Past Travel Experience Research Articles

Travel decision determinants during and after COVID-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced tourism practitioners to create efficient strategies to attract travelers. Using three theoretical frameworks, such as tourist trust (political, destination, and interactional trust), travel constraint (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and “social distancing” structural constraint), and extended theory of planned behavior (travel attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, perceived health risk, past travel experience), we develop a comprehensive framework to explain the impact of travel promoting, restricting, and attitudinal factors on travel decision during and after the pandemic. Data was obtained through an extensive survey conducted on 1451 Korean travelers and was analyzed using probabilistic choice models and count models. The results show the specific factors that determine travel decisions during the pandemic (whether to travel and frequency) and travel intention after the pandemic. This study provides important theoretical and practical insights into how to develop successful COVID-19 recovery strategies in the tourism industry.

Can the COVID-19 risk perception affect tourists’ responsible behavior intention: an application of the structural equation model

Responsible tourism has received great attention as a recovery strategy post COVID-19 in the tourism industry. The originality of this study is the integration of knowledge-attitude-practice theory and theory of planned behavior to disclose how knowledge influences responsible tourism behavior intention and the development of a new scale of responsible tourism behavior in the post COVID-19 era. By using a mixed-methods approach with quota sampling, a propensity score weighting structure equation model is adopted to examine the behavior developed scales and proposed framework. From a methodological perspective, the propensity score weighting structural equation model was adopted to address the sampling bias in the non-probability sampling, which is a supplement and deepening of the research methods in tourism economics. This study finds that the responsible behavioral intention is partially mediated by the knowledge in travel risk. Behavioral attitude and subjective norm are the mediators and their indirect effects are causally moderated by tourists’ past travel experience. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Antecedents of tourists’ solo travel intentions

Antecedentes de las intenciones de viaje en solitario de los turistasResumenDiseño/metodología/enfoque (límite 100 palabras)Basándose en la teoría del comportamiento planificado, se desarrolla un modelo extendido sobre las intenciones de viajar en solitario que incorpora variables relacionadas con experiencias pasadas de viajes en solitario: satisfacción del turista, placer y autodesarrollo. Se aplicó una encuesta en línea a 187 turistas en solitario de diferentes países. Las hipótesis se probaron con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.PropósitoEste estudio investiga empíricamente los antecedentes de la intención de turistas de continuar viajando solos.ResultadosTodas las variables, excepto las normas subjetivas, son predictores significativos de la intención de los turistas de seguir viajando en solitario. Los resultados confirman un buen poder explicativo del modelo ampliado de la teoría del comportamiento planificado.Limitaciones/implicancias de la investigaciónSe debe tener precaución con los resultados, ya que el comportamiento real de los turistas cuando viajan solos puede diferir de sus intenciones previas. Las investigaciones futuras pueden investigar el comportamiento real de turistas que viajan solo mediante el uso de métodos longitudinales e incluir variables demográficas adicionales como antecedentes.Originalidad/valorEste estudio investiga empíricamente los antecedentes de la intención de los turistas de seguir viajando en solitario, un tema poco investigado. Las investigaciones anteriores son en su mayoría exploratorios y se centran principalmente en las mujeres que viajan solas.Palabras claves: Viaje en solitario, satisfacción del turista, placer del turista , autodesarrollo del turista , Teoría del comportamiento planificadoTipo de papelRevisión de literatura

Expanding the Task-Dominant Value Cocreation Narrative: The Role of Consumer Expertise and Social and Mental Processes

This research proposes an integral model of cocreation processes before, during, and after a trip affecting customer value and anteceded by tourist expertise. Beyond prevailing task-related (coproduction) processes and the more recently contemplated social processes, we consider mental cocreation using the concept of mental time travel (forward and backward). Findings from 428 tourist responses reveal the great potential of these novel cocreation forms, showing that imagining a forthcoming trip and remembering the travel afterwards are important affective value drivers, as is interacting with locals and employees. Overall, these play a more prominent role than task-related processes. Likewise, we found that tourist expertise is a major antecedent of cocreation and precursor of value. Managers could encourage tourist cocreation by applying customer education strategies, stimulating activities with high community contact, and using virtual tools to intensify thoughts and memories of past and future travel experiences. Technology may be key in achieving this.

Chain of Reflective Experiences: How Tourists Give Meaning to Intangible Cultural Heritage Experiences

Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is a tourist offer that is embedded within the people of a destination and their lifestyles. Given this nature of ICH, this paper aims to explore how tourists give meaning to ICH experiences especially in the absence of formal sources of information. It employs a qualitative phenomenological stance with a sample of 21 European tourists. The Appropriation Theory was used for theoretical support. Findings indicate that recollections and reflections of past travel experiences contribute to the interpretation of ICH experiences. Specifically, such recollections and reflections create a sense of familiarity with new ICH experiences allowing tourists to connect with them more, resulting in subjective meaning assignment which may or may not be the meaning envisioned by destination marketers and the host community. This study also initiates a discussion on ‘chain of reflective experiences’, through which further exploration of the effects of past travel experiences on new experiences are encouraged.

