Past Successes Research Articles

The World Health Organization was born as a normative agency: Seventy-five years of global health law under WHO governance.

The World Health Organization (WHO) was born as a normative agency and has looked to global health law to structure collective action to realize global health with justice. Framed by its constitutional authority to act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health, WHO has long been seen as the central actor in the development and implementation of global health law. However, WHO has faced challenges in advancing law to prevent disease and promote health over the past 75 years, with global health law constrained by new health actors, shifting normative frameworks, and soft law diplomacy. These challenges were exacerbated amid the COVID-19 pandemic, as states neglected international legal commitments in national health responses. Yet, global health law reforms are now underway to strengthen WHO governance, signaling a return to lawmaking for global health. Looking back on WHO's 75th anniversary, this article examines the central importance of global health law under WHO governance, reviewing the past successes, missed opportunities, and future hopes for WHO. For WHO to meet its constitutional authority to become the normative agency it was born to be, we offer five proposals to reestablish a WHO fit for purpose: normative instruments, equity and human rights mainstreaming, sustainable financing, One Health, and good governance. Drawing from past struggles, these reforms will require further efforts to revitalize hard law authorities in global health, strengthen WHO leadership across the global governance landscape, uphold equity and rights at the center of global health law, and expand negotiations in global health diplomacy.

Development of methods of structural reliability

The growth of structural reliability theory and applications, along with a recognition of its role in guiding the structural engineering profession in addressing some of the most important issues in design of the built environment, represents one of the key engineering achievements during the past five decades. Structural reliability provides a unifying framework for managing uncertainties affecting performance of structures and a quantitative link between the practice of structural engineering and its social consequences. Such links perhaps are most obvious in probability-based codified design and performance evaluation but there are numerous other applications, which are summarized in this special issue. As the field has matured, researchers in reliability have worked with structural engineers to elevate both the practice of structural engineering and the quality of research to levels that otherwise would not have been possible. The Joint Committee on Structural Safety has played a central role in this historic development and it will inspire future opportunities for the reliability community to build upon past successes to improve structural engineering and construction practices. This paper surveys the key theoretical developments and milestones that enable these opportunities.

Abstract 4351: Differential dependency mapping of chimeric RNAs across cancer reveals a new landscape of functional fusion transcripts

Abstract Chimeric RNAs are RNA transcripts containing sequences originating from multiple distinct genetic loci and can form through a variety of mechanisms such as DNA rearrangement, cis-splicing of adjacent genes, or RNA trans-splicing. Chimeras have long been known to be a hallmark of cancer and due to their unique properties are promising targets for precision medicine. Appropriately, fusion proteins transcribed from chimeras such as BCR-ABL1 and TPM3-NTRK1 have been shown to be effective targets. Due to these past successes, there exists an opportunity to identify new chimeras as therapeutic targets. While modern chimera prediction software allows for the fast and accurate identification of chimeric RNAs from RNA sequencing data, investigations separating therapeutically relevant transcripts from “transcriptional noise” remain lacking. In this study we performed an in-silico functional screen of chimeras across cell lines representing a wide variety of cancers. We used state-of-the-art chimeric RNA prediction software to create a database of chimeric RNAs across 1017 cell lines from The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. For each chimera we assessed factors such as frequency, recurrence, breakpoint coordinates, frame, and coding potential. To identify specific functional transcripts, we integrated publicly available shRNA knockdown data with our predictions and developed an in-silico functional analysis pipeline comparing differential knockdown effects between chimera and corresponding parental transcripts. For each transcript we assessed the average fold change of chimera-mapping probes, a function score defined as the difference between the fold change of chimera-mapping and parent-specific probes, and a p-value assessing the confidence of our functional score. From our initial screen of 127,819 transcripts, we identified 1088 high-confidence functional chimeras. We successfully identified nearly all known functional chimeras screened including PAX3-FOXO1, EWSR1-FLI1, and TCF3-PBX1. We also identified previously unknown chimeras that that we predict have a function in cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the results of our study reveal a new landscape of functionally relevant chimeric transcripts in cancer. Follow-up studies can further investigate these transcripts to determine their potential as therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Samir Lalani, Sehajroop Gadh, Justin Elfman, Sandeep Singh, Hui Li. Differential dependency mapping of chimeric RNAs across cancer reveals a new landscape of functional fusion transcripts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4351.

