Past Negative Time Perspective Research Articles

Personality Traits and Time Perspectives: Implications for Adolescents’ Mental Health and Mental Illness

This study investigated how adolescents’ Big Five personality traits are related to mental health (i.e., happiness) and mental illness (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety) and whether their time perspectives may be potential mediators of these relations. The sample included 235 high school students (54.5% girls), aged between 15 and 18 (M = 16.87, SD = 0.68). The results indicated that adolescents with higher emotional stability also reported higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those with high levels of extraversion or conscientiousness experienced higher happiness. Further, adolescents with low levels of past negative or high levels of past positive time perspectives also reported high levels of happiness and low levels of mental illness. Furthermore, high levels of present fatalist and low levels of present hedonist time perspectives were associated with low levels of happiness. Our findings provided evidence for the mediating role of the past negative and past positive time perspectives for the relations of extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness with both mental health and mental illness. Finally, the present hedonistic time perspective mediated the relations of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness with happiness, whereas the present fatalist time perspective mediated the relation between emotional stability and happiness. Our study highlights the importance of time perspectives as mediational factors for the relations of the personality traits with adolescents’ mental health and mental illness.

Purchasing insurance – the roles of individual differences in time perspectives and regulatory foci

ABSTRACT Objective The present studies focused on the role of time perspectives (TPs) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) in explaining people’s purchases of car, accident, home, life, and travel insurance. Method Two correlational studies on nationwide Polish samples (N = 1,093 and N = 1,047) were conducted. Results The first study showed that, after controlling for age and sex, higher levels of Future TP and lower levels of Past Negative TP were related to the propensity to make voluntary purchases of car, life, home, and accident insurance. Higher levels of Present Hedonistic TP and lower levels of Present Fatalistic TP were related to the propensity to buy travel insurance. The second study identified significant positive roles of both promotion and prevention regulatory foci in explaining people’s possession of all five types of insurance considered. Conclusions TPs (mainly Future and Past Negative) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) seem to be important in explaining people’s insurance-related behaviours. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic? Insurance decisions are influenced by many psychological variables, e.g., social norms, previous personal experience, emotions and cognitive biases and heuristics Future time oriented individuals focus on future consequences of today decisions and have a greater propensity to save and to invest money Prevention focused individuals try to avoid the negative consequences of unexpected event, so they prefer to invest in financial tools which are characterized by minimal risk What this topic adds? People declaring possession of car, life, home and accident insurance policies were characterized by lower levels of past negative TP and higher levels of future TP than those not possessing such policies Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more prevention oriented than those not having such insurance Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more promotion oriented than those not having such insurance

Differences in the Psychological Profiles of Elite and Non-elite Athletes.

One of the main goals of sport psychology is to identify those psychological factors that are relevant for sport performance as well as possibilities of their development. The aim of the study was to determine whether the set of specific psychological characteristics [generalized self-efficacy, time perspective, emotional intelligence (EI), general achievement motivation, and personality dimensions] makes the distinction between athletes based on their (non)-participation in the senior national team, that is, their belonging to the subsample of elite or non-elite athletes depending on this criterion. According to the group centroids it can be said that elite athletes are characterized by a positive high score in self-efficacy, emotionality, present fatalistic time perspective, past positive time perspective, and openness to experience. They are also characterized by low past negative time perspective, emotional competence, and future time perspective. Non-elite athletes have the opposite traits. The results have been discussed in the context of their application in the process of talent selection and development in sport as well as the development of life skills in athletes.

The influence of parenting on gratitude during emerging adulthood: the mediating effect of time perspective

