Patch Test Method Research Articles

Overcoming False-Negative Patch Tests: A Systematic Literature Review.

Exogenous allergens, found in cosmetic products, jewelry items, antiseptics and antibacterials, plants, and solvents, can cause clinical allergic contact Dermatitis (ACD). To help identify and discern which allergen is causing ACD, clinicians use patch tests, but they can yield false-negative results at times. Examining potential reasoning for false negatives is particularly helpful when a patient's history and physical examination strongly suggest ACD, and the patch test is negative. A strong history and physical presentation suggestive of ACD warrants additional patch testing or other methods to verify a false-negative patch test result. We conducted a literature review to compile various reasonings and solutions for false-negative patch tests in suspected ACD patients. Utilizing EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholars, 49 articles were included by using search terms such as "False negative patch test" or "False-negative patch test" and "allergic contact Dermatitis," or "ACD." Common factors that led to false-negative patch test results include low allergen concentration, inadequate percutaneous penetration, technique error, immunosuppressive therapy, and ultraviolet exposure. Potential solutions include using different vehicles, concentration, increasing reading time, repeating the patch test, intradermal testing, and repeat open application testing. If a false-negative patch test is suspected, then intradermal testing can be administered to ensure the specificity of the patch test result. Considering the main contributing factors and solutions to false-negative patch tests, clinicians can accurately diagnose ACD and administer proper treatment plans.

Assessment of the SPF and Anti-Irritating Properties of Sunscreen designed for Retinol users

Vitamin A and its derivatives, also known as retinoids, when applied topically for anti-ageing benefits, typically cause erythema and dryness on the skin, which are considered significant and common side effects. Furthermore, users of topical retinoids, like everyone else, need a sunscreen that protects the skin from harmful sun exposure while simultaneously countering the erythema and dryness of the skin. Retinoids also enhance the rate of skin cell turnover and expose newly produced skin to solar exposure, increasing the risk of sun damage and hyperpigmentation. Since the skin becomes sensitive with topical retinoids, a sunscreen must possess the further benefit of elevated skin resilience, which is much needed with conventional sun protection. ‘‘EI Pro Retinol Sunscreen’’ came up with a new innovative sunscreen with UV protectants and other active ingredients that have calming and soothing properties that minimize erythema and dryness. EI launched the “EI PRO Retinol series,” which includes the “EI PRO Retinol Sunscreen,” to protect the skin from the detrimental effects of ultraviolet rays as well as further irritation and itching caused by retinoid actions on the skin. In this study, researchers attempted to develop and design a sunscreen using a patented sunscreen agent (a combination of water, ethylhexyl methoxy-cinnamate, butyl methoxy-dibenzoyl-methane, benzophenone-3, phospholipids, and 1,3-butylene glycol) and Porphyridium cruentum (marine algae) for skin resilience, antioxidants like ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and soothing agents like carrot seed oil and sodium hyaluronate. Sunscreens are evaluated based on their sun protection factor (SPF), PA rating, and critical wavelength. Usually, sunscreens with an SPF above 50, a PA rating of ++++, and a critical wavelength over 370 nm would offer higher sun protection and block both UVA and UVB rays. The results showed that “EI PRO Retinol Sunscreen” has a critical wavelength of 376.67 and is considered a broad-spectrum SPF 50 PA++++ sunscreen. Thus, ‘‘EI PRO Retinol Sunscreen’’ is also proven to be safe on the skin without irritation, and it is proven to be non-irritant by a single, blinded patch test method.

Formulation of patchouli oil spray gel (Pogostemon cablin Benth) and irritation test in rabbit

Patchouli plant ( Pogostemon cablin Benth) is one of the essential oil-producing plants widely used in perfume, cosmetic, aromatherapy, antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal industries. The essential oil derived from patchouli leaves contains terpenoid compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activity. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation of patchouli oil spray gel as a wound antiseptic and to observe the irritation test of the samples. The spray gel formulations of patchouli oil were prepared in various concentrations i.e. 5%, 7.5%, and 10% (v/v), solved in aqua dest with the addition of carbopol 940 as the gelating agent. The spray gels were tested to determine their physical characteristics, including the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH, adhesive dispersion test, viscosity test, and spray pattern test. The results showed that the patchouli oil spray gels were yellowish-white and had a distinctive odor and homogeneous texture with a pH 5. They all had adhesive dispersion, and the optimum viscosity of the spray gel was found at a 7.5% (v/v) concentration of patchouli oil. The irritation test was carried out using the patch test method with a score of erythema and edema. The results showed that all three formulas very mild irritation.

