Patented Research Articles

Awareness and needs for intellectual property education among health-related department university students

Objectives: This study aimed to measure the awareness and needs for intellectual property (IP) education among university students majoring in health-related fields to inform the development of future IP education curricula. Methods: The study was conducted through an online survey from January 5 to 26, 2024, targeting students from the health-related departments (Department of Physical Therapy, Health Administration, Clinical Laboratory Science, and Dental Hygiene) at Dankook University located in Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do. Results: A total of 151 students participated in the survey. Among the respondents, 84.8% were women, and the largest groups of respondents were from the Health Administration and Dental Hygiene departments, each accounting for 32.5%. Only 13.9% of the respondents had taken courses related to IP, and 22.5% had related activity experience. The overall average importance score of IP education was 3.88 (±0.80), and the overall average need score was 3.78 (±0.80). An Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) Matrix analysis revealed that 13 topics fell into the first quadrant (high importance, high need), one topic into the second quadrant (low importance, high need), 18 topics into the third quadrant (low importance, low need), and four topics into the fourth quadrant (high importance, low need). The educational topics identified as first quadrant include ‘Securing patent rights’, ‘Requirements for patent registration’, ‘Effects and contents of patent rights’, ‘Patent infringement and remedies’, and ‘Effects and contents of copyrights’. Conclusions: Future IP education programs should develop innovative educational content and methods that consider both the importance and needs to increase students’ interest and engagement.

What Influences Users’ Continuous Intention to Use Function-Oriented Systems: A Different Impact Mechanism for Patent Information Platforms

Patent information platforms have become crucial for innovators to stay informed about technological advancements. These platforms, distinguished by their function-oriented nature, differ significantly from traditional systems, highlighting the need for research on user behavior impact. This study proposes a research model to investigate how information, system, and interface quality influence continuous use intention, with perceived pleasure and needs satisfaction as mediators. A survey with 468 users was conducted, followed by regression and structural equation modeling for path and mediation analyses. The findings indicate that information and system quality have positive but distinct impacts on perceived pleasure and needs satisfaction, while interface quality affects only perceived pleasure. Needs satisfaction mediates the impact of information and system quality on continuous use intention, whereas perceived pleasure does not. This study introduces a function-oriented scenario into information systems research and identifies the unique impact paths of information and system quality. For these function-oriented platforms, the influence of interface quality on needs satisfaction or perceived pleasure on continuous use intention is insignificant, establishing a new context relevant to pragmatism and push–pull–mooring theories. Practical insights are provided for managers to improve system efficiency and enhance user loyalty.

Emerging Trends, Multifaceted Implications, Patent Information and Clinical Trial Status of Nanovesicular Carriers: A Concurrent Review

Abstract: The use of nano vesicular carriers has captured widespread attention from researchers across different disciplines. These nanovesicles are readily available, biocompatible, versatile, and stable, making them an appealing area of study. This review delves into an analysis of various trending nanovesicles such as aquasome, bilosome, cerosome, cubosome, enzymosome, ethosome, exosome, glycerosome, herbosome, hexosome, hyalurosome, invasome, liposome, marinosome, niosome, novasome, pharmacosome, phytosome, polymerosome, proniosome, sphingosome, spongosome, terpesome, ufasome, and virosome, and explores their applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and other industries. Additionally, it discusses patents, clinical trials, advantages and disadvantages of different nanovesicles, shedding light on how different ingredients affect the physicochemical characteristics of these nanovesicles. The review also emphasizes the manifold implications of nanovesicles, particularly in the context of chemotherapy and specific drug targeting.

Nanosponges for Poorly Water-soluble Drugs: Recent Advancements, Patents, and Future Prospective

Nanosponges (NS) have emerged as a groundbreaking solution to a myriad of formulation-related challenges in drug delivery. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding for scientists engaged in nanotechnology by exploring the preparation, characterization, and diverse applications of NS. Additionally, we delve into patent information, shedding light on innovative approaches and intellectual property landscapes surrounding Nanosponges technology. The evolution of Nanosponges marks a significant advancement in overcoming formulation obstacles. Resembling small sponges at the scale of viruses, these carriers can be loaded with a wide array of pharmaceuticals. Navigating through the bloodstream, they precisely target specific areas within the body, adhering to surfaces and initiating controlled and predictable drug release. The localized delivery capability of Nanosponges enhances the effectiveness of medications, as they concentrate at designated sites, optimizing therapeutic outcomes. A pivotal characteristic of Nanosponges is their liquid solubility, enabling efficient utilization for drugs with low solubility. The fluidic nature of these systems contributes to their versatility and applicability in addressing challenges associated with poorly soluble medications. Through an exploration of patents, this review offers insights into the intellectual property landscape, revealing innovative strategies, applications, and future directions of Nanosponges in drug delivery. In summary, this comprehensive review amalgamates current scientific knowledge with patent-related information, providing a holistic perspective on Nanosponges. This review becomes a helpful resource for researchers in the dynamic field of nanotechnology and drug delivery by illuminating formulation methodologies, evaluating patent landscapes, and forecasting future developments.