Travellers’ Satisfaction on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Malaysia’s Tourism and Hospitality Industry.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is perceived as being able to transform tourism and hospitality industry’s operations into a greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness while offering travellers unique experiences. This study examines travellers’ satisfaction of AI applications, specifically through e-Hailing, e-Wallet, e-Gate and e-Visa in the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia. Quantitative research approach was adopted in the current study. Data was gathered from 200 respondents using self-administrative questionnaires. Local and foreign travellers of age 18 and above who had past travel experience were chosen as samples. The findings indicated that e-Hailing, e-Gate and e-Wallet significantly influence travellers’ satisfaction. However, the outcome shows that e-Visa application has no relationship with travellers’ satisfaction. This study helps to strengthen the tourism ministry’s current initiatives in boosting the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia. The outcome of the study might be of interest to the policy makers and regulators to improve on the applications of AI in tourism and hospitality in Malaysia.

Segmenting International Tourists Based on the Integration of Travel Risk Perceptions and Past Travel Experience

ABSTRACT Perceived travel risks arise from the uncertain and undesirable consequences associated with traveling to a destination. These perceived risks could make tourists feel reluctant to travel to a particular destination, or conversely may tempt some to visit a certain destination to feed their taste for adventure. Tourists may not perceive and react to the same types and degrees of risk in the same manner. This is due to their socially constructed knowledge and past experience associated with related incidents, which result in such incidents being perceived differently. Therefore, this paper has three purposes. First, it examines travel risk dimensions as perceived by international tourists. Second, it seeks to segment international tourists based on a combination of protective motivation theory (perceived vulnerability and severity) and travel use history theories (past travel experience). Third, it determines how each segment employs risk reduction strategies as self-protective behaviors. Thailand was chosen as the location for the study. Using perceived vulnerability and severity of risk perceptions as cluster variates, the cluster analysis of 511 questionnaires resulted in three segments of tourists being identified, with varying degrees of risk propensity and personal profiles. Their risk reduction strategies were examined. Practical and theoretical implications are also offered.

The impacts of terrorism on risk perception and travel behaviour of the Dutch market: Sri Lanka as a case study

Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of terrorism on risk perception and travel behaviour of the Dutch market towards Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The research process involved an online self-administered method created with one of the leading research and web-based survey tools called Qualtrics. The questionnaire was filled in by 328 respondents. Findings Findings indicate that Sri Lankan is perceived to be a relatively safe destination. However, the likeliness of visiting the country is unlikely. The respondents with past travel experience (PTE) perceive Sri Lanka to be safer than those without PTE and are more likely to revisit. Male respondents have a higher safety perception of Sri Lanka than women. Most of the respondents see Sri Lanka as an attractive destination and would consider travelling there with children. Research limitations/implications The majority of the respondents are female and aged between 18 to 29 years old. The majority of the respondents’ children were already 19 or older and not accompanying their parents on holiday. This study has managerial implications for Sri Lanka’s tourism board that could work on developing a marketing strategy that focusses on promoting Sri Lanka as a safe destination in combination with all the other unique selling points. Originality/value To the best of author’s knowledge, no analysis has been so far published with a focus on the impact of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the Dutch tourist towards Sri Lanka. The aim of this paper is to close the existing gap in the literature and to provide valuable knowledge on the influence of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the Dutch tourists’ travel behaviour towards Sri Lanka as a destination.

Which travel risks are more salient for destination choice? An examination of the tourist’s decision-making process

The paper examines which travel risks are more salient for tourists' destination choice. An integrated travel-decision risk typology with survey data from 835 potential tourists is developed and tested. Specifically, this paper explores the interplay of risk types, tourist attributes and destination characteristics. It examines if travel risks linked to nature, health, terrorism, criminality, political instability are more salient for tourists' destination choice, and how risk perceptions influence tourists in the key stages of the decision-making process. Results offer an important baseline for future studies in the post-COVID-19 phase. First, the integrated travel-decision risk typology distinguishes between sociodemographic, psychological and travel-related factors. It shows that past travel experience shapes risk perceptions and impacts tourists’ future destination choice. Second, the study reveals that natural hazards are not the key barrier in the early decision-making stage of the destination choice process. Third, tourist segments that are resilient to certain risks are identified. This paper concludes with implications for the tourism practice with recommendations on how to manage travel risk and decision-making behaviours in the post-COVID-19 phase.

