Past Relationships Research Articles

In the shadow of a negative past: repairing and developing trust in construction projects

Trust is foundational to establishing and maintaining relationships. Construction project management research has long touted the importance of trust for project organisation and performance. Yet there has been less research interest in repairing and developing inter-organisational trust once trust has been violated and reduced. This study presents a process-based case study of restoring and enhancing trust in a main-contractor-and-subcontractor relationship after project experiences that deteriorated trust. Drawing on conceptual frameworks of trust repair and development, the research analysed the practices of both main-contractor and subcontractor companies. The analysis reveals that, although involving different project teams, the violation of trust in past experiences impacted relationships and interactions in the focal project. To repair and develop trust requires a process of discovering causes and accepting responsibility, forming interventions to repair dimensions of trustworthiness that have been damaged and evaluating the effectiveness of intervention. The research identifies three types of mechanisms that facilitated trust repair and development in construction: sense-making, structural control and relational approaches. This study contributes to knowledge in that it recognises the temporal embeddedness of inter-organisational relationships in construction projects and empirically demonstrates the process and practices of repairing and developing inter-organisational trust.

Factors Associated With Suicide Ideation in US Army Soldiers During Deployment in Afghanistan

Understanding suicide ideation (SI) during combat deployment can inform prevention and treatment during and after deployment. To examine associations of sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime and past-year stressors, and mental disorders with 30-day SI among a representative sample of US Army soldiers deployed in Afghanistan. In this survey study, soldiers deployed to Afghanistan completed self-administered questionnaires in July 2012. The sample was weighted to represent all 87 032 soldiers serving in Afghanistan. Prevalence of lifetime, past-year, and 30-day SI and mental disorders was determined. Logistic regression analyses examined risk factors associated with SI. Data analyses for this study were conducted between August 2018 and August 2019. Suicide ideation, lifetime and 12-month stressors, and mental disorders were assessed with questionnaires. Administrative records identified sociodemographic characteristics and suicide attempts. A total of 3957 soldiers (3473 [weighted 87.5%] male; 2135 [weighted 52.6%] aged ≤29 years) completed self-administered questionnaires during their deployment in Afghanistan. Lifetime, past-year, and 30-day SI prevalence estimates were 11.7%, 3.0%, and 1.9%, respectively. Among soldiers with SI, 44.2% had major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19.3% had posttraumatic stress disorder in the past 30-day period. A series of analyses of the 23 grouped variables potentially associated with SI resulted in a final model of sex; race/ethnicity; lifetime noncombat trauma; past 12-month relationship problems, legal problems, and death or illness of a friend or family member; and MDD. In this final multivariable model, white race/ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 3.1 [95% CI, 1.8-5.1]), lifetime noncombat trauma (OR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1-4.0]), and MDD (past 30 days: OR, 31.8 [95% CI, 15.0-67.7]; before past 30 days: OR, 4.9 [95% CI, 2.5-9.6]) were associated with SI. Among the 85 soldiers with past 30-day SI, from survey administration through 12 months after returning from deployment, 6% (5 participants) had a documented suicide attempt vs 0.14% (6 participants) of the 3872 soldiers without SI. This study suggests that major depressive disorder and noncombat trauma are important factors in identifying SI risk during combat deployment.

Meaning in Life Following Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression: The Roles of Self-Kindness, Positive Reframing, and Growth.

Psychological aggression is experienced by a large proportion of people in intimate relationships, and the negative impact of this experience has the potential to weaken one's sense of meaning in life. This study aimed to understand a mechanism through which the experience of psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship relates to less meaning in life. By applying self-compassion and meaning-making theory, we proposed that the experience of psychological aggression decreases one's ability to be kind toward oneself in times of suffering (i.e., self-kindness), which decreases positive reframing of the experience, which sequentially decreases growth from the experience, which in turn decreases meaning in life. Participants were 253 people who experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. Participants completed measures of psychological aggression, self-kindness, positive reframing, growth, and meaning in life. Results found that psychological aggression experienced in a past intimate relationship related to less meaning in life and that the serial mediation model proposed was supported. As such, the results indicate that greater psychological aggression experienced relates to less self-kindness, which in turn relates to less positive reframing, which is sequentially associated with less growth, which is associated with less meaning in life. The findings indicate the need for counseling and psychotherapies to bolster self-kindness in people who have experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. This is because levels of self-kindness might be depleted after experiencing psychological aggression and because self-kindness appears to support adaptive meaning-making processes.