The role of health policy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in the UK National Health Service—Learning from the past, looking to the future

Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cause of cardiovascular death globally and many diagnoses are preventable. The UK NHS has led international efforts to reduce VTE, particularly hospital-associated VTE, through coordinated national policy action and world-leading research. Despite this, VTE remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK, as underlined by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Future reductions in VTE incidence/deaths will require progress on several fronts: a better understanding of case mix; revisiting VTE risk assessment, focussing on thromboprophylaxis failure and improving awareness of VTE amongst clinicians and the public. Changes to healthcare delivery, with care increasingly delivered outside of hospital, alongside changing disease patterns, including the rise in obesity, have huge implications for VTE and will dramatically alter prevention. The UK, with its nationalised healthcare model and long history of policy action on VTE, provides a unique lens through which to study past successes and future priorities for VTE prevention.

Antimycobacterial Drugs as a Novel Strategy to Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factors and Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Molecular Simulation Study

Antimicrobial resistance poses a severe threat, particularly in developing countries where the ready availability of drugs and increased consumption lead to improper antibiotic usage, thereby causing a surge in resistance levels compared to developed areas. Despite the past success of antibiotics, their effectiveness diminishes with regular use, posing a significant threat to medical efficacy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, triggers various infection-related issues, occurring on occasions including chronic wounds, burn injuries, respiratory problems in cystic fibrosis, and corneal infections. Targeting the quorum sensing (QS) of P. aeruginosa emerges as a strategic approach to combat infections caused by this bacterium. The objective of this study was to check the effect of antimycobacterial drugs against the potential QS targets in P. aeruginosa and identify lead candidates. The antimycobacterial drugs were first examined for the toxicological and pharmacokinetic profile. By virtual screening through molecular docking, delamanid and pretomanid stood out as major candidates. The binding energies of delamanid and pretomanid with LasR were determined to be −8.3 and −10.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The detailed analysis of the complexes of lead compounds were examined through molecular dynamics simulations. The molecular simulations data validated a sustained interaction of lead drugs with target proteins (PqsR, LasI, and LasA) in a physiological environment. The negligible changes in the secondary structure of proteins in presence of hit antimycobacterial drugs further strengthened the stability of the complexes. These findings highlight the potential repurposing of delamanid and pretomanid, specifically in targeting P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing mechanisms.

History of the development of machine translation systems (from the early stages to the beginning of the 21st century)

The article examines certain periods of machine translation development and the methods used to create various machine translation systems. To ensure correct historical periodization, the author defines the criteria for classifying the development of machine translation. Special attention is paid to the development of individual machine translation systems, as well as the events that had a significant impact on both the development and the hindrance of progress in the field of machine translation. Additionally, the author considers the ALPAC report and its subsequent “quiet period” of machine translation development, analyses the key specialists who have been involved in the development and improvement of machine translation systems and machine translation technologies, categorizing them into four large groups. The article reviews the dominant basis of machine translation research until the late 1980s, rooted in various linguistic rules such as parsing rules, lexical rules, lexical transfer rules, syntactic generation rules, morphology rules, etc.The author traces the emergence of the corpus-based method in machine translation, as well as its further expansion through experiments in computational modelling of cognition and perception, including the study of parallel computing, neural networks and connectionism, which offered the prospect of making the systems “learn” from past successes and failures. Besides, the author also examines the emergence of the interlingualapproach for multilingual translation of technical manuals and the history of the “pivot language”, along with the use of SLLP (specialized languages for linguistic programming).

Exploring the engagement behaviours of Smile4life practitioners: lessons from an evaluation of the national oral health improvement programme for people experiencing homelessness in Scotland.