Perceived Threat of COVID-19 and Future Travel Avoidance: Results froman Early Convenient Sample in Slovenia

The present study provides a snapshot of Slovenian tourists' perceptions in a historically unique point of time - the early days of the covid-19-related lockdown. Based on an online survey performed in March and April 2020 the study provides first insights into Slovenian tourists% perceived threats of covid-19 on two dimensions: severity and susceptibility; how this depends on their demography and past travel experience and what, in this specific point in time, they think about future travel avoidance. The results have shown that age affects the two measured dimensions of perceived threat and future travel avoidance, but only with women. Furthermore, people who have travelled the most in the past express the least likelihood of avoidance to travel due to the covid -19 pandemic. Those who are more educated, on the other hand, perceive higher risk, yet education has no role in their expressed future travel avoidance. The results, moreover, show that the moral obligation towards taking care of others might be a highly important element in the success factor of covid-19 measures and thus future appeals by the tourism industry. Finally, the results show that we cannot easily predict how the general population will behave regarding their future travel avoidance since the opinions are not polarised in the extremes. This does indicate, however, that tourists will be susceptible to the context-specific factors of future travel decisions, such as assurances of health safety provided by the tourism industry.

Exploring the antecedents and consequences of political animosity: the case of millennial female tourists traveling to India

ABSTRACT A growing body of research points to the detrimental effect of animosity on tourist attitudes and behaviours. Previous research suggests political animosity is more likely to bear long-term influence on tourism behaviour. Surprisingly, no previous work explored the relationship between political animosity, its possible antecedents and consequences. The present study attempts to contribute to the literature by investigating unexplored relationships between past travel experience, animosity, perceived cultural dissimilarity, risk perception, and behavioural intentions critical to tourism management. A concurrent mixed method design (QUAN + qual) was employed to collect data for the study. Twenty semi-structured interviews (Study A) and a questionnaire collected from 227 female millennial tourists (Study B) comprise the research design. Findings suggest that animosity is a mediating construct in the relationship between past travel experience, perceived cultural dissimilarity, perceived risk, and behavioural intentions. Conclusions are drawn and directions for future research are provided.

An Exploratory Study: The Impact of Terrorism on Risk Perceptions. An Analysis of the German Market Behaviours and Attitudes Towards Egypt

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to get a better understanding of the influence of terrorism on risk perceptions and attitudes of the German travel behaviour towards Egypt. The research process involved an online self-administered method created with one of the leading research and web based survey tools called Qualtrics. The questionnaire filled in by 171 respondents. Findings indicate that Egypt is generally perceived as an unsafe destination to travel to, however, those respondents with Past Travel Experience (PTE) rate the country’s attractiveness higher and are therefore, more likely to revisit as well. Spillover effect was found to be significant, as well as the influence of several socio- demographic factors. Risk reduction strategies were generally rated to be effective and could therefore have implications for Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) to create a more appealing image for Egypt as a holiday destination.

Image and risk perceptions: an integrated approach

ABSTRACT This study proposes a more integrated tourist behaviour model by including the literatures of destination image and risk perception, and merges the cognitive and affective components of both literatures into a single construct. The structural relationships were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling, and findings indicate that integrated cognitive and affective evaluations directly influence overall evaluations, and that subjective knowledge directly influences destination perceptions, in a way that past travel experience does not. Theoretical and practical implications and suggestions for future research studies are discussed.

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: A Big Data Framework to Identify Tourist Interests Based on Geotagged Travel Photos

Understanding the interests of tourists is a key skill for attraction managers to prepare plans and make strategic decisions in tourism marketing. The rapid growth and spread of social media websites provide an information-rich channel from which tourism researchers and managers can collect a large amount of text-based reviews or comments and photos relating to the past travel experiences of users. The travel photos with geographic information are especially helpful in identifying the geographical location of the destinations. By analyzing these big data in various formats can help to understand the interests of tourists at destinations. In this paper, a framework is proposed to identify the interests of tourists by integrating information carried by the geotagged photos shared on social media websites. Such an approach is expected to provide sustainable tracking on popular places of interest (POIs) updated by tourists and pick the best representative photos taken by them. The performance of this model is evaluated by conducting a case study using the geotagged photos taken in Hong Kong. A case study proved this proposed framework could make a thriving tourism industry more efficient.