This study investigated the relations between paternal and maternal parenting and gratitude during emerging adulthood and examined whether time perspective in late adolescence explained these links. The sample included 438 students (299 females) with an average age of 19.56 years. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of paternal and maternal care and control, their perceptions of five time perspectives (i.e., past-positive, past-negative, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, and future), and dispositional gratitude. Participants who rated their fathers and mothers as more caring reported higher levels of gratitude, greater past-positive time perspective and weaker past-negative time perspective. Moreover, participants who rated their mothers as more caring also reported a greater future time perspective. Furthermore, participants who had greater past-positive and future time perspectives reported higher levels of gratitude. In contrast, participants who had a greater past-negative time perspective reported lower levels of gratitude. Finally, two time perspectives (i.e., past-positive and past-negative) partially mediated the relations of paternal and maternal care with gratitude in young adults. In addition, future time perspective also partially mediated the relations of maternal care with gratitude, and past-negative time perspective partially mediated the relations of maternal control with gratitude in late adolescence. The findings highlighted the unique relations of paternal care, maternal care and maternal control with individuals’ gratitude and indicated that three time perspectives (i.e., past-positive, past-negative, and future) may explain why parenting practices were linked with gratitude during emerging adulthood.

Time perspective and Facebook addiction: The moderating role of neuroticism

The present paper verified the hypothesis that neuroticism moderates the relationship between past-negative or present-fatalistic time perspectives and Facebook addiction. A sample of 248 Facebook users (Female: 66%, mean age: 21.5 years) filled the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventor and the Facebook Addiction Italian Questionnaire. Two hierarchical regression analyses tested a moderator model in which time perspectives have been defined as independent variables, Facebook addiction as dependent variables, and neuroticism as moderator. Gender and age were introduced in the model as covariates. Results show that past-negative significantly predicts Facebook addiction through the moderation effect of neuroticism. Individuals with a low negative temporal orientation to the past have low levels of Facebook addiction; however, even in the presence of low negative temporal orientation, high neuroticism fosters Facebook addiction. Individuals with a present-fatalistic time perspective evidenced high levels of Facebook addiction, but neuroticism had no moderating role. Peculiar associations between past-negative time perspective with neuroticism as a trait-insecure personality trait in determining social media addiction such as Facebook addiction were theoretically discussed. Practical implications of the study related to the development of clinical and prevention programs for social media addiction based, for instance, on the Time Therapy aimed at balancing past, present, and future, and at switching the focus from negative to positive, are finally highlighted.

Understanding young drivers in Turkey: Time perspective, driving skills, and driver behaviors

Many studies have focused on the tendency of young drivers to drive riskily. However, little is known regarding time perspective, driving skills, and driver behaviors, even though time perspective is an important predictor of many risky behaviors. Time perspective is a general construct of the thoughts relating to present, past, and future. Broadly, (i) past time perspective is related to the recall of reconstructed past scenarios; (ii) present time perspective means attending to immediate and salient stimulus; and (iii) future time perspective is related to anticipation and imagining future consequences. In the present study, we investigated the effect of time perspective on driving skills and driver behaviors. Young drivers (N = 203, aged 18 to 30, M = 25.36, SD = 3.09) who drive their own vehicle at least 1000 km per year completed the Driving Skill Inventory, Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and Time Perspective Inventory. The canonical correlation findings revealed significant associations between the study variables. Lower scores on present hedonistic time perspective were associated with lower scores on perceptional-motor skills. Lower scores on past negative and present fatalistic time perspectives, and higher scores on past positive and future time perspectives were associated with higher scores on safety skills and lower scores on errors and traffic violations. These results provide a better understanding of the causes of young drivers' risky behaviors.

Lonely and thinking about the past: the role of time perspectives, Big Five traits and perceived social support in loneliness of young adults during COVID-19 social distancing

BackgroundIn the spring of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Polish government introduced a policy of social distancing. Being apart from one’s social network had the potential to evoke feelings of loneliness. The aim of the study was to find out how time perspectives might contribute to feeling lonely during the social distancing period, controlling for Big Five personality traits and perceived social support.Participants and procedureThe study was online, questionnaire-based and cross-sectional (N = 964) and was conducted among young adults (aged 18-35) at the end of the third week of social distancing in Poland.ResultsThe results suggested that the Past-Negative time perspective remained significant predictor of loneliness when controlling for Big Five traits and perceived social support. Emotional stability, extroversion and perceived social support were also significant predictors of low loneliness.ConclusionsNegative beliefs about the past may contribute to experiencing greater loneliness when being apart from one’s social network.

What Are the Optimal Levels of Time Perspectives? Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective-Revisited (DBTP-r).

