Past Seventy-five Years Research Articles

Pater and Yeats

Walter Pater's reputation is higher now than at any point during the past seventy-five years. The revival of interest in over the past decade or two has to some extent been a by-product of a widespread critical effort to determine how we, as a culture, got from the nineteenth century to wherever we are in the twentieth century. Increasingly is a point of reference; he is pivotal: at once the last of the pre-modems and the first of the moderns. The revival has promoted serious reappraisal of his work and its relation to that of other writers.' Despite the reappraisal, however, the stilted view of him that prevailed a generation or more ago (Pater of the purple prose and the gemlike flame) continues to crop up-particularly in works linking with W. B. Yeats. Yeats is the great modern figure with whose name Pater's is most frequently mentioned. Harold Bloom's Yeats, for example, places midway between Blake and Shelley on the one hand and Yeats on the other. No critic has been more emphatic than Bloom in designating as pivotal: Pater ... is the central link between nineteenth and twentieth-century Romanticism in America and Britain. Pater is halfway between Wordsworth and ourselves ... he is a kind of hinge upon which turns the single gate, one side of which is Romantic and the other modern poetry.2 The present study surveys the scholarship devoted to the literary relations of and Yeats, then roughs out a history of that relationship based on Yeats's published references to Pater, and finally gives its attention to Pater's essay on Leonardo da Vinci, a key passage of which occupied Yeats's interest near the close of his career. The study has two main aims: to contribute to the more accurate understanding of that has been emerging in recent years, and to suggest more precisely than heretofore the outlines of Pater's relation to (including his influence on) Yeats. The latter aim demands the former: to understand Pater's influence on Yeats, it stands to reason, one first has to understand Pater. Although dozens of critics have written about Pater's influence on Yeats, many of the references linking the two can be treated

The past seventy-five years in radiotherapy.

In this contribution we have outlined some of the developments that have taken place in the past 75 years and have illustrated these by reference to articles published in the British Journal of Radiology and its Supplements and reports. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen's article on “A New Kind of Rays” reported in the Transactions of the Wurzburg Physical Medical Society in December 1895, was followed almost immediately by experiments in many parts of the world. The speed with which this discovery was taken up is understandable when we consider that many scientists besides Rontgen had been working in this same field of cathode-ray experimentation. The first use of these new X rays in the treatment of patients is accredited to Emil H. Grubbe in Chicago; he accidently gave himself a dermatitis and on the assumption that this was a form of cautery applied X rays to an advanced ulcerating breast cancer. Within months reports came from other workers of the effects of X rays on tissues. During 1896 not only were the epil...

Late Nineteenth-Century American Retardation: A Neoclassical Analysis

English growth experience from the 1860's to the 1890's has been the source of continued research and debate. Judged by the recent contributions of McCloskey, the intensity of the debate has diminished little over the past seventy-five years. The period has long been identified in the literature as the “Great Depression.” It has been well established that the decades up to 1896 were characterized by declining general price levels, declining nominal interest rates, and serious retardation in aggregate real output growth. These are not merely figments of historical research since they were subjects of contemporary observation as well.

Child Welfare Classics

This paper is the result of an enjoyable collaboration with several members of the staff of the Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society.1 It was read at the first of a series of professional meetings marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Society. The meeting was an informal one, and some of the informality of the occasion and a few of the parochial allusions have carried over into the paper in its present form. The task we set ourselves was to survey the American literature of child welfare for the past seventy-five years and identify what might be called the classics?those items which have had a critical influence in determining the shape of things to come. In most schools of social work too little attention is paid today to the history of philanthropy. This is too bad, because without this sense of history there cannot be either professional depth or poise. Thus, one of our objectives was to offer the outline for a short course in the history of child welfare. Our method of procedure was, first, a session in which we cast backwards to those books and reports which we recalled as bench marks for one reason or another. When we had assembled the titles we were able to discard a

Heroical Love in Dryden's Heroic Drama

When Dryden wrote that love and valor ought to be the subjects of a heroic play, he did not define his conception of love. He, and presumably his readers, knew what he meant. During the past seventy-five years, however, the nature of his heroic love has severely exercised those who have tried to describe Restoration heroic drama. All have agreed that this love is of primary importance, but no one has offered a consistent or completely satisfactory analysis of it. The commonest view is that it reflects the sentimental, casuistical, metaphysical Platonic cultism—especially the doctrine of the uplifting power of love—fashionable in seventeenth-century heroic romances and Caroline drama. In the belief that this theory has been overemphasized and that it is not an adequate explanation of Dryden's heroic love, I propose to attack the problem from a different point of view in the hope of finding a clear and consistent pattern in his treatment of love.