Social Implication of OOP

This summary delves into an examination of the social implications stemming from the adoption and integration of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) standards inside software program improvement practices. As OOP maintains to serve as a foundational paradigm in modern software engineering, its societal ramifications expand past technical spheres, influencing collaboration, accessibility, and relationships in the broader social context. A noteworthy social implication of OOP lies in its effect on collaborative software improvement methodologies. The modular and encapsulated design standards inherent in OOP facilitate cohesive teamwork and code reusability, fostering collaborative environments amongst builders. This collaborative ethos transcends geographical constraints, permitting global groups to seamlessly collaborate on interconnected tasks. Consequently, OOP contributes to reshaping the panorama of international collaboration in the software development domain. Accessibility inside the realm of software program development represents another vital dimension of OOP's social impact. The encapsulation of code into items enhances code clarity and maintainability, fostering a more on hand programming experience. This more desirable accessibility broadens participation, enabling people with various backgrounds and ability ranges to have interaction in software program development. In turn, this inclusivity democratizes get admission to programming understanding and promotes a more various participation inside the introduction of technological solutions. Moreover, the social implications of OOP enlarge to it have an impact on societal relationships and consumer reports. Object-oriented layout principles, with a focus on modularity and encapsulation, facilitate the advent of user-friendly interfaces and interactive packages. This emphasis on consumer-centric design complements the overall consumer experience, shaping how people have interaction with era in diverse aspects in their lives, ranging from private computing to communication and entertainment. The abstraction supplied by OOP principles in addition contributes to the improvement of state-of-the-art software program systems, impacting societal features across numerous industries including healthcare, finance, and training. By promoting modular and scalable architectures, OOP helps the advent of complicated and adaptable systems that cater to the evolving wishes of society, shaping the social panorama of technological improvements. In conclusion, this abstract elucidates the social implications of OOP, emphasizing its influence on collaborative software improvement, accessibility, societal relationships, and person studies. As OOP keeps to conform, know-how and navigating these social implications turn out to be critical for discerning the reciprocal dating among technological paradigms and societal dynamics.

"Marichiweu": Performances of Memory and Mapuche Presence in Guillermo Calderón's Villa

Chilean post-dictatorship memorials not only fail to address intensifying dispossessions of Mapuche Indigenous peoples during and after dictatorship as part of the state's neoliberal agenda, but also elide the fact that dictatorial violence was but an iteration of the state's ongoing violence against the Mapuche. Reading Guillermo Calderón's 2011 play Villa across the grain reveals the inability to represent Chile's recent history without also contending with its violent past and present relationship to the Mapuche. The play's repeated invocation of the Mapuche word "marichiweu," translated as "we shall triumph tenfold," disrupts popular notions of historical memory in South America that are fixed in el pasado reciente, or "the recent past" (1965-1990s) by drawing a signifying genealogy of resistance and victory multidirectionally—from Mapuche triumph over Spanish colonization to a future triumph beyond the Chilean state.

Banking Relationships and Lending Decisions of REITs

Banking relationships are key factors influencing financing decisions of real estate investment trusts (REITs) that are mandated to hold highly specific assets. Using a comprehensive data set of loan facilities by REITs across different markets, this paper empirically tests the effect of REIT-bank relationships on credit costs and other non-price credit terms. We find that REITs with past banking relationships enjoy favourable loan terms that include lower loan rates, higher loan amount, and a less stringent collateral requirement. These favorable terms were kept by relationship banks during the Global Financial Crisis from 2007 to 2009.