Balanced time perspective (BTP) describes a tendency to focus on past, present and future time horizons that fosters well-being and positive life outcomes. Deviation from the balanced time perspective is a widespread method to measure the balance, but it makes assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP. In the present research we aimed to test the assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP by testing associations between time perspectives and domains of well-being in four independent samples (N = 1150). The results showed that higher well-being was fostered by greater past positive (PP) and future (F) and lower past negative (PN) and present fatalistic (PF) time perspectives in a linear manner. As for the present hedonistic (PH) perspective, the results were inconsistent indicating that this time orientation can be unrelated to well-being or related in an inverse U-shape manner. In the light of our results the optimal values for the deviation from the balanced time perspective, as measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, should be revisited and changed into PN 1, PP 5, PF 1, PH 3.4, F 5, with careful consideration whether or not to incorporate PH into the formula for the deviation from the balanced time perspective at all. We also showed that the deviation from the balanced time perspective using the above values better predicts well-being than the one using previously assumed levels.

Dispositional Mindfulness and Past-Negative Time Perspective: The Differential Mediation Effects of Resilience and Inner Peace in Meditators and Non-Meditators.

PurposePast-negative time perspective (PNTP) can affect our everyday lives and is associated with negative emotions, unhealthy behaviors, rumination, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dispositional mindfulness may be able to reduce the negative effects of PNTP; however, few studies have investigated their relationship. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect dispositional mindfulness has on PNTP, as well as the mediating role of resilience and inner peace in this regard.MethodsThis study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between self-reported mindfulness, resilience, inner peace, and PNTP. In order to further explore the relationship between mindfulness and PNTP, this study specially selected and analyzed the samples of 185 meditators and 181 non-meditators.ResultsCorrelation analysis revealed that mindfulness is significantly positively correlated with resilience and inner peace. Conversely, PNTP is significantly negatively correlated with mindfulness, resilience, and inner peace. Structural equation model analysis revealed that resilience and inner peace partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and PNTP. Furthermore, a multi-group analysis showed that the mediating effects are different between meditators and non-meditators. For meditators, the effect of mindfulness on PNTP was fully mediated by resilience and inner peace. For non-meditators, the effect of mindfulness on PNTP was only partially mediated by resilience and inner peace.ConclusionBased on the significant differences between the mediational models of meditators and non-meditators, we believe that dispositional mindfulness can negatively predict PNTP, and practicing meditation consistently improves dispositional mindfulness, resilience and inner peace and effectively reduces PNTP. Our findings indicate that a combination of mindfulness and PNTP could be used to design new psychological interventions to reduce the symptoms of mental health concerns such as negative bias, rumination, depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

Negative urgency and time perspective: interactive associations with anxiety and depression

Time perspective, which refers to a mechanism of automatically assigning experiences into temporal categories (as past, present, and future), is argued to be a fundamental dimension in the construction of psychological time in addition to acting as a vulnerability factor for psychological disorders. Negative urgency is another vulnerability factor for psychological disorders that are characterized by engaging in impulsive actions when one is under the influence of negative emotions. The current study aimed to examine how the interaction of different dimensions of time perspective and negative urgency are connected with anxiety and depression. Data were gathered from 404 (255 women) individuals between ages 18 and 65 through measures of time perspective, negative urgency, anxiety, and depression. The results showed that while the interaction of negative urgency with past negative time perspective was associated with depression, a similar pattern was not observed for other dimensions of time perspective. Particularly, negative urgency appeared to boost the negative impact of being past-oriented. Similarly, only the interaction of future time perspective with negative urgency was associated with anxiety, indicating that tending to focus on the events that are likely to take place in the future is associated with elevated levels of anxiety in individuals with high levels of negative urgency.