XAI in geographic analysis of innovation: Evaluating proximity factors in the innovation networks of Chinese technology companies through web-based data

This research explores the nonlinear interactions among multidimensional proximities, including geographical, cognitive, organizational, institutional, social, and technological aspects, and their impact on innovation within networks of over three million technology firms in China. Utilizing an innovative combination of web-based hyperlink and textual data analysis, supplemented by patent information, we delve into how these proximity dimensions influence corporate innovation capabilities. Our methodology integrates text-based deep learning techniques and employs the XGBoost model along with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm and partial dependence plots to uncover the nuanced effects of proximity on innovation. The findings reveal that while geographical distance often correlates with larger cognitive and organizational proximities, underdeveloped regions exhibit stronger technological, institutional, and social proximities compared to their developed counterparts. The study further identifies social structure and technological differences as pivotal factors impacting collaborative innovation, with both positive and negative effects fluctuating alongside changes in proximity dimensions. Notably, we uncover that geographical proximity has a pronounced boundary effect on innovation, highlighting the critical role of spatial considerations in the digital age of innovation networks. This research contributes to the understanding of urban innovation dynamics and offers valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to foster innovation ecosystems.

Combining Semantic and Structural Features for Reasoning on Patent Knowledge Graphs

To address the limitations in capturing complex semantic features between entities and the incomplete acquisition of entity and relationship information by existing patent knowledge graph reasoning algorithms, we propose a reasoning method that integrates semantic and structural features for patent knowledge graphs, denoted as SS-DSA. Initially, to facilitate the model representation of patent information, a directed graph representation model based on the patent knowledge graph is designed. Subsequently, structural information within the knowledge graph is mined using inductive learning, which is combined with the learning of graph structural features. Finally, an attention mechanism is employed to integrate the scoring results, enhancing the accuracy of reasoning outcomes such as patent classification, latent inter-entity relationships, and new knowledge inference. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm achieves an up to approximately 30% increase in the MRR index compared to the ComplEx model in the public Dataset 1; in Dataset 2, the MRR and Hits@n indexes, respectively, saw maximal improvements of nearly 30% and 112% when compared with MLMLM and ComplEx models; in Dataset 3, the MRR and Hits@n indexes realized maximal enhancements of nearly 200% and 40% in comparison with the MLMLM model. This effectively proves the efficacy of the refined model in the reasoning process. Compared to recently widely applied reasoning algorithms, it offers a superior capability in addressing complex structures within the datasets and accomplishing the completion of existing patent knowledge graphs.

Digital Economy and Its Impact on Sustainable Business Practices: An Analytical Study in the Chinese Context

This research investigates integrating the digital economy with sustainable business practices in China, focusing on the dynamic nature of digital technology adoption and environmental sustainability within Chinese enterprises. The study aims to recommend effective strategies for enhancing sustainable innovation through digitalization, providing guidance for policymakers, corporate leaders, and managers. By selecting a sample of firms from 2008 to 2022, including data from companies listed on the stock exchange and detailed patent information, the study employs zero-inflated negative binomial regression to address the peculiarities of patent counts accurately. This method avoids the assumptions of linearity of dependent variables and normality of residuals common in many empirical innovation studies. The research confirms a positive relationship between digital adoption and green patents. Notably, there is a significant reduction in environmental outputs from firms operating in China’s 'Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone,' supporting the argument that policies promoting green innovation are effective. Additionally, the study identifies several key factors influencing the successful implementation of digital technologies and sustainability, including firm size, industry nature, and regional economic characteristics. These findings are crucial for policymakers and managers, emphasizing the importance of digitalization in achieving sustainability goals.

