Patent References Research Articles

Out of the Fire and into the Frying Pan - Hope for Patent Reference Service in a Non-Patent Depository Library

The Patent Depository Library (PDL) system is a valuable program which provides important patent collections and services at many locations across the country. Not all of those interested in patent information can travel to a PDL, and reference staff at other libraries often feel uneasy in dispensing patent information. The article suggests that many types of patent inquiries can be addressed with a small investment in time, materials, and training. Delineates four different levels of service, and discusses the means for deciding which is appropriate to a given library. Describes materials and staff training for each of the levels. Introduces advanced service options and discusses several patron types and their possible needs. Integrating a patent reference service component into an existing reference service provides a number of benefits: information to the community, better public relations for the library, and an opportunity for staff development.

An exploration of the science base of recent technology

This paper presents the results of a first approach to study the science base of recent technological developments. Using the references in U.S. patents given to scientific literature (by patent examiners), we explore the possibility of identifying this science base. These “citation linkages” between science and technology are studied for two datasets: all 1985 U.S. patents (worldwide invented) in the fields of chemical technology and pharmaceuticals; and all Dutch (Netherlands)-invented U.S. patents for all fields of technology, for the period 1982–1985. With this latter dataset, we focus on differences in science-base characteristics between two major technological fields: chemical technology and electrical/electronics technology. After the analysis of some basic characteristics of the cited scientific literature, first approaches to the development of several types of science-base indicators are presented. The problem of calculation of the activity index for small to medium-sized countries is signalled and a remedy is proposed and applied. With help of age distributions of patent references to scientific literature and the number of these references per patent, interesting differences between countries have been found. Comparison of the Netherlands and other countries reveals some first indications of the position of the Netherlands in recent chemical technology. We also investigated the distribution of references to journals for different product groups. References are widely spread among journals. No clear field- or product-specific clusters of journals have been identified, although some journals show “core-like” properties. Furthermore, the distribution of the number of references per patent is found to be highly skewed. We conclude that the analysis of examiner-given references has yielded interesting results, but that the analysis of inventor-given references is a necessary further step in the study of the science base of technological developments.

Comments on the Status and Future of Interfacial Polycondensation

Abstract Interfacial polycondensation came into prominence in the 1950′s with the work of Schnell on polycarbonates, Conix on polyesters, and Wittbecker, Morgan and co-workers on polyurethanes, polyamides and other polymer classes. There were a few earlier patent references. The method has several variations and is a highly effective procedure for the rapid preparation of many polymers on a small scale. It is particularly appropriate for polymers which are thermally unstable or unmeltable, for use with volatile or unstable intermediates and for polymers with reactive functional groups. Literally thousands of polymers have been made by this process. There are a number of short-comings to the process, most of which can be overcome by adjustment of the polymerization conditions. Polycarbonates and aromatic polyamides are reported to be prepared commercially by stirred interfacial processes. Another application is the encapsulation of pesticides, inks, and other materials. As to the future, the processes are ...

Writing an invention disclosure

Several kinds of written invention disclosure are described and a checklist of their contents (e.g., date of conception, functional description, drawing) is developed. The patentability search disclosure is discussed in particular. In general, disclosures should provide a concise description of the invention, identifying its field of technology, describing its major parts, and telling how it works; state what the inventor believes to be the novel feature and why it is an improvement; clearly label significant parts in an uncluttered drawing; and provide patent or other references to similar or related inventions. Disclosures should not ignore principles or good technical writing; encompass more than one invention or include extraneous material.

Encyclopaedia of Antibiotics.

PrefaceThe second edition has been expanded to include over 400 new antiIiotics which have been discovered since publication of the first edition. As in the previous edition, formulas, structures, melting points, origin, methods of purification and preparation, and patent references are given for the antibiotics. Toxicity and activity are indicated for many of the antibiotics. This book would be a valuable reference source for scientists and students working with antibiotics. In addition the structures of several of the antibiotics previously described have been elucidated and others have been revised in the light of further examination. The author also wishes to thank those research chemists and medical consultants who have provided him with additional data on the antibiotic activity of several important members of this class of compounds, particularly on their present use in human medicine.

Chemical Abstracts as a Patent Reference Tool

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical Abstracts as a Patent Reference ToolJohn T. MaynardCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1977, 17, 3, 136–139Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1977https://doi.org/10.1021/ci60011a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views223Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (538 KB) Get e-Alerts

Chemicals Used as Spin-Finishes for Man-Made Fibers

The necessity and difficulty of developing an ideal formulation of a chemical coating for optimum man-made fiber processing on textile equipment under varying conditions is stressed. In the absence of such a coating, the fiber has little economic value. The phrase "spin-finish" is defined. The various compounds chiefly used are listed by chemical classes under luhricants without surface activity, external antistatic agents for surface of fiters, and emulsifiers having lubricating function. The necessary properties of components and blends are discussed. Patents covering spin-finishes are reviewed for the years following the introduction of the first man-made fiber nylon in 1938. Reference is made to concepts found in new patents for internal antistatic agents and for new fibers. Suggestions for synthesis of new compounds with enhanced properties are made. The bibliography covers 80 patent and literature references.

Antioxidants and Antiozonants for General Purpose Elastomers

Abstract The purpose of this article is to review the developments in antioxidants for rubber over the past 25 years since the publication of Davis and Blake's “Chemistry and Technology of Rubber”. The intent is to provide a guide for rational use and further development. Accordingly, the organization of the material is as follows: a) Outline of the mechanism of oxidative attack and antioxidant action. b) Critical review of methods of evaluation. c) Survey of antioxidants in the literature. Numerous reviews of antioxidants in one or more aspects have been published. These have been duplicated only so far as necessary to form a complete outline. Patent references are included only when the specification cites experimental data in support of the claims of antioxidant action. Usage divides rubber antioxidants into four categories: 1) Polymer stabilizers, which are added in the polymerization plant to repress the action of oxygen during drying and storage of the uncured rubber. 2) Antioxidants, which are added in compounding to prolong the useful life of the vulcanizate by retarding the oxidative changes that occur over a long period of service. 3) Flex-crack inhibitors, antioxidants which retard crack initiation or crack growth under conditions of cyclic deformation. 4) Antiozonants, substances which by chemical action (or by a combination of physical and chemical processes) delay the onset or growth of cracks resulting from ozone attack. (This definition is written to exclude waxes, which protect from ozone by forming a chemically nonreactive surface film.) There is a closer fundamental connection between polymer stabilizers and vulcanizate antioxidants than among other classes. The discussion of mechanisms of oxidation and antioxidant action will introduce the first two. Evaluation of the two classes of materials are operationally different and will be discussed separately. The present discussion is limited to “general purpose” elastomers of the present time; namely, NR, IR, SBR and BR.