Snapdragon by Kat Leyh

Reviewed by: Snapdragon by Kat Leyh Kate Quealy-Gainer, Assistant Editor Leyh, Kat Snapdragon; written and illus. by Kat Leyh. First Second, 2020 240p Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-250-17112-2 $21.99 Paper ed. ISBN 978-1-250-17111-5 $12.99 R Gr. 5-8 In this graphic novel, the kids at Snapdragon's school insist the old woman who lives in the woods is a witch who eats animals, and though Snap doesn't buy it, she still has to check the woman's place when her dog goes missing. It turns out that Jacks, the supposed witch, fixed up Snap's injured pet, and over the coming weeks Snap returns regularly to the woods, helping Jacks with her business—cleaning and rebuilding the skeletons of roadkill and dead animals and selling them over the internet. Jacks has a few secrets, though, including a long-ago romance with Snap's grandmother and actual magical abilities; she agrees to apprentice Snap when she shows her own uncanny powers, but Snap's ambition nearly derails the whole endeavor. This is an immersive, spirited read, and Snap and Jacks are crafted with nuance and care, gifted with wit and compassion and flawed by insecurity and bullheadedness. Leyh skillfully balances magic and realism, interweaving the past relationship between Jack and Snap's grandmother, the troubles Snap and her friend face at school (Snap because she's Black, her friend because of being gender nonconforming), and the financial strain in Snap's single-parent home with stories of one-eyed guardian foxes, roadkill ghosts, and flying benches (no brooms for Jacks). Readers familiar with Leyh's work in the Lumberjanes series will recognize her bouncy, dynamic art and figures that are nearly always in motion, keeping the energy high and the tone lively. Fans of Ostertag's The Witch Boy series and Steinkellner's The Okay Witch (9/19) will find this to be a satisfying readalike. Copyright © 2020 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Especificación de un modelo para el estudio de la percepción de utilidad

A model is a data management, production and transfer system organized in explanatory trends of past, current and future relationships. The emphasis on each suggests decision making and strategy execution. The objective of this work was to specify a model for of the perception of utility. An exploratory and cross-sectional study was conducted with a selection of 186 students from a public university in central Mexico, considering their participation in the system of professional practices and social service in local organizations. The validity of the instrument that found a one-dimensional variable that explained 43% of the variance was established, but the research design limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the extension of the work.

No straight lines \u2013 young women\u2019s perceptions of their mental health and wellbeing during and after pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-ethnography

BackgroundYoung mothers face mental health challenges during and after pregnancy including increased rates of depression compared to older mothers. While the prevention of teenage pregnancy in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom has been a focus for policy and research in recent decades, the need to understand young women’s own experiences has been highlighted. The aim of this meta-ethnography was to examine young women’s perceptions of their mental health and wellbeing during and after pregnancy to provide new understandings of those experiences.MethodsA systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative research was conducted. Seven databases were systematically searched and forward and backward searching conducted. Papers were included if they were from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and explored mental health and wellbeing experiences of young mothers (age under 20 in pregnancy; under 25 at time of research) as a primary research question – or where evidence about mental health and wellbeing from participants was foregrounded. Nineteen papers were identified and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research used to appraise the evidence. Following the seven-step process of meta-ethnography, key constructs were examined within each study and then translated into one another.ResultsSeven translated themes were identified forming a new line of argument wherein mental health and wellbeing was analysed as relating to individual bodily experiences; tied into past and present relationships; underpinned by economic insecurity and entangled with feelings of societal surveillance. There were ‘no straight lines’ in young women’s experiences, which were more complex than dominant narratives around overcoming adversity suggest.ConclusionsThe synthesis concludes that health and social care professionals need to reflect on the operation of power and stigma in young women’s lives and its impact on wellbeing. It adds to understanding of young women’s mental health and wellbeing during and after pregnancy as located in physical and structural factors rather than individual capacities alone.

Undoing the “Cemetery of the Living”: Performing Change, Embodying Resistance through Prison Theater in Nicaragua

This paper explores the gendered and spatialized dynamics that underpin prisoners’ and official discourses of “change” (cambio de actitud) in Nicaragua as these were manifested at two prison facilities during a lengthy period of prison theater training. Teasing out the way in which “change” is resisted, adapted and appropriated by prisoners as they simultaneously embody and contest state discourses of penal reeducation, I argue that while re-educational spaces present opportunities for “doing freedom”, temporarily relieving the tightness of prison, they are also fundamentally part of the prison’s power structure and political-moral realm. Herein change is often posited as opposed to violence, yet my research points to a dialectical relationship rather than a binary opposition between the two, because within the wider co-governance system of Nicaragua’s prisons, violence appears to exist in a parallel rather than past relationship to prisoners’ processes of change.