Study of Selected Patents on the Manufacture of Activated Carbon as Electrodes in Power Storage Devices

Abstract.: The field of activated carbon has attracted many researchers. Our study of selected patents on the mentioned subject reveals an interesting fact, such as including the pore characteristics of the electrode material in the claims of a patent specification. The parameters, such as power density, energy density, capacitance and charge-recharge cycles, are mentioned for the various embodiments in the patent specification. The technolegal aspects of patenting in this field are concerned with the source of the carbon, the active material with which it is composited or activated, the process of treatment, which includes time, temperature and method, the resulting energy storage device, and the process of making such a device.

Noël Danycan “Across the World”

During the first years of France’s direct trade to the South Pacific, the enticement of the Pacific trade's riches caused constant alliances and disputes between French merchants. Their eagerness to profit from the abundant riches of Peru and China drove French merchants, financiers, bankers, and even royal authorities into constant conflict. On one side, there were the wealthy and seasoned merchants of Saint-Malo. On the other hand, Parisian bankers and financiers were backed by royal support. Into this mix emerged the figure of Noël Danycan. Danycan, a skilled and ambitious Saint-Malo sailor and businessman, acquired alliances with Parisian investors. These bankers from the capital helped him secure the desired trading monopoly off the coast of Peru. However, Danycan’s ambition went even further. He pushed his Parisian contacts to obtain royal privileges to trade in China, which could allow Danycan to monopolize the Pacific trade into his private system. However, the conflict between other Saint-Malo merchants and Parisian royal authorities ultimately shattered his project. This article analyzes the initial five years of French direct trade in Peru, focusing on the trading companies owned by Noël Danycan and his inability to preserve his monopoly of the South Pacific trade. I argue that his plans to establish a commercial network across the Pacific were met with constant disputes from his French rivals, ultimately hampering his project.

Influence of Intellectual Property Laws on Innovation in the Technology Sector in South Korea

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze influence of intellectual property laws on innovation in the technology Sector in South Korea Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Intellectual Property Laws have played a crucial role in fostering innovation within South Korea's technology sector. The strategic implementation of patent rights and utility models has been instrumental in the country's rapid technological advancement since the mid-1980s. This legal framework has not only protected but also incentivized the creation of new technologies, propelling South Korea to become a global leader in innovation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Schumpeterian innovation theory, resource-based view (RBV) of the firm & institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on intellectual property laws on innovation in the technology Sector. Technology firms should adopt proactive strategies to navigate the intellectual property landscape effectively and leverage legal frameworks to foster innovation. Policymakers should prioritize the development of robust intellectual property regimes that balance incentives for innovation with the promotion of competition and access to knowledge.

The impact of institutional proximity on digital technology innovation linkages: empirical evidence on the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area of China

ABSTRACT Promoting digital technology innovation connections is crucial to establishing an international science, technology, and innovation hub in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and institutional disparities influence the clustering and flow of digital technology as an innovation factor. Promoting digital technology links and cooperation across cities is a practical strategy to improve the region's innovation efficiency and capacity. However, detailed research on the flow of innovation determinants such as digital technology and there is no evidence of the influence of institutional proximity on digital technology innovation connections. Based on the patent transfer data of the National Key Industry Patent Information Service Platform from 2010 to 2021, this paper constructs a new institutional proximity indicator applicable to the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and other cross-system regions, applies a spatial econometric model to investigate direct and spatial spillover effects of institutional proximity on the digital technological innovation linkages. It is proved that institutional proximity has significant positive direct and spatial spillover effects on digital technological innovation linkages. The study has significant theoretical and practical implications for increasing the association and collaboration of digital technology and other innovation elements across institutional boundaries.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMANFAATAN SYSTEM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2014

Artificial Intelligence (AI) with its increasingly complex development currently seems to increase complications, especially when it comes to violations of the law, especially regarding copyright of works created by AI systems or. So that the clarity of the legal responsibility for problems or conflicts that then arise needs to be clarified in the eyes of the law. This study is a qualitative study with a normative legal approach, and the data analysis method used is qualitative juridical. The results of the study show that based on the laws and regulations in Indonesia, namely Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and Law No. 12 of 2016 concerning Patents, it states that creators and copyright holders as well as inventors and patent holders are one or several people, meaning that those who have the right to hold copyright and patent rights are humans as legal subjects (persons or legal entities). Then because AI is a system, AI is not included in the legal subject but AI is a human-made product and functions as a tool to create a work. However, formulating clear and fair policies and regulations regarding civil rights and legal responsibility for the results of AI creations needs to be done by the government. Legal certainty in this case will encourage the development of responsible AI technology and provide adequate protection for all parties involved. Then AI is known as an electronic system and electronic agent that operates based on human commands. Therefore, if an unlawful act or action occurs, then the legal responsibility is borne by the creator and user of AI who gives the commands and parameters.

