Patchouli Research Articles

MOTIVASI PETANI DALAM BERUSAHA TANI NILAM DI DESA PUUNGGAPU KECAMATAN ANDOOLO KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The price of patchouli plants has fluctuated considerably from 2017 to 2022, but currently remains resilient at Rp.450,000/kg and is expected to continue increasing. This study aims to examine the types of motivation and the income of farmers who cultivate patchouli in Puunggapu Village. The population of this study includes all 20 patchouli farmers in Puunggapu Village. The study sample consisted of 20 farmers selected through the census method. Data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation with an interview guide. Descriptive analysis was employed to determine farmers' motivation for cultivating patchouli and to calculate their income level. The study revealed that farmers in Puunggapu Village were motivated to cultivate patchouli due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Extrinsic motivation was not mentioned in the original text. Intrinsic motivation was driven by the desire to increase income, fulfill life needs, gain experience in farming, and the ease of cultivating patchouli. Extrinsic motivations for planting patchouli in Puunggapu Village include the high price of patchouli oil, the prevalence of patchouli farming among local farmers, the low maintenance required for patchouli plants, and the availability of markets to sell the resulting patchouli oil. On average, farmers in the village earn IDR 8,455,000 per growing season (6 months) from patchouli farming.

Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Film Incorporated with ZnO and Patchouli Oil for Food Packaging

Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Film Incorporated with ZnO and Patchouli Oil for Food Packaging

Sustainable Pest Management Using Novel Nanoemulsions of Honeysuckle and Patchouli Essential Oils against the West Nile Virus Vector, Culex pipiens, under Laboratory and Field Conditions.

Essential oils are natural plant products that are very interesting, as they are important sources of biologically active compounds. They comprise eco-friendly alternatives to mosquito vector management, particularly essential oil nanoemulsion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of 16 selected essential oils (1500 ppm) in controlling mosquitoes by investigating their larvicidal effects against the larvae and adults of the West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae); the best oils were turned into nanoemulsions and evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. The results show that honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oils were more effective in killing larvae than the other oils (100% mortality) at 24 h post-treatment. The nanoemulsions of honeysuckle (LC50 = 88.30 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 93.05 ppm) showed significantly higher larvicidal activity compared with bulk honeysuckle (LC50 = 247.72 ppm) and patchouli (LC50 = 276.29 ppm) oils. L. caprifolium and P. cablin (100% mortality), followed by Narcissus tazetta (97.78%), Rosmarinus officinalis (95.56%), and Lavandula angustifolia (95.55%), were highly effective oils in killing female mosquitoes, and their relative efficacy at LT50 was 5.5, 5.3, 5.8, 4.1, and 3.2 times greater, respectively, than Aloe vera. The results of the field study show that the honeysuckle and patchouli oils and their nanoemulsions reduced densities to 89.4, 86.5, 98.6, and 97.0% at 24 h post-treatment, respectively, with persistence for eight days post-treatment in pools. Nano-honeysuckle (100% mortality) was more effective than honeysuckle oils (98.0%). Our results show that honeysuckle and patchouli oils exhibited promising larvicidal and adulticidal activity of C. pipiens.

Formulation and Evaluation of O/W Body Cream Containing Patchouli Oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and Drumstick Oil (Moringa oleifera) as Potential Moisturizing Agent

Various compounds and extracts obtained from a wide variety of plants can be employed as natural antioxidants in cosmetics applications. Patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) and drumstick oil (Moringa oleifera) have the ability to fight free radicals and keep skin hydrated, making them excellent candidates for usage as an active component in cosmetic goods like body cream. This research aims to determine the physical quality of a body cream formulation by subjecting it to an accelerated stability test technique for seven cycles. The preparation was evaluated in each cycle, and the results were analyzed using student's t-test. The evaluation results of body cream preparation showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the preparation during each cycle. As a result, the formulation of the body cream remained stable throughout the storage term of at least six months, which indicates that it can be utilized for an entire year when kept at room temperature. After two weeks of application on dry skin, it was demonstrated that the formulation had the capacity to increase the amount of moisture contained in the skin (from 30% to 60%). In conclusion, the formulation is potentially produced as commercial cosmetic product in the future.