The xatron - a variable speed electronic drive for process control

The trend today is the use of electronic variable speed drives in applications which normally would have been filled by rotating conversion units. Physically, electronic drives have a space and weight advantage over rotating equipment. Electrically, they lend themselves to precise control and rapid response to error signals. Small drives using thyratrons to supply and control d-c. motors are quite common. Large Ignitron and Excitron drives have been in successful use for many years. An electronic drive, the Xatron, using a grid controlled rectifier has been marketed in the 30 to 100 horsepower range. It is believed that this drive will capture the mass market for packaged drives within five to ten years. Chief use will be in the machine tool industry and for process control. Many varieties of electric variable-speed drives have been built and used in the past seventy-five years. The common feature in most of them has been the prime mover itself, the d-c. motor. Compared to the induction motor, the d-c. motor is an expensive device to produce, chiefly due to necessity for a commutator and brushes. In spite of this factor the d-c. motor today remains the foundation upon which the commercial wide range variable speed drive is based. Today between 80 and 90% of the electric drives built consist of a motor driven d-c. generator providing a variable armature voltage for a d-c. motor. Until 10 years ago an additional d-c. generator was used to supply excitation for the motor field.

Canadian Nationalism: An Historical Approach

T HE great seed-bed of nationalism in the Americas was the Revolution of the Thirteen Colonies. This is obvious in the case of the Latin American countries which drew so much of their inspiration not only from the North American War for Independence but from the Declaration of Independence and the pattern of the American Constitution. It is not so obvious in the case of Canada whose still disunited colonies of that day reacted against the Revolution, and whose advance to full nationhood followed a path very different from that of the other twenty-one American nations. Nevertheless the important elements of Canadian nationalism were present during the Revolutionary period, even if in embryonic form, and an understanding of Canadian nationalism today will be made clearer by a reference to them. The oldest and most firmly rooted element was that of the French Canadians of the Province of Quebec, Les Canadiens de la Nouvelle France, brought by conquest under the British flag and crown. In I763 they numbered only some 6o,ooo but already they were a compact, thoroughly acclimatized Canadien society with a tenacious and happy peasantry, a devoted if provincially-minded parish clergy, and an intelligent, welltrained even if small elite of clergy, lawyers, and seigneurs. Those wishing to do so had returned to France by their free choice, offered by the British Government, and from that day Les Canadiens have been committed completely to life in the New World and to the ideal of 'survivance' in a North America dominated by an overwhelming English-speaking majority. Only a tenuous cultural tie with France remained, and although at times it has had some significance among the educated, especially during the past seventy-five years, it has never been a fundamental source of French Canada's strength. Love of soil, Church, -and language have been the bulwarks of French-Canadian culture, and in particular the Church has been the one institution to which French Canada could look for inspiration and guidance. The rationalism and paganism of the French Revolution destroyed almost completely any lingering loyalties to Old France after I763. It was not strange that the bells of Quebec rang to mark the defeat of Napoleon. All this goes far to explain later French-Canadian attitudes not only toward the British connexion, but toward the Confederation agreement 1 This paper was originally prepared for the Conference on Commonwealth Studies arranged by the British Council at Oxford from 29 June to IO July I953, and is reproduced, with some small amendments, with the concurrence of the British Council. i66

Scientific Developments in Psychology with Implications for Social Change

Social Change JOSEPH W. NAGGE Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia It has been written somewhere that psychology has a short history but a long past. This is a pithy way of saying that people have had a pressing interest in the study of their own psychological reactions and those of other people long before a respectable fund of scientific knowledge was available for their guidance. Primitive man felt a need for more knowledge of the mainsprings of psychological reaction in other people because he had to deal with those other people in his everyday living and his success or failure in promoting successful personal relationships with other people was closely associated with his own personal happiness. He soon discovered that many of his problems resolved themselves into those of personal relations with other people. In the past seventy-five years, which period encompasses the history of experimental psychology, most of the work accomplished has been aimed at putting the psychological house in order, mapping out the fields of psychology, developing methods of procedure and doing the basic housekeeping tasks before attacking the problems of applied psychology the solution of which was of such importance before the practical problems of everyday life could be worked upon. Much of the early work fell into the category of There was little done in that period in the field of applied psychology because applied psychology involved a discussion of and value was a category of philosophy from which psychology like the other sciences had struggled for emancipation for so many centuries. With accumulated knowledge and with the assurance of a discipline approaching maturity, psychology is now fully ready to plunge into the fields in which 'value' is a category. This involves asking the question, what is the utility of the results of this psychological experiment? An undue emphasis upon value in science can be a danger to the growth of pure science. Fernberger has aptly stated in a recent article in the American Psychologist that pure science might tend to be neglected and we might thus kill the goose that laid the golden eggs. Knowingly or not, all science tends to change its patterns to meet human needs. Pressing problems in psychiatry, in industry, in

