Past Negative Time Perspective Research Articles

General procrastination and bedtime procrastination as serial mediators of the relationship between temporal perspective and sleep outcomes

Adequate and sufficient sleep is essential for good health, effective functioning, and well-being, yet recent trends show increasing sleep deprivation, especially among adolescents and young adults. General procrastination and bedtime procrastination understood as the tendency to delay going to bed without external pressure, may contribute to sleep deprivation and fatigue. This study investigated how individual differences in time perspective are related to sleep sufficiency and daytime fatigue, two different sleep outcomes. For these relationships, the possible role of an intermediate pathway leading through general procrastination and then through bedtime procrastination was also examined. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Irrational Procrastination Scale, Bedtime Procrastination Scale, and Sleep Inventory were completed online by 399 university students (89% females) between the ages of 19 and 27 (M = 21.7, SD = 1.83). Future time perspective predicted lower general procrastination, which in turn was associated with lower bedtime procrastination, and consequently higher sleep sufficiency and lower daytime fatigue. Past negative time perspective predicted higher general procrastination, which in turn was associated with higher bedtime procrastination and consequently lower sleep sufficiency and higher daytime fatigue. These findings suggest that time perspective, general procrastination and bedtime procrastination may play an important role in predicting sleep sufficiency and daytime fatigue.

The characteristics and associations between trait and state time perspective in adolescents with depression: a questionnaire and sandplay study.

Time perspective is strongly associated with depression. However, the characteristics and associations between trait and state time perspective in adolescents with depression remain unknown. A total of 211 adolescents with depression (mean age: 14.60 ± 1.69 years) and 215 healthy controls (mean age: 14.66 ± 1.73 years) were selected and assessed using the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory to quantify their trait time perspective. Thirty adolescents were randomly selected from each group to create nine-grid sandplay productions to assess their state time perspective. (1) Regarding the trait time perspective, depressed adolescents scored significantly higher on past negative, present fatalistic, present impulsive, and deviation-balanced time perspective (p < 0.001) and significantly lower on past positive and future (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. (2) In terms of state time perspective, depressed adolescents showed a significantly higher number of squares related to past negative, present negative, and future negative in their nine-grid sandplay productions compared to the control group (p < 0.01).Conversely, they had significantly fewer squares associated with past positive, present positive, future positive than the control group (p < 0.05). (3) Past negative, present fatalistic, and deviation from balanced time perspective traits were negatively correlated with positive state time perspective and positively correlated with negative state time perspective. Past positive and future traits were positively correlated with positive state time perspective and negatively correlated with negative state time perspective. Adolescents with depression are characterized by dwelling on the past, having a severely negative attitude toward the past, being pessimistic about the future, and having a tendency to blame fate or external forces for their problems. In the future, standardized methods for measuring state time perspective should be further explored, as well as the effectiveness of the nine-grid sandplay, for improving time perspective in patients with depression.

Prosocial sharing with organizations after the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal test of the role of motives for helping and time perspectives.

The time after the COVID-19 pandemic posed a threat to engagement in prosocial behaviors within charity organizations. In the current study, we intended to test how three motivational paths: affective empathy-based, life satisfaction-based, and perceived social support-based shaped the change in intentions to give money and time to charity organizations over a yearly period (right after revocation of the most essential anti-COVID-19 laws and at the same time, outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022, in May 2022 and after a year, in late April-early May 2023). We also tested how past negative and present hedonistic time perspectives-namely, those most robust in predicting emotional states - shaped the changes in the abovementioned motivational paths and giving intentions. We conducted our longitudinal study on the general population of Poland (N = 566). We found that there has been a significant drop in the willingness to give time to organizations over the year after loosening the COVID-19 restrictions and the outbreak of war in Ukraine. We found that affective empathy helped sustain the intentions to give time to organizations, whereas past negative time perspective contributed to the decrease in such intentions. Our study suggests threats to organizations and highlights potential ways to encourage supporting them and caring for their volunteers' well-being.

Time Perspectives and Personality Traits of Filipino College Students in Davao Region: A Quantitative Analysis

This study investigated the relationship between time perspectives (past, present, future) and personality traits among 350 university students in the Davao Region using a quantitative-predictive research design. Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed normal distribution and measured variable levels. Findings revealed that students had high present hedonistic, past negative, and past positive time perspectives, along with high openness to experience and agreeableness, and moderate neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion. A positive correlation between time perspectives and personality traits was identified, with linear regression indicating that future, present hedonistic, and past positive perspectives were significant positive predictors. This research offers clear recommendations for utilizing diverse time perspectives and associated personality traits in personal development. Encouraging self-awareness and reflection can assist students in understanding how their time outlook shapes their behavior. This research also highlights potential drawbacks such as excessive future-oriented thinking leading to anxiety or rigidity, present hedonism resulting in neglect of long-term goals or consequences, and dwelling excessively on past positive experiences hindering present growth. It also underscores the importance of addressing these negatives through balanced approaches tailored to individual needs. Future research should include larger sample sizes and consider additional factors such as life satisfaction, parenting styles, and subjective well-being.