Development of Bacterial Cocktail of Strains Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus as active ingredients for Skin Care Formula

The microbial-based skin health care products that balance one's skin microbiome mimicking healthy skin are rapidly growing. Postbiotics gain more advantages in safety, shelf life, active peptides, and other active compounds such as GABA, which benefit human skin. We have isolated skin commensal bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus hominis MBF12-19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02-19J, Micrococcus luteus MBF05-19J and Bacillus subtilis MBF10-19J in our previous study. This study aimed to make a formula of bacterial cocktail (BC) of those strains, elevate the BC formula into a ferment lysate (FL), and characterize the activities and test for skin sensitivity. The antibacterial activity was done by conducting a competition test using Propionibacterium acnes as an indicator bacterium, whereas the antioxidant activity assay was carried out using the DPPH method. The skin sensitivity was tested using the patch test method. The BC was lyzed by optimizing the enzymatic and ultrasonication methods, whereas sucrose was added as lyoprotectant to obtain a stable powder FL. Potential activity to inhibit P. acnes growth was achieved by a formula of FL consisting of M. luteus MBF05-19J: B. subtilis MBF10-19J: S. warneri MBF02-19J: S. hominis MBF12-19J in a ratio 1.5:1.5:0.5:0.5 or equivalent to DNA copy number/mL 1.01E+16: 1.14E+24: 1.96E+22: 1.50E+18. Skin sensitivity test results showed no sensitivity reaction, guaranteeing that CFS and FL are safe to use for the skin. Sucrose-FL at 12% sucrose formula showed higher physical stability than those without. However, the result of potential antioxidants showed mild and very mild activities compared to standard ascorbic acid.

FORMULASI DAN UJI IRITASI SEDIAAN LULUR KRIM CANGKANG SOTONG (Sepia sp.) TERHADAP KELINCI (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cuttlefish shell (Sepia sp.) contains calcium carbonate which has benefits in removing dead skin cells, regulating skin pigmentation, shrinking pores, removing acne and black spots and making skin brighter. The aims of this study were to formalize dosage form of cuttlefish shell cream scrub (Sepia sp.) that meets the physical quality requirements and to determine the potential irritation of cuttlefish shell (Sepia sp.) cream scrubs in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Reseacrh methods include the dosage form of cuttlefish shell powder using sieve mesh 44, cream scrub formulations with variations in cuttlefish shell powder concentrations by 15%, 20% and 25%. Physical quality test carried iut includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, scatter power tests and sticking power tests. The cream scrub formula irritation test was carried out by patch test method in rabbit test animals. The results of the study obtained that cuttlefish shell cream scrubs have qualified physical quality tests and the degree of irritation value of F1 cream scrubs (cuttlefish shell 15%) of 0,2 which is categorized means very mild irritation.

Irritation Test of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine Bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Loose Powder for Acne Vulgaris

Several studies revealed that the ethanolic extract, cream, and loose powder of Bawang Dayak bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) are effective in inhibiting the growth of different acne-causing bacteria, including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. acne. Several product series have also been developed using the plant for the treatment of acne-prone skin. Therefore, this study aims to carry out a primary irritation test of E. bulbosa loose powder using the patch test method on rabbits and humans to determine its safety before it is marketed. The results showed that the primary irritation index of E.bulbosa loose powder on rabbits was 0.125, which was classified in the negligible category, and there were no signs of erythema or edema in humans. This indicates that it does not cause irritation and has the potential to be developed into anti-acne products.