Smile4life is Scotland's national oral health improvement programme for people experiencing homelessness, aimed at reducing oral health inequalities experienced by this population. This study forms part of an evaluation of how the Smile4life intervention was being implemented within Scottish NHS Boards. The aim was to investigate the influence of the Smile4life intervention upon the engagement behaviours of Smile4life practitioners. Focus groups were conducted with Smile4life practitioners, to provide an insight into how the Smile4life intervention affected their skills, attitudes and experiences while interacting with people experiencing homelessness and their services providers. A purposive sample of oral health practitioners, including dental health support workers, oral health promoters/educators, and oral health improvement coordinators working in three NHS Boards were invited to take part. One focus group was conducted in each of the three NHS Boards. The focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. The COM-B model of behaviour was used as a framework for analysis. Eleven Smile4life practitioners took part in the focus groups. All had first-hand experience of working with the Smile4life intervention. The average focus group length was 67 min. Working on the Smile4life intervention provided the Smile4life practitioners with: (i) the capability (physical and psychological), (ii) the opportunity (to establish methods of communication and relationships with service providers and service users) and (iii) the motivation to engage with Third Sector homelessness services and service users, by reflecting upon their positive and negative experiences delivering the intervention. Enablers and barriers to this engagement were identified according to each of the COM-B categories. Enablers included: practitioners' sense of responsibility, reflecting on positive past experiences and success stories with service users. Barriers included: lack of resources, negative past experiences and poor relationships between Smile4life practitioners and Third Sector staff. The Smile4life programme promoted capability, provided opportunities and increased motivation in those practitioners who cross disciplinary boundaries to implement the Smile4life intervention, which can be conceptualised as "boundary spanning". Practitioners who were found to be boundary spanners often had a positive mindset and proactive attitude towards the creation of strategies to overcome the challenges of implementation by bridging the gaps between the NHS and the Third Sector, and between oral health and homelessness, operating across differing fields to achieve their aims.

A Method for Producing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes from Leigh Syndrome Patients for Its Application in Disease Modeling and Drug Validation.

Leigh syndrome (LS), a complex multisystemic disorder, poses significant challenges in genetic medicine due to its intricate pathogenesis and wide-ranging clinical manifestations. Notably, these arise from mutations in either nuclear genetic DNA or mitochondrial DNA, affecting ATP production and resulting in diverse clinical outcomes. The unpredictable trajectory of this disease, ranging from severe developmental delays to early mortality, underscores the need for improved therapeutic solutions. This research pivots toward the novel use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a promising platform for understanding disease mechanisms and spearheading patient-specific drug discoveries. Given the past successes of iPSCs in delineating organ-specific disorders and the recent endorsement of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) by the FDA for drug evaluation, our work seeks to bridge this innovation to Leigh syndrome research. We detail a methodological approach to generate iPSCs from LS patients and differentiate them into iPSCs-CMs. Using multi-electrode array (MEA) analyses, we evaluate the field potential of these cells, spotlighting the potential of hiPSC-CM in drug validation and disease modeling. This pioneering approach offers a glimpse into the future of patient-centric therapeutic interventions for Leigh/Leigh-like syndrome.

Specifying and validating overconfidence bias among retail investors: a formative index

PurposeThe study explored various dimensions of overconfidence bias (OB) among retail investors in Indian financial markets. Further, these dimensions were validated through formative assessments for OB.Design/methodology/approachThe study applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to 764 respondents to explore dimensions of OB. These were validated with formative assessments on 489 respondents by the partial least square path modeling (PLS-PM) approach in SmartPLS 4.0 software.FindingsThe major findings of EFA explored four dimensions for OB, i.e. accuracy, perceived control, positive illusions and past investment success. The formative assessments revealed that positive illusions followed by past investment success among retail investors played an instrumental role in orchestrating the OBs that affect investment decisions in financial markets.Practical implicationsThe formative index of OB has several practical implications for registered financial and investment advisors, bank advisors, business media companies and portfolio managers, besides individual investors in the domain of behavioral finance.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel approach to provide a formative index of OB with four dimensions. This formative index can acts as an overview for upcoming researchers to investigate the OB of retail individual investors.Highlights Overconfidence bias is an important predictor of retail investors' behaviorFormative dimensions of the overconfidence bias index.Accuracy, perceived control, positive illusions and past investment success are important dimensions of overconfidence bias.Modern portfolio theory and illusion of control theory support this study.

Advancing Medical Waste Management in China: Leveraging Technological Innovations and Strategic Disposal Practices for Sustainable Development

Global epidemic prevention and control has entered the normalization stage, but the situation of local epidemic prevention and control is still complex and severe. In the new historical period, how to build on past successes to further advance our cause, and how to grasp the key issues and solve specific problems need to be examined and discussed from the perspective of technological change and development. Based on the systematic analysis of the current situation of China's existing medical waste disposal technology, and based on the opportunities and challenges faced by management and disposal technology, this paper analyzes the specific practices, work results and experience the enlightenment of the existing disposal technology and disposal mode, and puts forward the research and judgment of the future development pattern of China's medical waste, which provides a basis for the future treatment and disposal of China's medical waste and fine management.