The Acceptance and Refocus on Planning in Procrastination: The Suppression of Past Negative Time Perspective

The recent affect-regulation (AR) model emphasizes the relevance of context and the diversity of AR strategies, which deepens our understanding of emotional processes. This study, conducted with 228 Chinese undergraduates, aims to support the AR model by investigating the connection between cognitive emotion regulation (CER) and procrastination, as suggested by the temporal mood regulation (TMR) model. The findings discovered a positive correlation between past negative (PN) time perspective and procrastination. Acceptance showed no significant correlation with procrastination, while refocus on planning exhibited a weak negative correlation. Surprisingly, PN acted as a suppressor in the relationship between CER strategies and procrastination. This study highlights the diverse impact of CER strategies on procrastination, providing support for both the AR and TMR models.

Balancing Time for Health Behaviors: Associations of Time Perspective With Physical Activity and Weight Management in Older Adults.

To examine associations between time perspective and health promotion behaviors of physical activity and weight management. Quantitative cross-sectional. This study is part of the Betula project on aging, memory, and dementia in Northern Sweden. 417 older adults aged between 55 and 85years. Swedish-Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory; Physical Activity in the past year, past week, and in comparison with others of similar age; Weight Management = Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m2). After controlling for age, sex, and years of education, hierarchical linear regression indicated a Balanced Time Perspective was significantly associated with more physical activity in the past year (P = .04), the past week (P < .001), and in comparison with others (P < .01). Past Negative time perspective was associated with less physical activity in the past year (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .03). Present Fatalistic was associated with less physical activity during the past week (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .01). Present Hedonistic was associated with more physical activity the past week (P = .03), and in comparison with others (P = .03). Past Negative was associated with higher BMI (P = .02), and Future Negative were associated with lower BMI (P = .01). Taken collectively, greater positivity and flexibility across time perspectives was associated with more physical activity, whereas negative oriented time perspectives related with less physical activity and poorer weight management. Time perspective can be associated with health behaviors in older adults and have implications for health across the lifespan. Health promotion interventions may target older adults' enjoyment of exercise and weight management in the present, rather than highlight potential negative health outcomes in the future.

Impact of Indirect Trauma and Disaster Media Exposure on Psychological States and Temporal Processes: The Case of 2023 Turkey Earthquakes.

Turkey experienced two devastating earthquakes, which resulted in more than 50,000 deaths and millions of injured and homeless individuals. The negative influence of direct exposure to trauma has been proven, but the impact of indirect exposure remains unclear. In this study, we focused on indirect types of trauma exposure: the loss of someone in the earthquake and the exposure to disaster media. We aimed to explore the influence of these dimensions on psychological states, including earthquake trauma severity, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, anxiety, hopelessness and life satisfaction and temporal-psychological measures, such as intertemporal decision-making tendencies and time perspectives. The sample (N = 215) consisted of Turkish individuals who experienced the earthquakes through two types of indirect exposure: having lost someone and being exposed to disaster media. Findings showed that having a loss in the earthquake was related to high levels of trauma, anxiety, hopelessness and a past-negative time perspective. Repetitive exposure to disaster media was linked to higher levels of trauma, PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress and a past-negative time perspective. Importantly, the amount of traumatization in case of losing someone was modulated by the frequency of disaster-media exposure. Even indirect exposure to the disaster substantially disturbs many processes, and the media magnifies such disturbances.