Uji Iritasi Gel Ekstrak Etanol Herba Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L ) Dengan Gelling Agent Carbopol 940

Gel is a form of cosmetics, before being marketed cosmetics must pass a safety test. The safety test can be carried out using the patch test method, in which the test substance is attached to normal skin, then covered and carried out for 24 hours. Herb gotu kola has the property of accelerating wound healing. Centella asiatica herb extract was prepared by maceration method with 96% ethanol as a solvent and formulated in gel form using carbopol as a gelling agent. The preparations were made into 2 formulas with a ratio of formula 1 without extract and formula 2 using 12.5 mg extract. The irritation test was carried out on 20 volunteers consisting of men and women aged 20-35 years, each of which was attached to the test material formula 1 and formula 2. The test material was affixed for 4 hours to the upper arm of the volunteer closed and observed at 24 hours , 48, 72 hours after the test substance was released and the degree of irritation was calculated. All the test materials from the irritation test obtained a degree of irritation score of 0 which means that all the test ingredients are not irritating.

The benefit of scratch patch testing to demonstrate ocular contact allergy to brimonidine tartrate.

Ocular allergies to brimonidine are frequent in patients treated for glaucoma. There is variability in reporting due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and the absence of cutaneous testing. Many false-negative patch tests (PT) have been described. Alternative methods, such as strip and scratch PT, have been used without a standardized method. The primary objective is to identify the best method of cutaneous testing and brimonidine concentration for patch testing. The secondary objective is to identify clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of ocular allergy. A retrospective review of patient files suspected of brimonidine ocular allergy was performed. Patch testing method, brimonidine concentration and clinical symptoms were reviewed. Of the 36 patients identified, half tested positive for brimonidine for at least one of the testing methods. The scratch PT demonstrated 17 positive reactions (94% detection rate). Three patients reacted with strip PT. No positive results were found with standard PT. The 5% brimonidine concentration demonstrated the highest sensitivity. The absence of eyelid pruritus was associated with negative testing. In the investigation of ocular allergy to brimonidine, scratch PT proved to be an essential tool. Brimonidine 5% pet. appeared as the most sensitive concentration for scratch PT.

UJI IRITASI DAN AKTIVITAS TABIR SURYA SECARA IN VITRO MINYAK BIJI PALA DALAM SISTEM MIKROEMULSI DENGAN VARIASI TWEEN 80-ETANOL

ABSTRACTNutmeg oil contains of α-pinene that can be used as sunscreen but it is thermolable. It is necessary to form a microemulsion system for nutmeg oil. This study was to determine in vitro SPF value by and irritation index from nutmeg oil in microemulsion system with Tween 80-ethanol as surfactant and cosurfactant. The system were made with 6.4 % of nutmeg oil and Tween 80-ethanol as with concentrations of 45% (F1), 50% (F2), 55% (F3). The nutmeg oil microemulsion was determined SPF value using spectrophotometer UV. The irritation test was done by the patch test method on rabbit skin with 4 groups of negative control, F1, F2, and F3. The skin was observed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Quantitative data were analyzed using one way Anova while irritation test data were described descriptively. The results of the sunscreen activity on nutmeg oil microemulsion for F1, F2 and F3 were 8,9 ± 0,12; 9,2 ± 0,51; and 9,3 ± 0,32 (p > 0,05). This SPF value were categorized in maximum protection. The primary irritation index values for F1, F2 and F3 were 0,1±1; 0,3±2,5; 0,1±0; so it can be concluded that microemulsion of nutmeg oil were very mildly irritating.Keywords: irritation, microemulsion, nutmeg seed oil, sunscreen activity

Prick, patch or blood test? A simple guide to allergy testing

This article provides information on allergy testing and serves as a simple guide for physicians who are considering using allergy testing as a step in patient management. Basic principles of allergy testing, indications for testing, and how and when to choose a suitable allergy test are discussed. Allergy testing in general refers to evaluation of either type I or type IV hypersensitivity reactions. The type I (immediate) reaction is evaluated using the skin prick test (in vivo) or serum IgE (in vitro) test methods, while the type IV (delayed) reaction is determined via the skin patch test method. The allergens responsible for a specific reaction can be identified from allergy testing, and this information is useful in administering avoidance measures. Appropriate treatment of allergic reactions along with allergen avoidance ensure a successful treatment outcome and prevent future reactions.

