufacturing, Retail, Healthcare, Reskilling, Upskilling, Policy, Regulation, Mitigation Strategies, Labor Market, Education, Training, and Economic Impact.

On the Establishment of Patent Infringement Offense: A Perspective on the Expansion of Patent Rights

The advancement of science and technology has spurned an expansion in patent entitlements, particularly evident in the extension of the object, content, and term of these rights. Currently, the world's criminal legislation is in the trend of criminalization, the expansion of patent rights further promotes the criminalization of patent protection and is embodied in the change process of the patent legal system. To comply with the trend of criminalization of patent protection, it is necessary to establish the offense of patent infringement. This is not only an effective way for criminal law to play its role as the ultimate safeguard, but also an important system for encouraging market competition and promoting economic development.

The advances and opportunities of developing solid-state battery technology: Based on the patent Information Relation Matrix

There is a long way for solid-state batteries from the laboratory to large-scale application and commercialization. To overcome a series of challenges, researchers and innovators seek to further understand the processing-structure-properties relationships of solid-state batteries. However, less literature explores the advances and opportunities in solid-state battery technology based on patent analysis. The paper adopts the technology of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze patent documents and reveal the advances and opportunities for developing solid-state battery technology by constructing the patent Information Relation Matrix (IRM). This paper finds innovation activities in developing solid-state batteries have been increasingly active in recent decades, but are uneven across organizations. The electrolyte is a priority area of technology development, and the advances in developing solid-state batteries are perfecting conductivity, reducing interfacial resistance, and improving density and stability. By contrast, the opportunities are to reduce cost, prevent short circuits, and prolong the life cycle. The paper perfects the extant method of constructing IRM and gives insight into the advances and opportunities for developing solid-state batteries. Our findings can help innovators better understand advances in solid-state batteries or opportunities for developing solid-state batteries, from a global perspective.

The business potential of Trigona Peunawa Samudra honey in the form of simple patent rights as an effort to develop university economic independence

The business potential of Trigona Peunawa Samudra honey in the form of simple patent rights as an effort to develop university economic independence

Decoding Patent Procedures: International Protocols and Innovation Protection in Georgia

This investigation explores the complex processes of obtaining patent rights, concentrating on Georgia’s changing environment and compliance with global accords. A significant turning point in the country’s dedication to preserving intellectual breakthroughs has been reached with the founding of the National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia, or “Sakpatenti”. From the difficulties faced by its forerunner, “Patentcenter”, to the extensive patent statute, Georgia’s path demonstrates its commitment to upholding international standards. The discourse adeptly navigates the difficulties in acquiring patent rights, highlighting the impact of the Paris Convention and the technical nuances delineated in the Patent Cooperation Agreement. Examining Georgian innovators’ ability to seek patent rights through an international application—thereby expediting cross-border processes—is an important component. The connection between patent systems globally is evident in the global procedure’s ability to facilitate the protection of inventions. In conclusion, the procedures outlined grant exclusive rights and ensure the balance between innovators’ rights and public knowledge dissemination. Georgia’s harmonization with international norms underscores its commitment to fostering innovation and contributing to the global knowledge economy. The exploration of patent procedures reflects the dynamic nature of intellectual property systems in the face of technological advancements and international cooperation.

Analysis of Domestic Research, Patents, Utility Models, and Design Rights Related to Urinary Incontinence Panty

Analysis of Domestic Research, Patents, Utility Models, and Design Rights Related to Urinary Incontinence Panty

Analysis of Novelty Elements as a Requirement for Patent Registration in Law Number 13 of 2016 Concerning Patents

This study delves into the elements of patent rights and dispute resolution strategies in cases of patent infringement. The background of the research stems from the necessity to understand the legal framework surrounding patent protection and the mechanisms available for resolving disputes in the event of infringement. The primary objective is to identify the crucial components of patent rights and the various methods employed to address disputes arising from alleged patent violations. Employing a normative legal research approach, with both conceptual and statutory analyses, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject matter. The findings underscore the significance of novelty as a fundamental criterion for patent acceptance, as defined by Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents. Novelty, characterized by the absence of prior public disclosure, usage, or inclusion in existing knowledge standards, is essential for patent registration. The study reveals that patent disputes concerning novelty can be addressed through diverse legal avenues, including patent removal suits, trial proceedings, mediation, patent reexamination, out-of-court settlements, and appellate processes. Furthermore, alternative mechanisms such as arbitration offer additional pathways for resolving disputes. The implications of this research highlight the importance of adhering to novelty requirements during patent registration and understanding the array of dispute resolution mechanisms available to safeguard intellectual property rights.