Hittite and Areal Linguistics

One of the European scholars that we have been fortunate enough to attract to this country is Giuliano Bonfante. The great importance of such newcomers for American scholarship is largely based upon the different scholastic traditions that they bring to us. Bonfante, for example, was trained in the Italian school of linguistics-neolinguistica, they call it-which was developed in sharp opposition to the doctrines of the German neogrammarians of the past seventy-five years or so. This neolinguistic method has until recently remained almost entirely unknown on this side of the ocean, and Bonfante's energetic support of it cannot fail to do us good. Fortunately, Robert A. Hall Jr. has recently written an account of the article and the two books that form the foundation of the new doctrine: Matteo Giulio BArtoli, Alle Fonti del Neolatino = Miscellanea in onore di Attillio Hortis 889-913 (1910); BArtoli and Giulio Bertoni, Breviario di Neolinguistica, (Modena, 1925); and Bdrtoli, Introduzione alla Neolinguistica (PrincipiScopi-Metodi) (Genbve, 1925). Since Hall's article appeared in LANG. 22.273-83 (1946), it will not be necessary for me to state in detail what the new method is. Instead I shall try to test its results in some recent work of Bonfante's, particularly in his article in the American Journal of Philology 67.289-310 (1946). This article, entitled 'Indo-Hittite' and Areal Linguistics, is a reply to a note by Albrecht Goetze in which Goetze blamed Bonfante and I. J. Gelb for neglecting my 'Indo-Hittite' hypothesis in a recent article of theirs. There is, then, ample reason why I should come into the discussion. At present, however, I shall merely try to discover what the neolinguistic or areal method has contributed to the solution of the problem presented by Hittite. After quoting a part of Goetze's note and making some remarks about the history of the 'Indo-Hittite' theory, Bonfante states that this theory 'is obviously nothing but a belated survival or revival of Schleicher's stem-theory (Stammbaumtheorie), first presented by that author in his Compendium ... (Weimar, 1861).' Then follow several pages of polemic against Schleicher, with much of which all must agree. The surprising fact is, however, that I have never read Schleicher, and I am too young ever to have heard him lecture. If I have followed his method, I must have learned it from others, and it is not difficult to name these others. I have read and reread the works of Karl Brugmann and his associates, and also those of some scholars of whom Bonfante more heartily approves-such men as Meillet, Schuchardt, and Holger Pedersen. My teacher was Carl D. Buck. I very much fear that Bonfante will have to include some of these in his condemnation of the method I have been trying to employ; although of course none of them are at all responsible for the 'Indo-Hittite hypothesis'. In other words, Bonfante is really opposing the comparative method as practiced by most American linguists; and he must change the general tenor of

Settlements in Baja California: 1768-1930

HERE have been many changes in the number, size, character, and distribution of nonindigenous settlements in Baja California since the founding of the first permanent Spanish colony in I697. The two and a half centuries following witnessed in succession the growth of a series of flourishing missions, the virtual depopulation of the peninsula during the nineteenth century, and resettlement within the past seventy-five years. Some of the early settlements have survived the vicissitudes of the years; decaying ruins testify to the former existence of others; yet others have arisen in modern times to take the place of those that have succumbed. The history of the evolution of settlements in Baja California cannot be told in its entirety. Large gaps exist that probably never will be filled. Fortunately there have been compiled, at intervals ranging from four to forty-three years, more or less comprehensive lists of settlements and their populations. The first such list for the peninsula is for the year I768,' when charge of the religious activities in Baja California was transferred from the Jesuit order to the Franciscan. The further transfer of religious authority from the Franciscan order to the Dominican in I772 resulted in the compilation of a second comprehensive settlement list, and reports of individual missionaries for the years I782 and i8oo give a picture of conditions in those times.2 A government report supplies population statistics for the year I836; 3 a historical study of Baja California written a few years later contains settlement data for I857.4 Finally the official Mexican government censuses furnish the necessary data for the years I900, I910, I92I, and I930.5 Statistics from these sources have been used to construct a series of maps, Figures I to Io, which present a broken but nonetheless useful chronological picture of changes in the number, size, and distribution of settlements in the peninsula from I768 to I930.