Circadian functioning and time perspectives: associations with eveningness, morning affect, and amplitude distinctness

Well-established correlates of morningness-eveningness include those of morningness with more future Time Perspective (TP), and eveningness with more present TP. However, research into these relationships has used unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness. So, the current study aimed to further understanding by assessing associations between TP and the separate components of Morning Affect (MA: alertness/sleep inertia after awakening) and Distinctness (DI; amplitude of diurnal variations of functioning), in addition to Eveningness (EV; time-of-day preference). Chinese university students (N = 299, aged 18–25, 94 males, 205 females) completed an online survey with questionnaire measures of TP, MA, DI, EV, and other measures including mind wandering, conscientiousness, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and sleep quality. Previously demonstrated correlations were replicated, including positive correlations between Future TP, conscientiousness, and life satisfaction, and Past-negative TP and more negative affect. MA positively correlated with Future TP, and negatively correlated with Past-negative TP and Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP); DI positively correlated with Past-negative TP, and with DBTP, and negatively correlated with Future TP; EV positively correlated with Present-hedonistic TP, and negatively correlated with Future TP. The EV-Future TP association was mediated by MA. Path models were consistent with the view that the relationship between EV and less Future TP may involve impaired functioning and reduced self-control/self-regulation associated with experiencing lower Morning Affect. This research shows relationships between time perspectives and specific components of circadian functioning, indicating the value of component-level analysis and the limitations of research utilising unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness.

Time perspectives and procrastination in university students: exploring the moderating role of basic psychological need satisfaction

BackgroundResearch on procrastination, regarding time perspective factors and basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) has placed this problem at the meeting point of individual and contextual variables. The present study focused both on the individual, given that time perspectives can be defined as a person’s attitude to an object (time) at three moments (present, past, future); and on contextual aspects, because the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, relatedness) is facilitated or made difficult by social contexts. Based on this, the aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between time perspectives and inter-subject procrastination variations, testing the moderating role of BPNS in this relationship.MethodA total of 1,188 undergraduate students, aged 17–50 years (M = 20.02, SD = 2.63), completed three questionnaires containing the variables of interest.ResultsRegression analyses showed significant negative (thus, potentially protective) association of future time perspective with all three procrastination dimensions (decisional procrastination, implemental delay, and lateness). Conversely, past-negative time perspective showed a positive (thus, potentially adverse) association with procrastination. Satisfaction of the need for competence also showed a negative (thus, potentially protective) association with all procrastination dimensions. On eight occasions, the relationships between time perspectives and procrastination dimensions were moderated by psychological need satisfaction.ConclusionsThese findings show that BPNS may play relevant roles in the negative (favourable) relationships between procrastination dimensions and positive time perspectives, as well as in the positive (adverse) associations between negative time perspectives and procrastination dimensions. Contextual interventions fostering enhanced levels of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as well as future time perspective, are thus strong candidates to consider for use and evaluation by policy makers, pedagogues, teachers, coaches and other professionals interested in counteracting procrastination tendencies.

성인 남녀의 시간관이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

Objectives This study attempted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between adult men and women’s time perspective and post-traumatic growth.&#x0D; Methods To this end, 450 adult men and women in their 20s and 50s who have experienced past trauma nationwide were analyzed.This study conducted frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis using sps 28.0, and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the effect of time views on post-traumatic growth.&#x0D; Results The past negative time perspective and the present fatalistic time perspective showed a negative correlation with recovery elasticity, no significant correlation with post-traumatic growth, and post-traumatic growth showed a static correlation with recovery elasticity. In addition, the higher the past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective, the higher the post-traumatic growth, and resilience partially mediated the relationship between past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that time perspective are an important factor in predicting post-traumatic growth and that resilience can effectively increase the level of post-traumatic growth, and based on the relationship between these variables, it can be a basic data to help people suffering from negative changes after experiencing trauma.

Time Perspective Latent Profile Analysis and Its Meaning for School Burnout, Depression, and Family Acceptance in Adolescents

This study aimed to apply latent profile analysis (LPA) to (a) empirically identify adolescents' profiles based on their time perspective (TP), using a person-centered approach; (b) outline the identified profiles across student burnout, depression, and perceived family acceptance; and (c) establish differences between pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 students. Cross-sectional data were collected through an online survey of 668 adolescents. The participants completed the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS), Student School Burnout Scale (SSBS), Time Perspective Inventory (TPI), and Perceived Family Acceptance (PFA) items. Five subtypes of TP were found: hedonistic youth focused mainly on the present time; hedonistic youths focused on the present and future time; fatalistic youths focused on the present and negative past time; future-oriented youths with a positive perception of the past; and hedonistic youths focused on the present with a mild past-negative time perspective. These five profiles were compared for the variables of student burnout, depression, and perceived family acceptance. Scores from SSBS, KADS, and PFA showed a statistical difference across the five subtypes, with the most intensive mental health, social, and educational problems in profile 5. The level of SSBS was significantly different in the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 samples; however, no significant differences were found in KADS and PFA. Thus, perspective should be emphasized in adolescents with burnout and depression symptoms.

The mediating role of thinking styles in the relationship between adolescent time perspective and subjective well-being.