An ICP-MS Study for Quantitation of Nickel and Other Inorganic Elements in Urine Samples: Correlation of Patch Test Results with Lifestyle Habits.

Nickel (Ni) is a frequently used metal in the production of many products, and Ni exposure occurs in humans through food, inhalation, and skin. Studies reported Ni as the most common allergen diagnosed in the serial patch test. The main purpose of our study was to determine the concentration of Ni and other elements in the urine samples of individuals with Ni-sensitivity and to determine the effect of lifestyle habits on these variables. This study was conducted with 388 participants; additionally, both Ni patch test and inorganic analysis (for 24 elements)method in urine with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)were applied to all participants. Ninety-two (23.7%) of the participants were found to have nickel sensitivity with a mean urine concentration of 4.475 μg/g creatinine (median=4.260; SD=2.527). The urine nickel concentration was significantly different between female and male participants (p =0.001). We found a significant correlation between Ni and other metals alongside various element pairs. The mean urine Ni concentration of the individuals with a positive Ni sensitivity test result was not different from that of the participants without Ni sensitivity (4.475 vs 4.256 μg/g creatinine, respectively; p = 0.068). The high accuracy, recovery, and repeatability data obtained from the analyses indicate that this study is efficient and appropriate for the quantitative determination of nickel and other elements in urine samples. Ni-containing objects and Ni-rich foods should be of concern for individuals with hypersensitivity reactions to the element.

Formulasi Sediaan Lipbalm dari Ekstrak Biji Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabica L.) Java Preanger Sebagai Emolien

Lipbalm preparations are a decorative cosmetic dosage form for moisturizing lips. One of the most important components of lipbalm preparations is an emollient. Emollients work by covering the damaged skin with beads of fat so that the skin of the lips becomes softer and moisturized. Arabica coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) java preanger contain linoleic acid which functions as an emollient. This study aims to make a lipbalm formulation containing extracts of Arabica coffee beans (Coffea Arabica L). Lipbalm preparations made with variations in the concentration of coffee extract 3%, 6% and 9%. The resulting formula is then evaluated for its physical stability. The irritation test is carried out using the patch test method, testing the effectiveness of emollients using a skin analyzer. The results showed that variations in the extract of coffee used (3%, 6% and 9%) showed that the concentration of 9% was more stable. The irritation test results show that all three formulas are safe to use. Based on the results of the effectiveness test shows that the formula with a concentration of 9% gives a good emollient effect after use based on statistical tests the paired samples T-test method.Keywords : emollients, coffee bean extracts, formulation, lipbalm.

Safety verification of stable sodium hypochlorite by 24-hour closed patch test method

Safety verification of stable sodium hypochlorite by 24-hour closed patch test method

A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by Olanedine solution-A diagnostic patch-testing method involving dried filter paper.

Olanedine solution is a new antiseptic, and several cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by the agent were reported in 2018; however, these cases were diagnosed based on positive results in 2-day closed patch testing of Olanedine solution "as is." To present another case of Olanedine-induced allergic contact dermatitis and to analyze the optimal patch-testing method for this condition. A 34-year-old Japanese female patient and 25 healthy control subjects were patch tested using wet filter paper, which had been treated with 15 μL Olanedine solution, and dried filter paper, which had been treated with 15 μL Olanedine solution and then dried. The patient and all of the control subjects exhibited false-positive reactions due to irritation in the 2-day closed patch tests with wet filter paper containing Olanedine solution "as is." The tests with dried filter paper produced a positive reaction on day 7 in the patient, and negative reactions in all control subjects. It is preferable to perform 2-day closed patch tests using filter paper with the test solution "as is," which had been dried before application in order to correctly diagnose antiseptic-induced allergic contact dermatitis.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Children: Recommendations for Patch Testing.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) affects 20% of children. However, diagnosis of ACD may be underreported in children due to lack of recognition. Patch testing is the gold standard for evaluation of ACD in children but poses unique challenges in this population. Recent studies highlight the significance of ACD and the utility of patch testing in children. Evaluation of ACD in children is difficult and requires knowledge of a child's exposure history, careful selection of allergens, and knowledge of specialized patch testing considerations to minimize irritation and maximize cooperation. Until recently, there were no agreed upon patch test series for children. In 2018, a comprehensive pediatric baseline series was published enabling thorough evaluation of ACD in children (Yu J, Atwater AR, Brod B, Chen JK, Chisolm SS, Cohen DE, et al. Dermatitis. 2018;29(4):206-12). This review provides an overview of the current literature, an update on pediatric ACD, and patch testing methods in children to effectively evaluate and manage ACD.