(Invited) Quest for Fully Spin and Optically Polarized Semiconductor Nanostructures for Room-Temperature Opto-Spintronics

Spintronics represents a new paradigm for future electronics, photonics and information technology, which explores the spin degree of freedom of the electron for information storage, processing and transfer. Since 1990s, we have witnessed great success of metal-based spintronics that has revolutionized the mass data storage industry. There has also been an enormous push for semiconductor spintronics during the past three decades, with the aim to capitalize the past and current success of charge-based semiconductor technology and to make its spin counterpart the backbone of future spintronics just like semiconductors have done in today’s electronics/photonics. An exclusive advantage of semiconductor spintronics is its potential for opto-spintronics that will allow integration of spin-based information processing and storage with photon-based information transfer and communications. Unfortunately, progresses of semiconductor spintronics have so far been severely hampered by the failure to generate nearly fully spin-polarized charge carriers in semiconductors at and above room temperature (RT) at which today’s devices operate.In this work, we succeed to achieve conduction electron spin polarization exceeding 90% at RT in a semiconductor nanostructure, which remains steadily high even up to 110°C [1]. This represents the highest RT electron spin polarization ever reported in any semiconductor by any approach! This breakthrough is accomplished by a conceptually new approach of defect-engineered remote spin filtering and amplification of InAs quantum-dot (QD) electrons via an adjacent tunneling-coupled GaNAs quantum well acting as a spin filter. The extraordinary spin filtering effect in GaNAs is enabled by spin-dependent recombination via spin-polarized defects, i.e. grown-in Ga self-interstitials, which selectively deplete conduction electrons with an opposite spin orientation to that of the defect electron. In sharp contrast to the general trend of deteriorating spin polarization with increasing temperature seen in all other approaches of spin generation, our approach is gifted with an opposite temperature dependence up to RT thanks to a thermally accelerated remote spin-filtering effect as a result of thermally activated recombination via the defects [2]. We further show that the QD electron spin can be remotely manipulated by spin control in the adjacent spin filter, paving the way for remote spin encoding and writing of quantum memory as well as for remote spin control of spin-photon interfaces. This work demonstrates the feasibility to implement opto-spintronic functionality under practical device operation conditions in a semiconductor nanostructure system based on the mature III-V semiconductor technology commonly used for today’s optoelectronics and photonics. It could also pave the way for a range of potential spintronic and opto-spintronic applications exploiting the state-of-the-art GaAs technology platform, such as spin-LEDs, spin lasers, spin-polarized single-photon sources, quantum spin-photon interfaces, spin qubits, etc.

Characterization of Transport Pathways in Electrolyzers Using Neutron and X-Ray Tomography

Electrolysis is a critical component to realizing a true green hydrogen economy. The performance and efficiency of an electrolyzer is directly tied to the multiphase transport that occurs within the porous transport layer (PTL). The PTLs must allow sufficient water transport to the catalyst layer to maintain the reaction while removing the product gases. PTLs are typically created from titanium foams or sintered from titanium powders or fibers. The resultant structure is heterogenous and requires 3D imaging to properly capture the pore structure and transport pathways. The use of titanium for the PTL can make it difficult to track the multiphase flow using X-rays alone as the X-ray energy required to penetrate 1 cm or more reduces the contrast between water and oxygen without the use of contrast agents that could affect the reaction. Neutrons provide a penetrating probe capable of imaging through titanium while having extreme sensitivity to water. Combing neutrons and high energy X-rays provides an easy way to identify all components in the PTL, i.e., the solid structure, oxygen, and water. The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides the Neutron Imaging Facility to the larger research community through the Center for Neutron Research facility user program. This instrument provides the ability to perform simultaneous neutron and X-ray tomography. Moving from 2D radiography to 3D tomography is critical to fully understand the influence of the PTL pore structure on the multiphase transport. This talk will give an overview of the instrument capabilities, showcase past success for neutron imaging of electrolyzers, and provide current progress on development of hardware and data reduction methods for simultaneous neutron and X-ray tomography of electrolyzers.