The mechanism behind how time perspective (TP) relates to subjective well-being is not fully understood and thinking styles might be potential mediators. However, our understanding of the relationship between thinking styles and subjective well-being is currently limited to adult studies. This study aims to extend the literature by examining the mediating role of thinking styles in the relationship between TP and subjective well-being in an adolescent sample. One hundred forty-nine male and one hundred and fourteen female secondary school students (13-18 years old) in Hong Kong responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II (TSI-R2), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (TSWLS) in two waves separated by 2 months in 2017. After controlling for gender and TP, internal and external styles positively predicted positive affect and future life satisfaction after 2 months. Adaptive Type I hierarchical style positively predicted both positive and negative affect after 2 months, which supports the two-dimensional structure of affect. Unexpectedly, maladaptive Type II styles did not predict subjective well-being. Longitudinal mediation using cross-lagged panel model showed that thinking styles mediated three relationships between TP and subjective well-being. The internal style mediated the relationship between Past-Negative TP, positive affect, and future life satisfaction, while the external style mediated the relationship between Future TPand future life satisfaction. Thinking styles predicted adolescent subjective well-being and acted as mediators in the relationship between TPs and subjective well-being.

Time perspective and family history of alcohol dependence moderate the effect of depression on alcohol dependence: A study in Chinese psychiatric clinics.

Depression and alcohol dependence (AD) are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders that commonly co-occur. Therefore, gaining a better grasp of factors related to this comorbidity is particularly interesting for clinicians. Past research has highlighted the significant role that time perspective and family history of alcohol dependence (FH) play in the occurrence of depression and AD. However, much remains unexplored in the understanding of the association between them. This study explored how temporal profile and other sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with AD impact the severity of depression and AD in them. This study was multi-centered, including 381 patients. Cross-sectional information was collected from both inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics in China. Data were acquired using validated self-report scales, including Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory-Chinese version. Multiple linear regression analyzes were conducted to control social demographic variables and construct prediction models to inspect the influence factors of variables. Moderation models were constructed to inspect further interplay between variables using hierarchical regression and PROCESS Macro. Results showed that of all the patients in Chinese psychiatry clinics diagnosed with AD according to the International Classification of Diseases-10, 59.9% met the criteria of depression according to the questionnaire, and time perspective was correlated with the severity of depression. Furthermore, using regression analysis, we found that time perspective and depression could predict AD severity. The moderating role of a past negative time perspective and FH was confirmed between depression and AD. We found that, in our study, only in patients with FH and relatively moderate to high scores of past negative time perspective could the severity of depression predict the severity of AD. Therefore, during the treatment and care of patients with AD, their depression level, time perspective score, and FH should be considered.

The impact of neuroticism on compulsive buying behavior: the mediating role of the past-negative time perspective and the moderating role of the consumer’s need for uniqueness

ABSTRACT Around 300 million people are affected by consumption-related psychological disorders. Despite the prominence of this problem, which impacts 1 in every 20 people, the number of studies on consumption-related problems in marketing is limited. Furthermore, although marketing scholarship focuses on identifying antecedents of compulsive buying, the potential variables involved in this complex mechanism are still unknown. For this purpose, this study investigated (1) the mediating role of past-negative time perspective (PNTP) in the effect of neuroticism on compulsive buying behavior (CBB) and (2) the moderating role of consumer’s need for uniqueness (CNFU) on the direct or indirect effects of neuroticism on CBB. In the study using data (n = 666) from a questionnaire survey, the Hayes PROCESS macro was used to perform mediation and moderated mediation analysis. Results demonstrated that consumers’ PNTP partially mediate the impact of neuroticism on CBB. Moreover, moderated mediation analysis showed that the CNFU moderated the pathway between neuroticism and CBB; that is, the path was weaker in the context of a greater need for uniqueness. The study offers an empirical contribution to the international research on compulsive buying behavior, including mediator and moderator variables. The findings are discussed in theoretical and practical insights to better understand compulsive buying behavior and related constructs.

Consideration of future consequences and self-control mediate the impact of time perspectives on self-rated health and engagement in healthy lifestyles among young adults.

The study investigated how different time perspectives predict people’s self-rated health and engagement in healthy lifestyles, and explored the mediating effects of consideration of future consequences (CFC) and self-control as the underlying mechanisms. Young adults (n = 299, Mage = 23.65, ranges from 18 to 30 years old) completed measures of time perspectives, CFC, self-control and engagement in daily health behaviors. Generalized linear regression models showed that Past-Negative time perspective negatively predicted sleep quality; Future time perspective negatively predicted unhealthy eating patterns; Future time perspective was the only protective factor of risky drinking, while both Past-Positive and Future time perspective were protective factors of smoking. Mediation analyses showed that CFC-Immediate and self-control mediated the relationship between Future time perspective and eating patterns. Results suggested that consideration of future consequences and self-control partially explained how time perspectives affect engagement in healthy lifestyles among young Chinese adults. Implications of the current research for promoting healthy living and directions for future research are discussed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03135-6.