QMR:Q-learning based Multi-objective optimization Routing protocol for Flying Ad Hoc Networks

A network with reliable and rapid communication is critical for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) consisting of UAVs is a new paradigm of wireless communication. However, the highly dynamic topology of FANETs and limited energy of UAVs have brought great challenges to the routing design of FANETs. It is difficult for existing routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) to adapt the high dynamics of FANETs. Moreover, few of existing routing protocols simultaneously meet the requirement of low delay and low energy consumption of FANETs. This paper proposes a novel Q-learning based Multi-objective optimization Routing protocol for FANETs to provide low-delay and low-energy service guarantees. Most of existing Q-learning based protocols use a fixed value for the Q-learning parameters. In contrast, Q-learning parameters can be adaptively adjusted in the proposed protocol to adapt to the high dynamics of FANETs. In addition, a new exploration and exploitation mechanism is also proposed to explore some undiscovered potential optimal routing path while exploiting the acquired knowledge. Instead of using past neighbor relationships, the proposed method re-estimates neighbor relationships in the routing decision process to select the more reliable next hop. Simulation results show that the proposed method can provide higher packet arrival ratio, lower delay and energy consumption than existing good performing Q-learning based routing method.

How Middle-Aged Siblings of Adults with Intellectual Disability Experience their Roles: a Qualitative Analysis

In many aging families, siblings provide important support to adult brothers or sisters with an intellectual disability. However, this presents new challenges that are affected by past relationships and roles, as well as by the current situation and changes brought on by aging. This study aims to explore the ways in which middle aged typical siblings of adults with intellectual disability shape and perceive their role within the aging family. An interpretive phenomenological analysis was used. Data collection was performed through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 17 middle aged siblings of adults with intellectual disabilities, followed by a thematic content analysis. Four themes were identified: (1) Sibling multiple roles along the life course; (2) The sibling’s role in the changing alignment of aging families living with disabilities; (3) A retrospective examination of the sibling’s responsibility; and (4) What does the future hold for siblings? Middle aged siblings in the aging family cope with multiple roles, which may elevate caregiving loads. At this point of their life, middle aged siblings come to acknowledge the complexity of their experience that involves love, compassion, stress, and burden at the same time.

Spoken Like a Gentleman: The Burden of the Voice in An Anonymous Woman’s MANWATCHING and Gary McNair’s Locker Room Talk

Abstract This article compares An Anonymous Woman’s monologue MANWATCHING and Gary McNair’s verbatim play Locker Room Talk to explore the rupture between character and actor in these two works. MANWATCHING presents the personal reflections of its anonymous female playwright on her past heterosexual relationships and the fantasies she employs when she masturbates. Locker Room Talk, on the other hand, is an edited compilation of McNair’s interviews with men about the often misogynistic language they use in each other’s company to discuss women. Drawing extensively from Judith Butler’s influential work Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, this article discusses how these two works adopt different theatrical forms (verbatim and monologue) to challenge the parameters – that is, what Butler refers to as the “speakable” and “unspeakable” – of public discourse. McNair’s Locker Room Talk attempts to challenge the misogynistic “banter” used by some men to bond with their male peers while MANWATCHING attempts to create a context within which women will feel less stigmatized discussing their sexuality honestly. In spite of their different theatrical forms, however, both works exploit a similar dramaturgical approach to achieve these goals and this article attempts to demonstrate the radically different effect this same approach has on each work’s reception by audiences.

