People In Past Research Articles

Water in Architecture and its Usage in Contemporary Houses Interior Design

As one of the most fundamental natural elements, water has had a great share in the formation and architecture of architectural buildings. This research examines the effect of water and its presence in contemporary houses. Architecture is not merely a tridimensional compound of forms in space, but a manifestation of a sense or a thought in it. According to Feng Shui, the building where we live in can be the cause of balance and health for human being. As a whole, anything around us has active and mobile energies; by designing a building in a way that positive energies can follow around easier, one can easier bring happiness for the dwellers. Feng Shui is based on the harmony among five elements of water, wind, soil, fire and metal. Because of its stream, water removes negative energies and revives and mobilizes positive ones thereby having a great impact on the current of energies. Considering the fact that contemporary houses are small in space, designer does not feel free in the usage of water in internal spaces, thus he/she should utilize patterns that resemble or associate the feeling of water in the living environment. Conceptual, functional and aesthetic basics of water have been examined first via library studies and note taking from various papers and books. Then, the three qualities would be analyzed in Iranian architecture, and the properties of past people will be examined to emphasize material, spiritual and psychological aspects of water. Then, I will assess the philosophical basics of Feng Shui in using water for interior spaces via a qualitative method and content analysis, usage of water based on Feng Shui in interior design and decoration of homes. Considering these concepts, natural possibilities of water in interior architecture and its limitations in interior space design would be assessed and recognized. Finally, some patterns would be presented to use water in interior spaces of contemporary apartments.

Before trauma: the crusades, medieval memory and violence

Can ‘trauma’ be an appropriate or insightful category of historical analysis for the study of the medieval past? In this article I consider how trauma theory can expose links between representation, memory and violence during the period of the crusades. I focus on one case study of ‘collective trauma’ – the capture of a relic of the True Cross by the army of Saladin at the battle of Hattin in 1187. According to Christian commentators, the battle of Hattin was particularly brutal and its effects were long-lasting. Yet it was not the battle itself that was recorded by western commentators as particularly damaging. Rather, it was the capture during the battle of a piece of the True Cross, one of the holy land’s most precious relics, that was recorded by eyewitnesses, later chroniclers, artists and preachers as the most shattering aspect of this event. This article considers the loss of the True Cross as a moment of significant ontological rupture for the Christians of the west. I suggest that the relationship between individual experience and collective identifications that lay at the heart of crusading culture can be illuminated by paying attention to contemporaneous theories of cognition, memory, experience and suffering. In so doing I am asking how past peoples tried subjectively and collectively to make sense of devastating experiences and how modern historians of the Middle Ages might usefully integrate trauma theory into historical method.

Waste management in Nya Lödöse

The study of waste and waste management in past populations is a subject of great complexity within archaeological research. For what actually constitutes waste, and how did past peoples manage their waste? This paper discusses definitions of waste within archaeological contexts, and how waste could be managed within urban populations. The paper also examines questions of waste management through a case study of four plots and four vret (spaces in-between plots) in the town of Nya Lodose (1473–1624) in modern day Gothenburg. This study confirms the complex nature of waste, and calls for more in-depth analyses on the subject.

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Public Archaeology Teaching

Two of the biggest challenges in public archaeology teaching are getting interlocutors' attention and getting them to feel connection to past people. Inspiring focus and empathy in the short interactions we have can be difficult, especially when the subjects are very distant in time. New and scholarly produced forms of virtual reality show particular promise for getting and keeping the attention of our publics. In this review, I discuss several forms of virtual or augmented reality and assess them as tools for public archaeology practice.

1 Introduction: Establishing a Bioarchaeology of Community

ABSTRACTIn this chapter, we introduce our volume and focus on defining the various ways in which the term community is used by bioarchaeologists in this volume, especially with respect to the theoretical ideas within the emerging social and theoretical bioarchaeology. We also provide an initial summary concerning each of the chapters and how each author, or set of authors, focuses on community within their research. Our goals are: (1) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of identifying different types of past community or communities; (2) to expand on methods in bioarchaeology that can be used to identify community; and (3) to develop theoretically based bioarchaeological research on community in order to elucidate meaningful relationships that structured past people's lives.