Predicting Pain Catastrophizing of Women with Breast Cancer Based on Perceived Injustice and Past Time Perspective

Background: Pain experience is still the most important problem in women with breast cancer that could lead to psychological problems. There is notable literature that revealed perceived injustice, time perspective, and pain catastrophizing are associated with the same psychological variables and health-related behaviors. Objectives: This study aimed at predicting pain catastrophizing based on a perceived injustice and past time perspective in women with breast cancer. Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of all women aged 20 to 50 years with a breast cancer diagnosis in 5 hospitals in Tehran, Iran (Emam Khomeini, Hazraterasol, Mohebmehr, Shahram, and Khatam). A total of 142 voluntary patients were selected through the available sampling method. The instruments of the study included the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTIP), The Injustice Experiences questionnaire (IEQ), and the Pain Catastrophizing scale (PCS). The data was analyzed, using Pearson correlation and step by step regression and path analysis. Results: The results showed that perceived injustice, past negative, and past positive had a significant relationship with pain catastrophizing. The perceived injustice, past negative, explained approximately 72% of the variance of pain catastrophizing. Also, perceived injustice is a mediator variable between past negative and pain catastrophizing. Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study support the role of past negative time perspective and perceived injustice in predicting pain catastrophizing in women with breast cancer. Since pain is experienced in a complex social and cultural milieu, there is a great value for identifying variables that might mitigate or exacerbate perceived pain and could contribute greatly to the development of more effective psychosocial treatments. Therefore, dealing with past negative time perspective and perceived injustice can prevent pain catastrophizing and, consequently, perceived pain and its intensity could be decreased.

Positive risk behaviors and time perception among mountaineers

The article concerns people engaged in hiking in the mountains as being the representatives of positive risk behaviour (PRB) (activities accepted by the members of society). The aim of the research is to determine whether people involved in hiking display significantly more risk behaviour, both positive and negative (NRB) and whether they perceive time in a different way. In the research participants were recruited and questionnaires were applied via the Internet. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis that hikers are characterised by a greater risk propensity and a greater number of activities recognised as PRB, but not NRB. Surprisingly no differences between future time perspective orientation were found. Moreover, people hiking in the mountains are characterised by higher measures of present hedonistic time perspective and lower past negative time perspective. Average value of DBTP is lower among them, which stands for a more balanced time perception orientation. Past negative time perspective is most strongly correlated with a balanced time perspective. Strong positive correlations between risk propensity and PRB were found. A negative correlation was observed between future time perspective and NRB, but not PRB. It is important to note that the correlation between present hedonistic time perspective and frequency of PRB activities was found only among mountain tourists. Further research could concentrate on the analysis of other specific groups and further exploration of hikers’ community concerning their personality and identity structures, cognitive styles, profits obtained from being a member of a group and engaging in sport.

Illiberal democracy in action: Polish kind of symbolic legislation

Summary The author explores symbolic legislation in Poland. Three instances of such legislation enacted since the 2015 general election are analysed in this essay. The author recognizes symbolic legislation of the negative type and provides specific features. She asks about the causes for such activity of the Parliament. The author has outlined the conclusion, that possible reasons may be: a deficient process of the transition to democracy, and past negative time perspective. Both reasons disturb the sustainable development of Polish society. As a possible solution, the author considers a properly functioning education system. However, this would be regulated by an act of Parliament that may be entirely symbolic as well.

The role of time perspectives in Language Teachers’ Burnout

The present study attempted to investigate the role of time perspectives in language teachers’ burnout and its three dimensions, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. For this purpose, a group of 302 English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers were asked to fill out Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) along with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The results of correlations demonstrated significantly positive relationships between burnout, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization with the past negative and present fatalistic time perspectives (p < .01), and significantly negative ones with past positive, present hedonistic, and future perspectives (p < .01). On the other hand, personal accomplishment had a significantly negative relationship with past negative and present fatalistic (p < .01), and a significantly positive relationship with past positive, present hedonistic, and future perspectives (p < .01). Furthermore, according to what structural equation modeling (SEM) showed, language teachers having a negative outlook on the past and a fatalistic perspective of the future were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and burnout in general; whereas those with past positive, present hedonistic, and also future time perspectives were more likely to feel personal accomplishment in their career. Finally, the findings were discussed, and the potential implications were drawn.

Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Life Satisfaction, Values, and Time Perspectives: Research on a Sample of Polish Students.