PCN416 NETWORK META-ANALYSIS FOR SURROGATE ENDPOINT EVALUATION IN ADVANCED COLORECTAL CANCER: A BAYESIAN APPROACH

Progression free survival (PFS) and tumour response (TR) have been investigated as surrogate endpoints for overall survival (OS) in advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC). Whilst in the past strong surrogate relationship between the treatment effects on TR or PFS and on OS has been found for traditional chemotherapies, in more recent evaluation based on trials investigating modern therapies, the validity of these putative surrogate endpoints has been suboptimal. We aim to evaluate surrogate endpoints by differentiating between therapies of different mechanisms of action. We propose bivariate network meta-analysis (bvNMA) as a method for modelling surrogate relationships between treatment effects on a surrogate and a final clinical outcome within treatment contrasts, borrowing information across treatment contrasts through the network structure of evidence base. We apply this method to data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in aCRC. Data were obtained from four systematic reviews of RCTs investigating a range of pharmacological treatments in aCRC, categorised into classes with respect to their mechanism of action. Applying bvNMA to evaluate surrogate endpoints in aCRC resulted in varying correlations between treatment effects on surrogate and final outcome across treatment contrasts. For example overall, for all treatments, correlation between treatment effect on TR and PFS was -0.67 (95% CrI: -0.85, -0.41), whilst the correlation for trials of EGFRi with chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone was higher; 0.79 (-0.95, -0.5) and lower for anti-VEGF therapies with chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone; -0.43 (-0.84, 0.16). Network meta-analysis allowed us to disentangle information on a relatively strong study-level surrogate relationship between treatment effects on TR and PFS for EGFRi with chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone from a set of treatments with suboptimal overall surrogacy relationship. This novel methodology can be used to model surrogate relationships in greater detail compared to methods that do not differentiate between treatment classes.

Intimate relationship strengths and challenges amongst a sample of transgender people living in the United States

Many transgender people enjoy positive intimate relationships, however such relationships exist within a context of broader discrimination, specifically cisgenderism. The present study sought to investigate the relationships between demographic variables, significant other support, relationship satisfaction, resiliency, past relationship experiences and future relationship expectations, and gender-related discrimination amongst a convenience sample of transgender people living in the United States. 345 participants completed an online questionnaire designed by the authors assessing psychological distress, relationships with partners, and partner support. Findings suggest that participants had some difficulties in negotiating past relationships, though remained hopeful about future relationships. This was especially true for those who lived with animal companions and who reported higher levels of resiliency. Participants currently in relationships reported relatively high levels of significant other support (and this was especially true for participants in relationships with other transgender people), and such support was related to lower levels of psychological distress, though this was less true for older and/or agender participants. Participants were on average satisfied with their current relationships, though this was particularly true for participants with higher incomes. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for clinicians who work with transgender people and their partners.

Recommending human resources to project leaders using a collaborative filtering‐based recommender system: Case study of gitHub

Recommender systems (RSs) are a significant subclass of the information filtering system. RSs seek to predict the rating or preference that a user would give to an item in various online application community fields. Collaborative filtering (CF) is a technique which predicts user distinctions by learning past user-item relationships. However, it is hard to perceive the comparable interests between customers in light of the fact that the sparsity problem is caused by the deficient number of the relationship between users. It is a challenge which limited the ease of use of CF. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy C-means clustering approach which is used to deal with this sparsity problem by utilising a sparsest sub-graph detection algorithm in defining initial centres of the clustering method. The approach uses adaptability of fuzzy logic to make better personalised recommendations in terms of precision, recall and F-measure. The authors present a case study where GitHub is used to show the effectiveness of authors’ approach. Authors’ model can recommend relevant human resources (HR) to project leaders who have participated in similar projects. The comparative experiment results show that the planned approach will effectively solve the sparseness drawback and produce suitable coverage rate and recommendation quality.

Spatial Memory: A Childhood House a Proposed Model of the Memory and Architecture Relationship

This paper has been shaped and developed on the proposition that a relationship exists between memory and architecture. The mechanics of memory have been studied for many years by various disciplines and its connection with architecture, either individual or collective, forms the spatial memory in architecture. In the formation of this spatial memory, the interaction with one’s environment and the memory of this interaction stored in one’s brain makes the ability to remember and recall the important. Consciously, what significance do people attribute to remembered spaces? How do they value them, in their own words? How do the remembered spaces interact with them? Can spatial memory emerge and bring new values to architecture? This study aims to investigate the importance of the formation of spatial memory in an individual’s dynamic relationship with any particular space. A “Childhood House” has been selected as the space for the study. There are many scholarly books that address the space of the house where it has been a particular focus from a memory point such that it collects an individual’s past relationship with the space. The recollection of the childhood house by an individual relates the spatial relationship one has with memories of the past. Spatial memory, which has been formed on concepts of memory, perception and this house, is analysed in a proposed model aimed at explaining what spatial elements might be the inputs in forming spatial memory. Individual features, the social environment of the era and physical characteristics of the space are selected as the main features to form the spatial memory of a childhood house. The model also puts forward several sub-features which enhance the recall moment of an individual when interacting with a space. Main and sub-feature inputs of the model form multi-layered spatial memory outputs which show the brain’s ability to code, store and recall. Twenty individuals were chosen to contribute to the study, using their recall of childhood house memories to respond to pre-set memory/space related questions. Each individual’s spatial recall verified that the proposed memory/space relationship model showed clear evidence that the spatial memory is formed under the influence of these three important characteristics: Individual, social/cultural and physical interaction act in concert to constitute a spatial memory.