Theory and methodology on safety braking of autonomous vehicles based on the friction characteristic of road surface

<p indent=0mm>Because of the direct contact between the tire and pavement, the skid resistance of asphalt pavement is a basic factor affecting the braking safety of autonomous vehicles. The road skid resistance mainly depends on the texture characteristics of the road surface. Considering the pavement friction characteristics, building a braking model of autonomous vehicles is an effective method to improve the braking safety of autonomous vehicles. In order to develop the safety braking method for autonomous vehicles based on the road surface friction characteristic, an automatic close-range photogrammetry system (ACRP system) was proposed and built based on the circle arranged three cameras close-range photogrammetry (CRP) technology to obtain the asphalt pavement surface texture accurately in real time. Automatic image acquisition and 3D reconstruction were achieved by the ACPR system. Sand patch testing method and laser scanning method (ZGScan) were applied to collect the on-site asphalt pavement texture comparing with the results of ACRP system. It shows the texture data obtained by ACPR system have relatively high accuracy and efficiency with recognition accuracy close to 0.02 mm. Then, the peak adhesion coefficients under different road conditions were calculated by considering the skid resistance contribution of the road surface texture. Based on CarSim/Simulink joint simulation, a braking model for autonomous vehicles was established. The characteristics of the autonomous vehicles during straight normal braking, emergency braking and driving on curved sections were analyzed. Then, the safety braking distance under different conditions was put forward. The research shows that the variation trends of friction coefficient curves under different pavement conditions (dry and wet pavement) are basically the same, which both decrease significantly with the increase of relative slipping ratio. When the speed exceeds <sc>40 km/h,</sc> the curve tends to be gentle, indicating that the actual contact area of the tire-road comes to a stable status when the speed is relatively high. Based on the tire hydroplaning model built by ABAQUS, the peak adhesion coefficient curves for different pavement conditions were obtained. It can be seen that the peak adhesion coefficient of the road surface is convex parabolic distribution at different driving speeds. Moreover, the peak adhesion coefficient gradually decreases as the speed increases. During normal braking, the vehicle should keep relatively low braking deceleration considering passenger comfort. As for emergency braking, autonomous vehicle should be equipped with professional short-range radar, long-range radar and high-definition camera to detect the environment surrounding the vehicle. On rainy days, the braking distance is averagely increased by about 45% compared to sunny days. When the braking distance between vehicles is large enough, it is recommended to brake with a braking force of <sc>4−6 MPa.</sc> Autonomous vehicles should keep a certain safe distance, which requires 1.1−1.2 times of the simulated average value of safety braking distance during the driving process on dry or wet pavement. As the radius of curved sections increases, the acceleration interference values under different road conditions basically reduce. When the radius is greater than or equal to<sc>100 m,</sc> the decrease rate of the acceleration interference value is more significant. In order to improve the braking comfort of the vehicles, the radius of the curved road should be controlled above <sc>100 m.</sc> In this paper, the safety strategies for autonomous vehicles considering pavement surface texture characteristics can provide references for the theoretical design of braking system and braking safety evaluation for autonomous vehicles.