Reactions in Liquid Ammonia-I Ammonolysis of Hexavalent Chromium Derivatives

Although recent researches have served to clarify, to a great extent, the chemistry of the aquo ammono sulfuric acids (1) and older researches to a somewhat lesser extent the chemistry of the aquo ammono phosphoric acids (2), the literature concerning the corresponding compounds of other acidforming elements of periodic groups five and six remains incomplete, and, in many cases, contradictory. This uncertainty is particularly true of the ammono derivatives of hexavalent chromium. In spite of a number of publications concerning the ammonolysis of various hexavalent chromium derivatives, there still has not been forthcoming a definite answer to the question, Are aquo ammono chromic acids obtainable by direct reaction of hexavalent chromium compounds with anhydrous ammonia? Several workers during the past seventy-five years have reported the preparation of salts of amidochromic and imidodichromic acids, (3, 4, 5) but several of their contemporaries (6, 7, 8) were unable to repeat their results. Since many of these early experiments involved ammonolytic reactions, followed by treatment of the ammonolytic product with water, it is almost certain that any ammono derivatives which might have formed were immediately hydrolyzed. Rosenheim and Jacobsohn later reported the preparation of ammonium imidochromate, (NH4) CrO3NH, along with some chromic oxide by the reaction of chromic anhydride with liquid ammonia in a sealed tube at room temperature (9). The analytical results reported, however, did not agree very well with the formula given. The author hoped, in starting this problem, to be able to clarify somewhat the ambiguity in connection with the ammonolysis of hexavalent chromium compounds and to determine whether or not such reactions may be used for the preparation of aquo ammono chromates. It was decided, therefore, to study the reactions of chromic anhydride and of potassium chlorochromate with liquid ammonia under highly anhydrous conditions. Similar reactions had resulted in the formation of aquo ammono sulfates (1). The high oxidation potentials of these chromium compounds, however, caused complications, as is shown by succeeding data. A series of reactions of chromic anhydride with an excess of anhydrous ammonia was carried out at -33?. On analyzing the ammonolytic product, it was found in every case that about one-fourth of the total chromium had been reduced to the trivalent state. When treated with liquid ammonia in a sealed tube at 0? under anhydrous conditions, chromic anhydride reacts so vigorously that, in some cases, at least, the reaction mixture inflames under the liquid ammonia. The presence of bright green particles, interspersed through the brown ammonolytic product, indicates considerable reduction.

ACTUAL GROWTH OF YOUNG CARTILAGE TRANSPLANTS IN RABBITS

In the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery the transplantation of cartilage has assumed a role of increasing importance. During the past seventy-five years many reports have appeared in the literature describing the experimental and clinical results of the use of cartilage grafts, but the conclusions presented have often been contradictory. At present the evidence for survival of autografts of cartilage is admitted readily, but similar proof for the viability of isotransplants1is not so conclusive. Observations as to whether cartilage grafts were living or dead have depended on the gross and microscopic appearance of apparently viable cartilage cells at the time of removal of the graft. It has been assumed that if a transplant of very young cartilage remains viable in all probability it will resume its regular rate of growth. A demonstrable increase in size of the graft, correlated with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance, would present

The Arbiters of the New Deal

“Equal Justice Under Law,” is the inscription carved on the pediment of the new United States Supreme Court building. Recently erected, this legal temple in white marble stands majestically on a hill near the national Capitol, a fixed reminder that the judiciary is a co-ordinate branch of the government.For the past seventy-five years the sessions of the court were held in the small chamber that once housed the United States Senate. Its walls seemed to whisper memories and great names of the past. Here Webster, Clay, Calhoun and other famous statesmen before the Civil War battled with the nation's problems. Around the curved wall are busts of former Chief Justices. It is, no doubt, with a feeling of regret and a spirit of estrangement that the court has moved into its new quarters with its huge Sienna columns, ornate ceiling, heavy crimson hangings, and bas-reliefs.The nine gowned men who sit on the bench of the highest judicial tribunal in the nation are not spectacular: no aura of Olympus surrounds them. Each has a deep appreciation of the dignity and responsibility of his office: and all, despite an external austerity and necessary aloofness, are very human. Their appointment, which is for life, is made by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. They can be removed only by impeachment. During their tenure of office they cannot occupy any other position. All interests, no matter how profitable, which might possibly influence their judgment are severed. No justice sits in a case with which he has been previously connected as counsel, or in which he has any direct personal interest.

The Control of the Communicable Diseases Prevalent in Massachusetts

MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY from The New England Journal of Medicine — The Control of the Communicable Diseases Prevalent in Massachusetts — With a Study of the Mortality Due to Them during the Past Seventy-Five Years

The Future as Suggested by Developments of the Past Seventy-five Years, Civil Engineering, and more

The Future as Suggested by Developments of the Past Seventy-five Years, Civil Engineering, and more

Motor Vehicles

IT is difficult within the limits of an ordinary notice to deal adequately with this huge work of 618 quarto pages. Mr. Beaumont has attempted to give a complete history of all the applications of mechanical methods of propulsion to vehicles running on the highway, and has described almost every motor vehicle of importance which has been put on the road during the past seventy-five years.

The development of iron manufacture in the United States in the past seventy-five years

The development of iron manufacture in the United States in the past seventy-five years