Open Innovation or Traditional Patenting Strategies to Efficiently Address Health Emergencies? How Patent Information Was Used Towards Effective Treatments for COVID-19.

During the 1150 days of COVID-19 pandemic there were great efforts to develop efficient treatments for the disease. After this long time, some drugs emerged as treatment for COVID-19. Some of them are new drugs, most of them, known drugs. These developments were triggered by information already available in patent documents. Pharmaceutical companies, therefore, rushed to conduct drugs evaluations and trials in order to deliver to the world a reasonable treatment that could reach the majority of its population. However, it is not immediately clear how companies operated to reach their goals. The ability of open innovation to achieve results assertively and faster than closed innovation strategies is questioned and therefore, it is questioned whether pharmaceutical companies use open innovation to face COVID-19. In this work, data available on patent databases were mined to inform about the scientific and technological panorama of selected drugs tested for COVID-19 treatment and to understand the perspectives of such developments during the pandemic. This study evidenced that most treatments were based on known drugs, that some of the initially promising drugs were abandoned during the pandemic, and that it was able to inform if open innovation and collaborations were explored strategies. This study evidenced that the developments during COVID-19 were not based on open innovation by revealing a patent race towards the treatment development, but with practically no collaborations or information exchange between companies, universities, and research facilities.

Legal Regulation of Cross-Border Relations in E-commerce in the context of Parallel Imports

The sale of goods on marketplaces, including foreign trade activities, is actively spreading in the modern world and provokes competition with classical (offline) trade. Marketplaces, as electronic trading platforms in a broader sense, are often interested in implementing new, stable approaches to the sale of goods, including cross-border foreign trade activities, in order to offer online buyers a wide range of goods at competitive prices. Parallel import is one of the strategies used by sellers and business owners on marketplaces to achieve this goal. Since foreign trade using parallel import tools involves, in fact, the resale on the domestic market of goods that are produced abroad and imported for sale in a particular State without the consent of the right-holder, as well as marked with the trademark of the right-holder or in which other results of intellectual activity are expressed (relevant from the point of view of the problem of exhaustion of exclusive rights, in particular, the objects of patent rights), cross-border opportunities of marketplaces seem to be the best place for the sale of goods imported by means of parallel imports. At the same time, the peculiarities of cross-border electronic commerce give rise to the latest challenges related to the proliferation of counterfeit products, violation of the intellectual rights of third parties, the requirements of the legislation of the country of sale on advertising, protection of competition, protection of consumer rights.

A lastest technology trends study on quantum computing using CPC-based patent information and Big Kinds analysis information

A lastest technology trends study on quantum computing using CPC-based patent information and Big Kinds analysis information

The Conflict Between Pharmaceutical Patent Right and Life Right and Its Resolution Mechanism: From the Perspective of Legal Philosophy

This paper explores the conflict between pharmaceutical patent rights and the right to life and its resolution mechanisms from the perspective of legal philosophy. It begins by discussing how the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to increased global demands for vaccines, temporary medical facilities, and public health controls, which in turn has sparked reflection on the relationship between pharmaceutical patents and the rights to life and health. The paper then analyzes several typical cases, including the Haiqing Ni counterfeit drug case, the Lu Yong case, and the Shanghai fake vaccine case, to illustrate the specific points of conflict between patent rights and the right to life. It also discusses the positive relationship between patent rights and the right to life, as well as the negative impact of the monopolistic nature of patent rights on the protection of the right to life. To resolve these conflicts, the paper proposes some existing measures, such as the application of the principle of proportionality and the compulsory licensing system, and suggests future possible measures, including the re-improvement of existing measures and the establishment of feasible new measures. In conclusion, while existing measures have alleviated the conflict to some extent, there are still difficulties and limitations in their implementation, necessitating further legislative and regulatory improvements.