Sibling dynamics in adulthood: a qualitative analysis

Research on sibling dynamics throughout the life span has gradually increased over the past several years. However, limited work has been conducted on the sibling relationship dynamics of adults particularly using qualitative methods. The current study is a phenomenological examination of the nature of sibling relationships in adults using a sample of forty adults, 24 females and 16 males, between the ages 29 and 70 (M = 50.55, SD = 12.03) from a large Northeastern city in the United States. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured questions about past and current sibling relationship dynamics. Results were analyzed using the phenomenological method. Themes emanating from the interviews included: (1) impact of age, gender, and geography on the relationship, (2) topology of support provided by siblings, (3) content of conversations/information sharing and taboo items, (4) contact frequency and method of contact (phone, electronic), (5) factors contributing to sibling closeness, and (6) negative aspects of the relationship. Findings highlight the continued and unique importance of this bond even as adult are occupied with their daily life and the diversity found in sibling dynamics during adulthood.

The psychosexual impact of testing positive for high-risk cervical human papillomavirus (HPV): A systematic review.

ObjectivesMany countries are implementing human papillomavirus (HPV)‐based cervical screening due to the higher sensitivity of the test compared with cytology. As HPV is sexually transmitted, there may be psychosexual consequences of testing positive for the virus. We aimed to review the literature exploring the psychosexual impact of testing positive for high‐risk cervical HPV.MethodsMEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched with no date limits. We also searched the grey literature, reference lists of included articles and carried out forward citation searching. Eligible studies reported at least one psychosexual outcome among HPV‐positive women. Qualitative and quantitative papers were included. We extracted data using a standardised form and carried out a quality assessment for each article. We conducted a narrative synthesis for quantitative studies and a thematic synthesis for qualitative studies.ResultsTwenty‐five articles were included. Quantitative study designs were diverse making it difficult to determine the impact that an HPV positive result would have in the context of routine screening. The qualitative literature suggested that psychosexual concerns cover a broad range of aspects relating to women's current and past relationships, both interpersonal and sexual.ConclusionsThe psychosexual impact of testing positive for high‐risk cervical HPV is unclear. This review highlights the need for further research in the context of HPV‐based cervical screening. As primary HPV testing is introduced more widely, it is important to understand women's responses to testing HPV positive in the cancer screening context to minimise any adverse psychosexual impact.

College student peer aggression: A review with applications for colleges and universities

Abstract This review summarizes literature focusing on peer relational and physical aggression in the context of college and university environments. Studies included in the review were published from 2006 to 2016. While some research focused on physical aggression, most focused on relational aggression. Overall, the research reviewed suggested that social-cognitive constructs such as hostile attribution biases, individual traits such as lower agreeableness, impulsivity, and poor mental health, negative emotions such as embarrassment, social characteristics such as exclusivity in friendships, and past relationship experiences correlated with aggressive behavior. In research that focused on aggressive behavior perpetrated on college campuses specifically (such as campus housing), most of the literature focused on relational aggression between college females. Since the quality of students' social relationships relates to student adjustment, further investigation of aggression in college can provide information for administrators who wish to increase retention rates and improve learning outcomes. Future research in this area would do well to focus on interactions between individual factors such as social-cognitive constructs and situational factors relating to aggression, as well as various forms of aggression (reactive; proactive) in context. Research of this kind can provide strong theoretical foundations for intervention efforts that can reduce relational and physical aggression in colleges and universities.