Identifying Causes for the Decline in International Arrivals to China−Perspective of Sustainable Inbound Tourism Development

Chinese inbound tourism growth peaked in 2012 and in following years, arrivals have exhibited a downward trend. Over the same time Chinese outbound tourism has increased significantly and by 2016 the number of Chinese outbound tourists (52.7 million) was nearly twice that of international arrivals to China (28.1 million) (CTA, 2018). The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of international tourists visiting China based on destination attributes. For the purposes of this research, Australia was selected as a study site on the grounds that China has been a popular destination for Australian residents. This study examines a range of behavioral factors that may affect intentions to travel to China including: past travel experience to China; perceptions of overseas destination attributes; beliefs in China’s ability to satisfy the needs and constraints that appear to prevent Australian residents from traveling to China; and tourists’ intentions to visit or revisit. Data collected from Australian residents on aspects of travel to China included perceptions, beliefs, constraints, information sources, and past experience. The research shows that past experience was positively associated with intention to visit or revisit. Five constraint factors were identified. Based on these findings, the study discusses practical implications for management and government officials needed to boost Chinese inbound tourism.

Travel risk dimensions, personal-related factors, and intention to visit a destination: a study of young educated German adults

ABSTRACTThe study examines travel risk dimensions and their relationships with tourist role, past visit experience, gender and intention to visit Thailand among young educated German adults. Using an online survey of 323 German university students, six dimensions of travel risk perception and their relationships with tourist role and past travel experience were revealed. Over-commercialisation risk was found to be the most concerned risk and produce different relationships with tourist role and travel experience from other types of risks. Although political risk was of least concern, it was confirmed as the only risk having a negative influence on travel intention.

The German source market perceptions: how risky is Turkey to travel to?

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of the influence of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the German travel behavior toward Turkey as a destination in crisis, which has been considered one of the biggest losers for 2016. Design/methodology/approach The research process involved an online self-administered method created with one of the leading research and web-based survey tools called Qualtrics. This tool has been considered useful to reach a wider target, the questionnaire filled in by 305 respondents. Findings The findings revealed a strong tendency of a low safety perception among the sample toward Turkey. Furthermore, a large proportion indicated a strong unlikelihood of traveling to the country within the upcoming 12 months independently of a past travel experience. In addition, Turkey and Egypt were the countries perceived as most unsafe among the mentioned destinations. Research limitations/implications The majority of the respondents of the study were aged between 50 and 59 years and were employed as commercial employee, office or administration workers. The outcomes might be different for a higher sample size with a tendency of various demographic characteristic such as age and profession. Furthermore, the study should be repeated while focusing on respondents with accompanied children on holidays, which only made up a minority for the present research study. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study to examine the influence of terrorism on risk perception and attitudes of the German travel behavior toward Turkey and their risk reduction strategies/preventive measures.

Traffic dynamics in a bi-modal transportation network with information provision and adaptive transit services

This paper has two major components. The first one is the day-to-day evolution of travelers’ mode and route choices in a bi-modal transportation system where traffic information (predicted travel cost) is available to travelers. The second one is a public transit operator adjusting or adapting its service over time (from period to period) based on observed system conditions. Particularly, we consider that on each day both travelers’ past travel experiences and the predicted travel cost (based on information provision) can affect travelers’ perceptions of different modes and routes, and thus affect their mode choice and/or route choice accordingly. This evolution process from day to day is formulated by a discrete dynamical model. The properties of such a dynamical model are then analyzed, including the existence, uniqueness and stability of the fixed point. Most importantly, we show that the predicted travel cost based on information provision may help stabilize the dynamical system even if it is not fully accurate. Given the day-to-day traffic evolution, we then model an adaptive transit operator who can adjust frequency and fare for public transit from period to period (each period contains a certain number of days). The adaptive frequency and fare in one period are determined from the realized transit demands and transit profits of the previous periods, which is to achieve a (locally) maximum transit profit. The day-to-day and period-to-period models and their properties are also illustrated by numerical experiments.

Influence of tourists’ past travel experiences on perception of destination images

Influence of tourists’ past travel experiences on perception of destination images

The Reality of Encounters with Local Life in Other Cultures

Equipped with mobile technologies, travelers increasingly seek opportunities to encounter the real lives of the people residing in the focal destination. With this trend of pursuing local life experience, this study investigated how international visitors recognize the lives of people in the focal destination, and whether this recognition is related to satisfaction. Reviews for Teheran’s Grand Bazaar from an online review site, Tripadvisor, showed that visitors’ local encounters were linked with favorable emotions (good, interesting, and worthwhile). To lend support to the contact hypothesis, which posits that intercultural experiences can lead to more favorable evaluations of the host community; the visitors who recognized direct and indirect encounters with local life indicated higher satisfaction. Even if brief, the experience of local life appeared to create more intimate feelings for the focal destination. Interestingly, the number of past travel experiences, which was captured by the number of reviews written by the reviewer, was found to have a negative association with satisfaction. We draw further implications for the travelers as well as the local community.