Cooperative interaction of Glomus intraradices with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promotes plant development and essential oil yield of Pogostemon cablin and reduces disease occurrence under organic field conditions

Cooperative interaction of Glomus intraradices with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promotes plant development and essential oil yield of Pogostemon cablin and reduces disease occurrence under organic field conditions

Assessment of the Antiadertional Potential of Pogostemon cablin Essential Oil against Staphylococcus aureus

Nosocomial pneumonia, an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacterial species, corresponds to a morbidity responsible for reducing the quality of life and further compromising the hospitalized patient. Among the bacteria that cause this infection is Staphylococcus aureus, which has proved resistant to the drugs used in its treatment. Therefore, the need for new studies is urgent and phytotherapy has been gaining space. The objective of this research was to evaluate the anti-adherent activity of Pogostemon cablin essential oil against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. To obtain the Minimum Inhibitory Adherence Concentration (MIC), Muller Hinton broth with 5% sucrose was used, the Sa 101 strain of the bacterial species under study, as well as, the positive control with 0.12% chlorhexidine. The material was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours for reading using fuchsin. Through analysis, it was found that the oil studied was able to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria to the wall of the tube at a concentration of 1:2, showing positive activity against the formation of biofilm by Staphylococcus aureus, although the result found is lower than that of chlorhexidine, which inhibited at a ratio of 1:8. It is concluded that Pogostemon cablin oil showed anti-adherent activity against the strain under study, however, inferior when compared to the positive control.

Metabolite bioprospection and expression analysis of patchoulol synthase gene in different in vitro systems of Pogostemon cablin: An important medicinal aromatic plant

Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) is one of the most prized medicinal herbs cultivated worldwide. However, with changes in the bioclimatic patterns and nematode infections in its root, the availability of quality planting material for essential oil extraction has become a challenging task in recent times. In the present research, a synergistic effort based on the identification of the optimal gene expression level of the patchoulol synthase (PS) along with fresh weight (FW), an effective strategy was formulated for the bioprospection of specialized metabolites of patchouli via plant tissue culture based in vitro approaches. The comparative expression levels of the PS gene in various tissues grown in semisolid as well as suspension cultures provided vital insights into its role in the biosynthesis of patchoulol and its associated compounds. Comparatively, cell suspension derived biomass exhibited better efficacy in terms of antioxidant activity (IC50 = 27.88 μg/ml), sun protection factor (SPF = 4.49–20.20), accumulation of both volatile and non-volatile metabolites profiled through ultra performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) along with up regulated PS gene activity (5.01 FC). Interestingly, semisolid culture media derived callus extract also exhibited potent activities establishing the novelty of the approach. The findings illustrate the utilization of aromatic cytokinin – meta-Topolin as a potent elicitor in synergy with conventional elicitors like methyl jasmonate and synthetic growth regulators such as thidiazuron. The current approach also provides vital, reproducible, sustainable and cost-effective method for the bioprospection of prized metabolites in the callus and cell suspension cultures with the goal of up-scaling to pilot scale via coordinated use of next generation bioreactor approaches.

DESIGN OF SOLAR ENERGY-BASED ESSENTIAL OIL DISTILLATION DEVICE USING PHOTOVOLTAIC METHOD AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY FOR HEATER

In this study, we tried to design a distillation device using a solar cell to generate electricity which would later be used as a heating source. The highest yield obtained was 21.58% by distillation for 6 hours and 4 days of drying time. The highest patchouli oil density value was obtained at 4 days of drying time with 6 hours of operating time. While the lowest density value of Patchouli oil was obtained at 2 days of drying time at 6 hours of operating time. From the results of the analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of identified chemical compounds including azulene, seychellene and several other compounds, based on the GC-MS results obtained 31.75% patcholi alcohol, and 20.50% azulene. According to International Market Standards, patchouli alcohol content should be higher than 30%, therefore this material meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and besides that the physical and chemical properties of Patchouli oil are produced from the distillation process by utilizing sunlight using solar cells (photovoltaic). From these results it can be seen that the Patchouli oil that has been produced during this research can be sold in the market because it meets the Indonesian National Standard.

Sensitivity of patchouli oil refining business (Case study: Patchouli Oil Agro, Tompira, North Morowali)

Patchouli oil is an essential oil obtained by distilling all parts of the patchouli plant. This oil has good prospects in several industries, such as perfume, cosmetics, and insect repellent. Although this commodity has potential opportunities in foreign markets, several problems were found in oil refinings, such as unstable raw material prices and transportation costs. This research was conducted at the Agro Patchouli Oil Refining Business in Tompira, Petasia Timur District, North Morowali Regency. The determination of refining business was done purposively. There were two data used in this study, primary data and secondary data. The analysis used to determine the objectives to be achieved in this study is Sensitivity Analysis taking into account Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C). The result of calculating the positive NPV value was IDR 31,450,688; the IRR value was 25.80%; and the Net B/C value was 1.28. Sensitivity analysis shows that the Agro Patchouli Oil Refining Business is still profitable even though transportation costs have increased by 33% or the greatest change in patchouli raw material prices is 5%.