Human Rights Pragmatism: Problems of Structure and Agency

Abstract Mainstream human rights activists typically attribute the signature successes of their movement (e.g., antislavery, Gandhi, Martin Luther King) to their uncompromisingly principled stance on behalf of the weak and the exploited. Naming and shaming and ending impunity loom large in their lore. This attitude works well to recruit idealistic activists, but their moralism, legalism, and secular universalism miss the central role of the self-interest of the majority in powering the progress of human rights. A core of idealists has defined aspirational goals, but progress has depended on support from majority mass movements and reform parties that gained power through expedient compromise. The human rights enterprise is now facing fierce pushback from illiberal strongmen and populists who counter-shame the liberal order as decadent, degenerate, and threatening to deeply rooted values. Too often, contemporary rights rhetoric plays into the hands of these illiberal critics. Human Rights for Pragmatists explains how rights-based societies can recover a more accurate narrative of their past pragmatic successes, repair their tactical flaws, and withstand illiberal challenges.

Anticipatory policy rhetoric: exploring ideological fantasies of Finnish higher education

ABSTRACT This research explores how anticipatory policymaking played out in Finnish higher education reform. The study applies a discourse theoretic framework to explore how policy narrative might prove attractive to subjects by mobilizing ideas, norms, and fantasies through affective identification. Fantasies frame and stabilize our sense-making practices, thereby providing affective belonging and (ir)rationale for our actions. As an empirical case, the analysis of the Vision Development 2030 reform elucidates how the policy documents construct fantasmatic narratives (with reference to obstacles, threats, and plenitude to come) that set the terms of debate in articulating the ‘problem’ of Finnish HE and in supplying the favorable policy solutions. Scrutinizing a range of ideological fantasies, such as articulating gloomy forecasts and reactivating cognitive and affective memories of past successes, Vision Development sought to evoke subjects’ latent emotions and desires, mobilizing them toward a reproduction of the techno-managerialist order. Applying poststructuralist discourse theory and the concept of fantasy in policy studies, the role of desire and affective rhetoric in anticipatory future-making can be critically evaluated and the implications of such policy doctrines contemplated.

Process evaluation of a UK school-based alcohol intervention using the Behaviour Change Wheel Framework

ABSTRACTThere are few process evaluations of school-based alcohol education programmes, especially examining teacher’s role in implementation. Using a Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework, this qualitative study identifies the barriers and enablers to teacher delivery of the Talk About Alcohol (TAA) programme in UK secondary schools and provides strategies for improvement in this context. Ten teachers were interviewed about influences on their delivery of the TAA programme. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and then Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) were identified for optimisation. Key enablers included increased knowledge from training and resources, increased confidence and effective resource design. Barriers included social pressure on students and further training on complex issues related to alcohol use such as consent. Delivery was influenced by a range of positive enablers which can inform other school-based alcohol interventions. Strategies for optimisation include follow-up training sessions, notifications of new updates to the programme resources, training highlighting past successes for teachers and further action planning for students. This evaluation highlights how the BCW approach can be used to improve teacher implementation in educational research.

The past as present in health promotion: the case for a 'public health humanities'.

Health promotion is conceived as a unifying concept for improving the health of populations. This means addressing the socio-cultural, economic and commercial causes of ill-health, which are necessarily informed by past policies and socio-cultural contexts. However, historical scholarship has rarely figured in health promotion practice or scholarship. This gap resides in the determinants of health, and notably in the analyses of tobacco control and skin cancer prevention, two long-running campaigns that have shaped modern health promotion in Australia. Both highlight a need for understanding the profound impact of history on the present and the value of learning from past successes and failures. Doing so requires integrating historical analyses into existing health promotion scholarship. To achieve this aim, we present a new 'public health humanities' methodology. This novel interdisciplinary framework is conceived as a spectrum in which historical studies integrate with existing health promotion disciplines to solve complex health problems. We draw on the many calls for more interdisciplinarity in health promotion and derive this methodology from proposals in the medical humanities and cognate fields that have wrestled with combining history and present-focused disciplines. Using tobacco control and skin cancer prevention as case studies, we demonstrate how public health humanities uses interdisciplinary teams and shared research questions to generate valuable new knowledge unavailable with traditional methods. Furthermore, we show how it creates evaluation criteria to consider the powerful impact of issues like colonialism on current inequities that hinder health promotion strategies, and from which lessons may be derived for the future.