This study concerned the relationships among personal values (conformity, tradition, benevolence, universality, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, safety), time perspectives by Zimbardo (past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, future) and life satisfaction. The main hypothesis stated that value priorities would predict life satisfaction both directly and indirectly through time perspectives. 237 Polish students (120 females) took part in the study. Path analysis demonstrated that life satisfaction was directly and positively predicted by the value of benevolence, and indirectly and negatively by conformity and tradition via the past negative time perspective. Life satisfaction was also indirectly predicted by the values of hedonism and security via the future time perspective - Hedonism was a negative, and security a positive predictor of future time perspective, and the future time perspective was a positive predictor of life satisfaction. The significance of these results for mechanisms and predictors of life satisfaction is discussed.

Time Perspective and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: A Longitudinal Examination Among Young Adult Students

This longitudinal study examined the relationship between Zimbardo time perspectives (TPs) and career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE). In total, 1,753 young adults participated in the longitudinal study. For the present study, we selected only participants who were students and provided information on TPs, CDMSE, and sociodemographic characteristics ( n = 492, M = 22.97 years, SD = 1.32, 82.9% women). The results of multilevel modeling showed that future orientation and present-hedonistic TPs were positively related to CDMSE, whereas present-fatalistic and past-negative TPs were negatively related to CDMSE. These findings indicate that besides the beneficial effect of widely studied future TP, the negative role of past-negative and present-fatalistic TPs should be considered in connection with the career development of emerging adults.

Time perspective as a moderator of a relationship between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article was to test time perspective as a moderator of the relationship between pain before surgery and acute postoperative pain. Time perspective (ZTPI) and pain before surgery (SF-MPQ) were assessed pre-operatively in 112 patients. The results suggest that past-negative time perspective and fatalistic perspective are significant moderators of the link between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain. In a case of weak past-negative perspective and weak present-fatalistic perspective, the relationship between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain is not significant.

Who Believes in Nonlimited Willpower? In Search of Correlates of Implicit Theories of Self-Control.

Recently, the most prominent model of self-control, the strength model, was criticized, and other explanations of self-control have been proposed. One of them is a concept of lay, implicit, willpower theories, that is, believing either that willpower is limited (as in the strength model) or nonlimited. Research shows that holding a nonlimited-resource belief prevents individuals from suffering ego depletion and is related to successful self-regulation. The current study explored how personality, time perspective, and intelligence predict willpower theories. Additionally, two aspects of willpower theories, strenuous mental activity and resistance to temptations, were measured separately. The results indicated that the two aspects of willpower theories were not correlated with each other. This supports hypothesis that willpower theories may be domain specific and also suggests that these two aspects should not be aggregated into one, homogenous scale as was done in some previous research. Both aspects of holding a nonlimited-resource theory were related positively to emotional stability and negatively to past negative time perspective. Strenuous mental activity was positively associated with intellect and negatively with present fatalism, whereas resistance to temptations was correlated positively with conscientiousness and future time perspective. There were no relations between willpower theories and intelligence, which posits that similar life outcomes related with these two attributes are based on distinct mechanisms. Regression analyses revealed that only personality traits (emotional stability and conscientiousness) remained significant predictors of willpower beliefs.

Past Negative Time Perspective as a Predictor of Grade Point Average in Occupational Therapy Doctoral Students

Abstract Date Presented 4/21/2018 This research presents evidence that preprofessional occupational therapy doctoral students who had stronger biases toward thinking negatively about their past and who focused on the past instead of the present or future tended to be less successful academically than their peers. Application to academia is discussed. Primary Author and Speaker: Pat Precin

Time Perspective, Intended Academic Engagement, and Academic Performance

Time perspective theory addresses how individuals’ emphasis on past, present, and future events influence their behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between time perspective and academic performance among college students using longitudinal, official GPA data, while also considering students’ intended academic engagement—that is, their stated intention to engage in academically beneficial behavior toward the beginning of the semester. Overall, the future, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, and past-negative time perspectives were associated with intended academic engagement, while only the future, present-fatalistic and past-negative time perspectives were associated with GPA in the subsequent two semesters. However, only the future time perspective was a unique predictor of intended academic engagement and GPA. Furthermore, intended academic engagement was found to mediate the relationship between future time perspective and GPA after one semester but not two semesters. The results underscore the importance of the future time perspective in relation to academic performance.