Near infrared spectroscopy discrimination and pattern recognition of Chinese Pogostemon cablin and Agastache rugosa

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. and Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey.) O. Ktze. are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines. They belong to the family Lamiaceae and have very similar macroscopical features, making it difficult to differentiate them. To establish a discriminatory method for P. cablin of various origins that has abundant in chemical components and has high medicinal value, we utilized near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in this study to gather spectral information in the ranging from 4000 to 12,000 cm−1. Subsequently, we employed principal component and cluster analyses to develop qualitative discriminant models. The results showed that spectral pretreatment improved the classification and aggregation characteristics of P. cablin and A. rugosa in principal component and cluster analyses. The percentage of samples correctly classified using the principal component analysis in calibration and validation set was 99.9 ​%. This study results demonstrate that NIRS with pattern recognition can be utilized as a simple and rapid method for distinguishing between P. cablin and non-P. cablin, as well as A. rugosa.

Pro-Apoptosis Activity of Pogostemon cablin Benth. Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through the BCL-2 Inhibition Signaling Pathway: A Computational Investigation

Pro-Apoptosis Activity of Pogostemon cablin Benth. Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through the BCL-2 Inhibition Signaling Pathway: A Computational Investigation

Dietary supplementation of Patchouli oil increases the resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae infection in GIFT tilapia as revealed by transcriptome and 16s amplicon profiling

Large-scale disease outbreaks that caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (SA) infection have dramatically affected tilapia production worldwide. Patchouli oil (PO) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in treating gastrointestinal symptoms and is considered to be a safe and efficient candidate to treat SA infection in tilapia. In this study, we first investigated the changes of intestinal microbiota and host responses in GIFT tilapia after a 28-day dietary supplementation of different concentrations of PO (basic diet, 5 μL PO/g diet, or 15 μL PO/g diet) and followed by SA infection using an integrative analysis of transcriptome and 16 S amplicon profiling. We observed that dietary supplementation of 5 μL PO/g diet improved food intake and growth in tilapia. Histopathological observation confirmed there were increased surface area of intestinal villi and generally decreased ROS as revealed by the MAD, GSH-PX, and T-SOD activities in the tilapia intestines in response to dietary PO supplementation. The intestinal microbial diversities and community structures were significantly affected, and the colonization of probiotics (e.g., Cetobacterium and clostridium_ sensu_stricto_1) in the mucosa was improved in the dietary PO groups. The relative abundance of Streptococcus (0.033%) in the 15 μL PO/g dietary group was much lower than that in the control group (basic diet; 0.86%). A large number of DEGs were enriched in the immune-related pathways, e.g., lysosomal lumen, MHC protein complex, and toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that dietary supplementation of PO enhanced intestinal physical barriers, increased the colonization of probiotic bacteria and improved intestinal immunity in tilapia. This provides novel knowledge on PO as a dietary supplement to improve intestinal health against SA invasion in tilapia.

Two new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids with neuroprotective activity from Pogostemon cablin

Two new eudesmane sesquiterpenoids [(−)-(1R,5S,6R,8S)−1-hydroxy-nor-eudesm-11-ene-2-one (1) and (−)-(1S,5S,6R,8R)−6-hydroxyeudesm-11-ene-2-one (2)] were isolated from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin. Compound 1 is an unusual 1-nor-eudesmane, and its skeleton structure is similar to that of compound 2. The molecular structures and absolute conformations of the two new sesquiterpenoids were determined by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, NMR data calculations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The neuroprotective activity of the isolates in an H2O2-induced PC12 cell model was also assessed, and the results show that both compounds exhibit good neuroprotective effects.

Comparative physicochemical, hormonal, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses provide new insights into the formation mechanism of two chemotypes of Pogostemon cablin.