Building the U.S. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness program: Past successes and future directions

COVID-19 vaccines were originally authorized in the United States in December 2020 on the basis of safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) data are necessary to provide information on how the vaccines work in populations not included in the RCTs (e.g., nursing home residents), against new SARS-CoV-2 variants, with increasing time since vaccination, and in populations with increasing levels of prior infection. The goal of CDC’s COVID-19 VE program is to provide timely and robust data to support ongoing policy decisions and implementation of vaccination and includes VE platforms to study the spectrum of illness, from infection to critical illness. Challenges to estimating VE include accurate ascertainment of vaccination history, outcome status, changing rates of prior infection, emergence of new variants, and appropriate interpretation of absolute and relative VE measures. CDC COVID-19 VE platforms have played a pivotal role in numerous vaccine policy decisions since 2021 and will continue to play a key role in future decisions as the vaccine program moves from an emergency response to a routine schedule.

Izazovi i uspjesi udruge CroMSIC u sferi volontiranja, projekata i razmjena

The Croatian Medical Students’ International Committee (CroMSIC) is an association dedicated to improving education and collaboration across the Republic of Croatia. The organization’s activities are carried out through student volunteering. It implements a range of projects focused on prevention and education, including initiatives in public health, human rights, sexual and reproductive health, as well as medical education. Additionally, we conduct student exchange programs that enable students to travel and participate in professional and scientific exchanges worldwide, contributing to the recognition of Croatia and its university on a global scale. CroMSIC, as an association, provides a unique international experience and an opportunity for personal and professional development. Through various projects and initiatives, CroMSIC demonstrates its humanitarian side by assisting children and families in need, while some projects facilitate healthcare in often neglected rural areas. Their dedicated officials also work to raise awareness about various healthcare aspects, including specific topics like cancer prevention and genetics, in collaboration with local communities and experts. CroMSIC drives positive change through cooperation with schools, children’s homes, and local communities. Through its projects, the association aims to enhance the quality of medical education and raise awareness about key public health issues. Our past successes include educating thousands of students and engaging hundreds of student volunteers in projects. The aim of this article is to present the association CroMSIC as well as its goals – to contribute to better health and education in the Republic of Croatia, and to shape future generations of medical experts who will bring positive changes in society.

The United States’ Impact on Panama and the Panama Canal: An Intervention Case Study

This paper investigates the history of the Panama Canal and how United States (U.S.) intervention has impacted its growth. The frame of this study (1983-2005) is a time-period that experienced two substantial U.S. interventions within Panama - the removal of the Panamanian leader, General Manuel Noriega, and the transition of sovereignty over the Canal from the U.S. to Panamanian power. This paper looks to explore these two isolated interventions in correlation with changes in economic growth within the Canal Zone. The results of this study will retrospectively demonstrate whether intervention stagnated or boosted economic growth within the Panama Canal, a clear indicator of how U.S. interference impacted Panama. On a larger scale, this study aims to highlight the specific economic impacts of intervention and how future interventional policies may improve based upon past success or failures.

A Reformation Roadmap of Shenzhen: Its Past Success and Vision Beyond

To respond to the calling of Deng Xiaoping in 1992Deng's South Inspection Speech, a large amount of "migrant workers" flowed into Shenzhen resulting in the prosperity of Shenzhen's primary processing. With the migration of people, Shenzhen ushered in a new era. Moreover, as one city of a country, Shenzhen's city functions are not only working as a regular city but also a platform or a window that connects the inland urban to the world and spread Chinese authority, earning a place for Chinese enterprises in the world market. Shenzhen becomes a place of receiving and introducing a new idea from out of the country. By comparing the history of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, this essay tries to explain the tendency of Shenzhen's industrial transformation and talks about the talented people that adapted to the tendency. As Shenzhen's urban function is transforming from processing to creating, Shenzhen needs newcomers who are high-educated and have some ideas about improving the social environment. Differing from the last 20 years, Shenzhen not only needs newcomers to be brave but also needs talented men and women to develop different industries of Shenzhen into the top level all over the world.