Ensuring Intellectual Rights Protection in the context of Advanced Technologies Development

The paper is devoted to the issues related to the observance of the rights of authors and copyright holders in the creation and development of advanced technologies. The paper concludes that the use of objects of copyright and related rights, topologies of integrated circuits in the training of artificial intelligence technologies is an unnamed way of using the corresponding objects. It is established that the use of these objects in a similar way without the consent of the copyright holders should be recognized as a violation of exclusive rights. In addition, it is proved that the use of information about protected objects of patent law in the training of artificial intelligence algorithms is not a violation of patent rights from the point of view of current legislation. The conclusion is formulated about the need to consolidate mechanisms to ensure the rights of authors and copyright holders of results of intellectual work used in the creation and development of advanced technologies. Similar mechanisms are proposed by the author. It is proved that in the absence of such mechanisms as technology develops, a situation may arise when ensuring the rights of developers of advanced technologies will be carried out to the detriment of respect for the rights and legitimate interests of authors and copyright holders.

Commercialisation of Intellectual Property: A Comparative Analysis of Georgia and Estonia

Abstract Commercialisation of intellectual property (IP) constitutes a vital part of a state’s economy and signifi cantly contributes to the development and success of any innovative project. At the same time, commercialisation of IP is directly linked to the adopted legislation on patent rights as it regulates the protection and exploitation of IP. This article seeks to compare the IP commercialisation frameworks in Georgia and Estonia and identify the challenges encountered in patent protection mechanisms in Georgia. Estonia and Georgia are both located in the Eastern European region and share similar legal systems and constitutions. By aligning its legislative framework with European Union standards and supporting universities and fostering a culture of innovation, Estonia sets a notable example in IP commercialisation. However, Georgia’s legislative framework still lacks certain elements that are crucial for developing IP commercialisation. The low number of registered patent applications in Georgia indicates the challenges and obstacles in this fi eld. The comparison of legal frameworks and practices in these countries can provide important insights into the challenges and solutions in IP commercialisation. The article examines how inefficient legislative framework leads to inconsistent patent protection mechanisms in Georgia, creating barriers in IP commercialisation, while underlining Estonia’s success in innovation and the establishment of a progressive IP commercialisation landscape. The article also presents a set of recommendations for Georgia to align its framework with EU standards, initiating joining the European Patent Convention, strengthening IP enforcement, and promoting open IP policies in universities, following Estonia’s model.

Research progress on clinically effective single preparations of traditional Chinese medicine

The traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) single preparation refers to the innovative TCM made from the whole or the effective part(including the effective ingredient) extract of a TCM single herb by modern technology. They have a long history of applications, definite effects and few side effects. It is an indispensable part of the research of innovative TCM. In recent years, with the optimization of national policies, the development of TCM single preparation shows a positive trend. However, because of the imbalance in the composition ratio, the need for expansion of indications, the need for further basic research, and the low conversion rate of existing patent achievements in universities and institutes, the TCM single preparation still has significant development space. In this review, we analyze and study the current situation, characteristics and difficulties of TCM single preparation, as well as relevant clinical application, basic research, industrialization and patent application information through statistical analysis of TCM single preparations in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which helps to provide direction for the development and research of single preparation of TCM.

Navigating Intellectual Property Rights: Patentability and Market Exclusivity for Orphan Drugs in The Evolving Landscape

Intellectual property is an intangible property created with the endeavor of human intellect. This concept is formulated for the recognition and value for the inventions, creation of mind, literary or artistic work, designs, and traditional knowledge can be given recognition by providing Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual property is necessary for the progress and well-being of the humanity so that new inventions and creations, further innovations are encouraged. Patent gives exclusive rights for product and process whereby without the permission of the patent owner invention cannot be commercialized. Patent Law is developed as per the standards prescribed in the TRIPS agreement globally. Patent rights are also granted for drugs as pharmaceutical research is expensive and unpredictable. Pharmaceutical sector protects their inventions by product or process patent rights. Nowadays rare diseases or orphan’s diseases caused by genetic alterations have become a threat for human life. It has become a necessity to develop new drugs or orphan drugs to treat these rare disorders even though it is fewer in numbers. In US and EU once a drug receives the status of orphan is attained the protection is limited to 10 to 12 years of protection from commercialization. In such scenario the companies who have spent millions for their Research and Development will not be in a situation to take back the investment. High revenue or capital investment is hindering the development of orphan drugs. Orphan drug exclusivity with the patent protection will definitely help in encouraging more inventions for rare diseases thereby generating a world without disease. This paper surmises upon the importance of patent to orphan drugs and exclusivity to the manufactures which can be achieved only by appropriate policy decisions and regulatory framework.