A natural skin anti-ageing serum containing pseudobulb ethanolic extract of Grammatophyllum speciosum: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Grammatophyllum speciosum is utilized to treat sore throats and bronchitis In Thai folk medicine. This study evaluated the in vitro activity and clinical efficacy of a G.speciosum pseudobulb decoction. Measure of in vitro anti-ageing activity was performed using non-cell based assays as well as in CRL 2097 human fibroblast cells. A prophetic patch test method was used to determine skin irritation in 24 healthy Thai volunteers. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 24 subjects for 56days after facial application to evaluate efficacy. The results were measured with Visioface® and Cutometer® MPA 580 as well as by visual observations. The total content of the antioxidant polyphenols in G.speciosum ethanolic extract (GSE) was 48.19±0.39mg EGCG equivalent per gram. The GSE possessed potent and higher anti-elastase activity more than EGCG. The extract was able to protect human fibroblasts against superoxide anion-induced cell death at the concentration of 10µgmL-1 . In a clinical study, facial application of the serum containing 0.5% GSE was found to safely increase skin distensibility in healthy volunteers. Skin viscoelasticity and wrinkle volume were also significantly reduced (P<0.05). Thus, both the in vitro and the clinical studies have illustrated the anti-wrinkle/anti-ageing benefits of GSE on human skin.

Uji Iritasi Formulasi Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) pada Kelinci Albino Putih

Based on research before, ethanolic extract of bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) has been tested can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria, therefore made an anti-acne cream for easy used. Thi study aims to know primary irritation activity of bawang dayak using patch test method. The results showed that the primary irritation index of control group (0.625&lt; 2), P1 was 1g of cream (0.75&lt; 2), P2 was 0.5g of cream (0&lt;2) and P3 was 0.25g of cream (0&lt; 2) in category of invisible irritation, so it can be concluded that the cream of ethanolic extract of bawang dayak topically does not irritate animals.

Real-time identification system of asphalt pavement texture based on the close-range photogrammetry

In order to obtain the asphalt pavement texture information in real time and accurately monitor the anti-skid performance of the road pavement, an automatic close-range photogrammetry system (ACRP System) was proposed and established based on the three cameras close-range photogrammetry (CRP) technology. Automatic image acquisition and 3D reconstruction were achieved by the ACRP system. Firstly, the collected pavement texture images were digitized. Secondly, a 3D model of asphalt pavement with surface texture was established in the 3D reconstruction software module based on MATLAB and Python joint programming, then the surface elevation data of asphalt pavement were extracted. Finally, the calculation of the road surface texture index parameters were performed in 3D reconstruction software module. Sand patch testing method and laser scanning method (ZGScan) were used to collect the on-site data as comparison test of the asphalt pavement texture. The mean texture depth (MTD) and the root mean square roughness (RMSR) were chosen as the statistical indicators of pavement surface texture. The results show that the texture data obtained by the ACRP system has relatively higher accuracy and efficiency, and the recognition accuracy is close to 0.02 mm. The ACRP system improves the efficiency and accuracy of traditional close-range photogrammetry and provides real-time and effective road surface anti-skid information for subsequent safety braking of autonomous vehicle.

The significance of batch and patch test method in establishing contact allergy to fragrance mix I—EDEN Fragrance Study Group

A fragrance mix consisting of eight separate fragrance ingredients (fragrance mix I [FM I]) is present in most baseline patch test series. Patch testing with the TRUE Test technique is considered to detect less contact allergy to FM I than testing with the Finn Chamber technique. To investigate the possible significance of batch and patch test method in establishing contact allergy to FM I. Three thousand one hundred and nineteen individuals representing a sample of the general population were patch tested with two batches of FM I with two patch test techniques at six dermatology clinics in five European countries. The TRUE Test technique and the Finn Chamber technique with pet. preparations were used. McNemar's test was used for statistical calculations. The contact allergy prevalences varied between 0.7% and 2.6%. The patch tests with the mixes containing Evernia prunastri (oak moss) with a high content of chloratranol/atranol resulted in substantially more positive reactions than the corresponding tests with the mixes containing oak moss with a low content of chloratranol/atranol. The Finn Chamber technique detected significantly more contact allergic reactions than the TRUE Test technique (P < 0.001). The Finn Chamber technique detects more contact allergy to FM I than the TRUE Test technique.