Archeological ceramic artifacts characterization through computed microtomography and X‐ray fluorescence

The analysis of ceramic materials has been proven to be an indispensable tool for indirectly approaching past people and societies through their cultural remnants, allowing inferences about their technology, and their interaction with their surrounding physical and social environments. Pottery products acquire their characteristic properties during the manufacture process. Compositional (mineralogical and chemical) and microstructural analyses have become an integral part of interdisciplinary archaeological research, underlining the importance of compositional and technological comparative studies. As damages must be avoided to the archeological artifacts under study, nondestructivity is an essential requirement for the scientific methods operating in this research field. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to correlate 2 nondestructive techniques, namely, computed microtomography and X‐ray microfluorescence in the structural characterization and investigation of the elemental composition of ceramic samples from 2 different Brazilian archaeological sites. Computed microtomography allowed to differentiate the various materials with different densities that compose the samples. These materials had their elemental composition revealed by X‐ray microfluorescence technique, where several tempers used during the manufacturing process were identified. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

EDTA decalcification of dental calculus as an alternate means of microparticle extraction from archaeological samples

Dental calculus studies, though becoming more common for addressing a range of archaeological questions, are still in their infancy. Dental calculus is a mineralised biofilm that forms on the surface of teeth, with the potential to encase anything that comes into contact with the mouth. Dental calculus has provided information on the lifeways of past people including diet, health, disease, trade and fabrication. To extract this microarchaeological information from dental calculus it must first be processed, either mechanically (with a mortar and pestle) or chemically (generally with hydrochloric acid or HCl), in order to free the microparticles and biomolecular structures encased within. Until now, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has not been used for microparticle extraction. Here we present data that demonstrate EDTA is an equally and potentially more effective decalcifying agent for extracting microparticles than previous methods using samples from the Southwest Pacific and Ireland. EDTA has the added benefit of being an appropriate for the first step in genomic and proteomic sample processing.

Soundscapes in the past: Investigating sound at the landscape level

During the past few decades, researchers have developed methodologies for understanding how past people experienced their wider world. The majority of these reconstructions focused upon viewsheds and movement, illustrating how individuals visually observed their environment and navigated through it. However, these reconstructions have tended to ignore another sense which played a major role in how people experienced the wider, physical world: that of sound. While the topic of sound has been discussed within phenomenology at the theoretical level, and has been approached at the site level through the growing study of “acoustic archaeology,” there has been limited practical application at the landscape level. This article illustrates how GIS technology can be utilized to model soundscapes, exploring how people heard their wider surroundings.

Aksara Arab-Melayu di Nusantara dan Sumbangsihnya dalam Pengembangan Khazanah Intelektual

Literacy is a tool of communication which could help people to know the natural surroundings without any real experience, but they could know the events of the past. As a relic, the literacy cannot be ignored. For example, the literacy of Arabic-Malay is a tool to write Malay language for the people who live in the archipelago. With the help of the Arab-Malay literacy, Moslem sholars, kiais, and teachers are able to produce real works that characterizes the traditional writing of citizens. The works of the past people implemented in Arabic-Malay and Malay are called Malay manuscripts. The number of Malay manuscripts is innumerable and has been saved by 28 countries in the world. The Malay manuscripts will not contribute to society nowadays if they are not read and the people do not understand their contents. Therefore, it is important to do a research for the existence of the Arab-Malay literacy in the archipelago. Moreover, the deep research is needed to know its role to read the Malay manuscripts which are ones of the intellectual treasures of the archipelago till the manuscripts can be understood by the people now. It is very necessary to do because the Arab-Malay literacy as a part of the archipelago culture has been forgotten for a long time. In studying the Arabic-Malay literacy existence and its role, the writer prefers using literatures. It means that this article focuses on library research because the analysis is directed to the books and writings related to the discussion.

Introduction: recent approaches to pottery and society in the Southeast

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the themes of this special edition of Southeastern Archaeology on modern pottery studies and summarizes the articles included in this edition. Southeastern archaeologists increasingly are applying new theoretical constructs and techniques to ceramic studies. These new techniques, in conjunction with traditional typological analysis, allow archaeologists to approach the study of past peoples from a broader perspective.

Subjects and Narratives in Archaeology

Subjects and Narratives in Archaeology

Other Types of Meaning: Relationships between Round Barrows and Landscapes from 1500 bc–ac 1086

This paper is about Bronze Age round barrows and the ways in which they became caught up in human practices over an extended time period. At one level it belongs to a flourishing body of work that examines the ‘re-use’ or ‘biography’ of prehistoric monuments. Rather than treating the latter as a generic group, however, this study focuses on chronologies of one specific monument type—round barrows—over a 2600-year period from 1500 bc–ac 1086. By bringing together evidence and interpretations generated mainly within period specialisms, significant homogeneities are revealed in terms of how activities at prehistoric monuments have previously been understood. The possibilities for seeking out different interpretative ground are duly explored. Using a case study from the east of England and drawing on evidence and ideas from much more broadly, the approach taken places particular emphasis on examining relationships between round barrows and other aspects of landscape. The findings offer fresh insight into the temporality of activities undertaken at round barrows, question existing characterizations of past people's historical understandings, and explore the long-term coherence of ‘round barrows’ as a category.