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is an aromatic plant, and its oil has diverse applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. Patchouli alcohol is the principal bioactive constituent of its volatile oil. In China, patchouli is typically categorized into two types: patchoulol-type (PA-type) and pogostone-type (PO-type). The study evaluated physiological and biochemical indicators, phytohormone metabolites and conducted transcriptome and proteome analyses on both two chemotypes. The PA-type exhibited higher levels of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids than the PO-type. In total, 35 phytohormone metabolites representing cytokinin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and their derivatives were identified using UPLC-MS/MS, 10 of which displayed significant differences, mainly belong to cytokinins and jasmonates. Transcriptome analysis identified 4,799 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while proteome analysis identified 150 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Regarding the transcriptome results, the DEGs of the PO-type showed significant downregulation in the pathways of photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna protein, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism, but upregulation in the pathway of zeatin synthesis. A combination of transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed that the DEGs and DEPs of lipoxygenase (LOX2), β-glucosidase, and patchouli synthase (PTS) were collectively downregulated, while the DEGs and DEPs of Zeatin O-xylosyltransferase (ZOX1) and α-amylase (AMY) were jointly upregulated in the PO-type compared to the PA-type. Differential levels of phytohormones, variations in photosynthetic efficiency, and differential expression of genes in the sesquiterpene synthesis pathway may account for the morphological and major active component differences between the two chemotypes of patchouli. The findings of this study offer novel perspectives on the underlying mechanisms contributing to the formation of the two patchouli chemotypes.

Dietary supplementation of patchouli oil improves resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection in genetically improved cultured Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus.) as revealed by RNA-Seq

Pogostemon oil (PO) is a volatile oil extracted from Pogostemon cablin., a traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Clinical studies have confirmed that PO has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, but the resistance and protective mechanism of PO against Streptococcus agalactiae (SA) infection in Genetically Improved Cultured Tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus.) are still unclear. The purpose of our study was to verify the resistance of PO feed to SA infection and reveal the potential immune mechanism. These 252 Tilapias were randomly divided into three groups, each with three replicates. The control group CON was fed with basic diet; These experimental groups PO5 and PO15 were fed with 5 μ L / g, 15 μ L / g PO diet, respectively; After 28 days feeding, Tilapia were randomly selected from CON, PO5, and PO15 groups, respectively: 22 fishes in each group were intraperitoneally injected with PBS to produce NC, NP5, and NP15 groups; other 22 fishes in each group were intraperitoneally injected with SA to produce CK, SP5, and SP15 groups. Twelve hours after SA challenge, spleen tissues were collected to study the effect of PO feed resist SA infection in Tilapia by RNA-Seq. In addition, two independent acute SA challenge experiments were added to verify the protective ability of PO against SA infection. In the transcriptome results, co-expressed genes in MEgreen (divided by WGCNA) were enriched in immune-related pathways by KEGG analysis, including Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. Cluster analysis of 166 shared DEGs responsible to SA infection identified two major clusters with almost opposite expression trends. il-1β (interleukin-1 beta), gpr84 (G protein-coupled receptor 84), and OXER1 (oxoeicosanoid receptor 1) belonged to both share DEGs and key co-expressed genes, were up-regulated by PO after SA infection. In the survival challenge of LD50 concentration of SA, 5μL / g (0.67% vs 53.33%, P < 0.01), 10 μL / g (0.67% vs 53.33%, P < 0.01), and 15 μL / g (33.33% vs 53.33%, P > 0.05) PO feed groups decreased Tilapia mortality compared to basic diet group. In the challenge of SA concentration 10 times higher than LD50, 15 μL / g PO feed (55% vs 95%, P < 0.05) reduced mortality compared to basic diet group, and 5 μL / g PO feed significantly prolonged the median survival time of 1 day. In general, 5–15 μL / g PO feeds improved the resistance of Tilapia to SA infection and reduced the mortality of Tilapia. The results of RNA-Seq provide data support for the molecular mechanism of PO feeds regulating the immune response of Tilapia to SA. Collectively, PO may have the potential to be developed as a dietary supplementation for preventing and treating SA infections.

Effects of Processing and Storage on effective Components of Pogostemon cablin

The content changes of volatile oil and patchouli ketone under Processing and storage of patchouli were compared. Sweating can increase the accumulation of effective substances in patchouli. The cost of controlled atmosphere storage is low, which can reduce the loss of effective components. To provide scientific reference for the improvement and formulation of the production technical specification of patchouli.

Fumigant activity and transcriptomic analysis of two plant essential oils against the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda.