A new approach to profiling taphonomic history through bone fracture analysis, with an example application to the Linearbandkeramik site of Ludwinowo 7

This paper presents a new method of assessing and displaying taphonomic history through detailed bone fracture analysis. Bone is a particularly useful indicator of taphonomic processes as it is sensitive to when it is broken based on degradation over time. Our proposed ‘fracture history profiles’ show the sequences of fracture and fragmentation that have affected assemblages of bone specimens from the death of the animal to recovery by archaeologists. The method provides an assessment of the carcass processing traditions of past people, relating specifically to bone marrow and bone grease extraction. In addition, by analysing post-deposition fracture and bone modifications caused by burning, gnawing and other taphonomic agents, it is possible to reconstruct a comprehensive taphonomic history for each archaeological context. This has implications for understanding effects on other artefacts that have no equivalent diagnostic features for determining timing of breakage, and also for establishing the nature of events such as secondary disturbance of deposits. This method will be demonstrated using a case study from the Neolithic Linearbandkeramik culture.

ACCELERATION TECHNOLOGY ON BOOKS AS CULTURAL MEDIA ON HUMAN COMMUNICATION IN THE ERA OF INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION

Dromology is a speed that characterize progress. One of the affected is the culture of reading books. In the past people reading a book in the conventional manner, but in recent years, Internet technology has brought man reading a book in a different way, namely through the e-book. These changes ultimately led to a cultural shift in communication, especially in reading the book. The method used in this research is the study of literature. Results from the study showed that the reading culture (human interactions in a conventional book) has been turned into a reading culture that is synonymous with technology and also acceleration. Characteristics, sensations and experiences have changed. Technology (e-book) has become the new devices in cultured (communication / human interaction). Keywords: book, dromology, interpersonal communication, new culture

The HIV/AIDS epidemic among young people in China between 2005 and 2012: results of a spatial temporal analysis.

Despite a recent increase in the HIV/AIDS epidemic among young people in China, youth-specific HIV data are limited. In total, 56 621 individuals with HIV/AIDS, aged 15-24 years, registered in the Case Reporting System of China between 2005 and 2012 and having complete spatial information were included in the present analysis. Spatial autocorrelation (general and local) and space-time scanning were performed using the ArcGIS 10.2 and SaTScan 9.3 software, respectively. During 2005-2012, the number of reported HIV/AIDS cases and the proportion of HIV cases increased while the proportion of AIDS cases decreased. Sexual contact became the predominant route of transmission in later years. Spatial analysis showed marked geographical variations in HIV infection among young people throughout China during 2005-2012. The number of new hotspots increased over time. They were mainly localized to southeastern coastal areas, southwestern frontier provinces or autonomous regions (of Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan) and Beijing municipality. Later these hotspots disappeared and new hotspots were found in the northeast of the country. Significant clusters of HIV-positive cases were identified in three different time periods, which indicated high HIV transmission among young Chinese people in the recent past. The risk of HIV infection was highest in the first cluster (2009-2012; this cluster was the largest in size) covering the provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan, the Chongqing municipality, Guangxi, and the province of Sichuan. The second cluster (2010-2012) was mostly located in Shanghai, South Jiangsu, Zhejiang and South Anhui, while the third cluster (2010-2012) was located in Beijing and Tianjin. Target-specific comprehensive behavioural interventions are urgently needed to contain the HIV epidemic among young people.

The role of coral in art and architecture: An overview

Coral is one of the richest ecosystems in the world and divided into two major groups. First group consist of soft corals living in tropical and semitropical oceans and seas. People in the past used these kinds of coral to make jewelry and decorative objects. Second group contains hard coral which have been used as construction material in coastal zones. This paper presents the role of corals in art and architecture in four southern Islands (Qeshm, Hormoz, Hengam and Larak) of the Persian Gulf by studying objects in some museums around the world and some ancient Iranian jewelry manuscripts. The results showed that despite references made about corals, especially the red one, in jewelry and historical books and in Persian literature, there have never been any traces of an object made by coral in the Persian Gulf. In scientific researchers, there is no report on red coral in the Persian Gulf and studies indicate that red coral as a jewelry and decorative objects were exported to these Islands via India and Africa. Instead three groups of Coral reefs, Lumashell and Coquina were used as construction materials in these Islands mostly in historical, religious, hydraulic and offshore architectures.