Introduction: The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, R., 1952 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is currently one of the most devastating pests in the Chinese tea industry. The long-term use of chemical pesticides has a negative impact on human health, impeding the healthy and sustainable development of the tea industry in this region. Therefore, there is a need for non-chemical insecticides to control E. onukii in tea plants. The essential oils from plants have been identified for their potential insecticidal ability; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of plant essential oils on E. onukii and its gene expression. Methods: In order to address these knowledge gaps, the components of Pogostemon cablin and Cinnamomum camphora essential oils were analyzed in the present study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fumigation toxicity of two essential oils on E. onukii was tested using sealed conical flasks. In addition, We performed comparative transcriptome analyses of E. onukii treated with or without P. cablin essential oil. Results: The 36-h lethal concentration (LC50) values for E. onukii treated with P. cablin and C. camphora essential oils were 0.474 and 1.204μLmL-1 respectively. Both essential oils exhibited the potential to control E. onukii, but the fumigation activity of P. cablin essential oil was more effective. A total of 2,309 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing of E. onukii treated with P. cablin essential oil. Conclusion: Many of differentially expressed genes were found to contain detoxifification genes, indicating that these families may have played an important role when E. onukii was exposed to essential oil stress. We also found differential expression of genes related to redox-related gene families, suggesting the upregulation of genes associated with possible development of drug and stress resistance. This work offers new insights for the prevention and management of E. onukii in the future.

Chemometric Classification Model for Assessing Chemical Composition Alterations in Patchouli Oil Post Zeolite Adsorption

Various studies and applied processing by businesses have been done to improve the quality of Patchouli oil (PO), such as improving appearance, reducing heavy metal content, reducing acid numbers, and increasing the ratio of Patchouli alcohol (one of the active components of PO). However, this disregards the possibility of chemical composition change which will alter the original character of the PO. This study aims to identify the slightest shift in chemical composition from adding zeolite adsorbent into the PO. The classification model was built using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra combined with chemometrics. The used FT-IR spectra for observation are 4000-500 cm-1 using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The PO samples were from five points in Gayo Lues Regency, Province of Aceh, Indonesia, with PO added with zeolite at a ratio of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% (w/v) respectively. The classification model used in this study was able to classify between PO and PO added with zeolite at each level of the ratio. Prediction with deviation and Inlier vs. Hotelling’s T2 tests provide definitive information, with the results shown by the confusion matrix.

Residual Change of Four Pesticides in the Processing of Pogostemon cablin and Associated Factors.

Before use as medicines, most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants are processed and decocted. During processing, there may be some changes in pesticide residues in TCM. In recent years, reports have studied the changes of pesticides during the processes of boiling, drying and peeling of TCM materials but have rarely involved special processing methods for TCM, such as ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction. The changes of carbendazim, carbofuran, pyridaben and tebuconazole residues in common processing methods for P. cablin products were systemically assessed in this study. After each processing step, the pesticides were quantitated by UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed amount decreases in various pesticides to different extents after each processing procedure. Processing factor (PF) values for the four pesticides after decoction, 75% ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction were 0.02~0.75, 0.40~0.98 and 0~0.02, respectively, which indicated that residual pesticide concentrations may depend on the processing technique. A risk assessment according to the hazard quotient with PF values showed that residual pesticide amounts in P. cablin were substantially lower than levels potentially posing a health risk. Overall, these findings provide insights into the safety assessment of P. cablin.

Perspective Study of Pogostemon cablin Benth as an Aphrodisiac

Pogostemon cablin Benth also known as a patchouli plant, is a member of Lamiaceae family, and the source of patchouli essential oil. This plant is an important herb which possesses many therapeutic properties. In traditional medicinal practices, patchouli oil is used to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Up to the present moment, almost 200 volatile and non-volatile compounds have been isolated and identified from Pogostemon cablin including flavonoid, phytosterols, glycosides, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, organic acids, and others. Modern studies revealed that the patchouli plant have been used for various applications such as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, antithrombotic, antiplatelet, fibrinolytic, antiemetic, antimutagenic, and aphrodisiac. In aromatherapy, this plant is believed to be able to improve blood circulation and sexual interest. The flavonoid compounds, such as acacetin and apigenin are believed to play an important role as an aphrodisiac. The mechanisms of action of this plant as an aphrodisiac is believed by increasing androgens and estrogen levels in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which further increases arousal sexual desire. However, some uses need to be verified and may require standardizing and authenticating the bioactivity of purified compounds through scientific methods. This perspective study discusses the aphrodisiac potential of Pogostemon cablin Benth, including their chemical constituents, health benefit, mechanism action, and the role of main bioactive compound as an aphrodisiac.