The Proyecto Costa Escondida: Recent interdisciplinary research in search of freshwater along the North Coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico

Access to potable water has always been a major concern for human settlement, and this is particularly acute in coastal areas where freshwater can be compromised by saline marine waters. The northeast portion of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula has a massive freshwater aquifer that today supports the international tourist destinations of Cancun and the Riviera Maya. However, access to this aquifer in pre‐Columbian times was restricted to natural features, such as cenotes (limestone sinkholes), aguadas (freshwater ponds), and coastal springs, or cultural features like wells, the viability of which is directly linked to sea level, which has risen over 2 m in the past 3000 years. In addition, ancient Maya inhabitants of the Yucatan collected rainwater in reservoirs, smaller‐scale cisterns called chultunes, or in ceramic pots. At the coastal site of Vista Alegre, located on the north coast of the Peninsula, there is limited evidence of potable water collection strategies, which has led members of the Proyecto Costa Escondida to critically examine how the freshwater access at the site changed over the past three millennia. To do this, the interdisciplinary research team has conducted (1) a physico‐chemical characterization of accessible surface and groundwater using a calibrated multiparameter probe, (2) a multiproxy study (i.e., micropaleontology, oxygen isotopic analysis) from 12 manual push cores taken in the waters surrounding Vista Alegre, and (3) an archaeological investigation. We hope our project serves as a model for future projects that strive to understand the complex and dynamic relationships between past peoples and their coastlines. WIREs Water 2016, 3:749–761. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1161This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Human Water > Water Governance

‘Affective encounters’: live intermedial spaces in sites of trauma

ABSTRACTThis article addresses live intermediality as a tool for creative learning in the context of workshops carried out with young people in the town of Terezin, in the Czech Republic, site of the Nazi concentration camp, Theresienstadt. Live intermediality, as a mode of live media practice, involves the real time mixing and merging of sound, image, text and body, with a particular focus on the intersection between digital and physical modes. Employing both a written exposition and intermedial materials, in the form of a ‘video-text’, the article reflects on, positions and opens up this practice, specifically in relation to the ‘affective encounters’ [Bennett, Jill. 2005. Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma and Contemporary Art. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press., 37] it generated between the workshop participants and the ‘traces of past people and events’ [Simon, Roger I., Sharon Rosenberg, and Claudia Eppert, eds. 2000. Between Hope and Despair: Pedagogy and the Remembrance of Historical Trauma. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 7] in Terezin. In doing so, I propose that live intermediality, with its emphasis on the real time mixing of diverse elements and responses, has a particular capacity to generate creative practice which is ‘transactive’ (Bennett 2005, 5) and where affect ‘flow[s] through bodies and spaces, rather than residing within a single subject’ [Bennett, Jill. 2005. Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma and Contemporary Art. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 13]. With its focus on ‘the act of doing as the generator of meaning’ [Bryon, Experience. 2014. Integrative Performance: Practice and Theory for the Interdisciplinary Performer. London: Routledge, 214], this practice prompted ‘affective encounters’ with aspects of the past trauma of Terezin, through the participants’ live intermedial creation, in and in response to the present site.

Indicator groups and effective seasons on the coast: Zooarchaeology of fish in the lower Suwannee region of Florida

Recent assessments of subsistence procurement in coastal areas of the southeastern United States accentuate the continuity of fish resources through time. Seasonality and habitat inferences based on archaeological fish assemblages, however, are deemed ineffective measures due to the absence of fishes with marked seasonal or habitat characteristics. I argue that archaeological fish assemblages provide useful indications of procurement conditions when 1) present-day fish data provide a framework for analysis and 2) alternatives to conventional seasonal categories are considered.Fish species are arranged into indicator groups based on common characteristics, which allows for seasonal pattern recognition that may not be evident in analyses of individual taxa. Broad-scale astronomically based seasons do not encompass the variations of local environmental processes or human practices on archaeological fish assemblages. Further, localized seasons cannot be explored in absence of local habitats. The effective seasons, habitats, and indicator groups presented herein provide a localized framework by which to consider coastal fishing practices, sedentism, and mobility.Effective seasons and habitats are described that may have been relevant to coastal fishers of the lower Suwannee region of Florida. Indicator groups, derived from these categories, are used to examine fish assemblages with AMS assays between 2630 and 2290 BCE. Results suggest that past peoples incorporated both sedentary and mobile practices; people collected fish from multiple habitats throughout the year, which included traveling several kilometers to the coast to procure specific fish resources.

Re-Envisioning Tarascan Temporalities and Landscapes: Historical Being, Archaeological Representation, and Futurity in Past Social Processes

We apply a phenomenological perspective on landscape and geographic information system (GIS) applications in order to theorize how human perception and agency were likely implicated in processes of the formation of the late pre-Hispanic Tarascan State of West Central Mexico. The relatedness of landscape features in space or place-based perception has been well theorized; here, we further consider the relationality of places through time. In the changing landscape of the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, the demographic and political core of the Tarascan State, temporality must have been vitally important to inhabitants of the basin. Utilizing GIS, we construct not only map-based analyses of the changing environment but also create viewsheds of past landscapes in order to see what past inhabitants of the basin would have seen in order to demonstrate that temporality would have been easily mapped in the landscape and its features. Finally, we discuss the role of temporality and cultural memory in an embodied landscape to model the various lake levels that past peoples could have anticipated through time based on their perceptions and memories.