The longitudinal relation between time perspective and preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of risk perception.

Understanding psychological factors and the mechanisms involved in compliance with recommended preventive behaviors against COVID-19 is important for effective public health strategies. Time perspective was previously linked with risk perception and health-related behaviors, but it has not been explored in the context of infectious diseases. Furthermore, little is known about the explaining mechanisms that may link time perspective with adoption of preventive behaviors against health threats. The aim of the present study was to examine the longitudinal relations between time perspectives and COVID-19 risk perception and preventive behaviors. Using a six-month longitudinal design, we explored the mediating role of risk perception on the relations between the Zimbardo’s time perspectives, and preventive behaviors to protect from COVID-19. Time perspectives and COVID-19 risk perception were assessed after the lock-down (May 2020) and preventive behaviors were reported after six months (December 2020) via online surveys in a sample of 460 Romanian young adults, aged 18 to 66 years (Mage = 25.53, 87.8% women). Path analysis revealed that risk perception (i.e., perceived severity of COVID-19) mediated the relations of past negative, positive and negative future time perspectives with adoption of preventive behaviors. Our findings highlight that risk perception is an important mechanism in explaining the relation between time perspectives and preventive behaviors against major health-threats such as COVID-19.

Ruminating on the past may be bad for you, or is it? Implications of past negative time perspective on job-related stress

Past negative time perspective (PNTP), characterized by rumination on painful past experiences, is generally considered harmful to a person’s well-being. However, there is reason to suspect that a PNTP may not make matters worse if a high PNTP is consistent with culture, as in the case of India. Drawing on the person–culture matching hypothesis, we test the moderating effects of PNTP on the relationship between role stressors and both psychological strain and organizational outcomes among Indian employees in India ( n = 253). Two smaller comparison groups of Asian Indians and US-born Americans in the USA were also evaluated to anchor the understanding of the Indians’ score on PNTP. This comparison is particularly important given that pressures of globalization on India’s culture have created a sustained sense of uncertainty for Indians. Results indicate that the mean score on PNTP is greater for Indians than for US-born Americans ( n = 56) and US-Indians ( n = 69). Furthermore, having a low PNTP intensified the adverse outcomes due to stressors, whereas a high PNTP had no further impact. Findings suggest that although having an overall PNTP is not ideal, not reflecting on past negative events to cope with current stressors could also be problematic within the Indian context where PNTP is normative. Thus, in a PNTP country, a person’s high PNTP has no more adverse effect as stressors increase.

Interrelation between intolerance of uncertainty and the time perspective profile in the military.

Time perspective (TP) theory suggests that people tend to categorize their experience in terms of the past, the present, and the future. Studies have shown that a balanced TP profile supports well-being while misbalance in the TP profile is associated with various psychopathology. On the other hand, an intolerance of uncertainty (IU) underpins a variety of affective disorders. There are still a lot of questions about the relationship between IU and the TP. The purpose of this study was to clarify the interrelation between the time perspective distortion and intolerance of uncertainty level and to examine the degree to which IU and TP scales are associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in a military sample. The sample of servicemen (N = 129) completed ZTPI, the IUS-12 and PCL-5 questionnaires. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted with IU scores, TP scales and DBTP and DBTP-r coefficients. IU total score correlates with Past Negative (PN), Present Hedonistic (PH), Present Fatalistic (PF), and Future (F) time perspectives in the military sample. Groups that differ in the level of IU have a significant difference in Past Negative TP. Regression analysis models using DBTP as well as DBTP-r coefficients showed similar results. Inhibitory IU, not Prospective IU, turned out to be a predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms in this military, non-clinical sample. Further studies should determine directions of associations between intolerance of uncertainty and time perspective.

Negative time perspective predicts the self-perceived affective and physical components of pain independently from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances

People's attitudes toward time, the time perspectives (TPs) rooted in past experiences, might be crucial for the emotional evaluation of life events, such as painful situations. In a survey-based study (N = 353), we investigated the relationship of TPs with the self-perceived affective and physical aspects of pain. Specifically, we hypothesised that past-negative TP would be associated with a negative emotional appraisal of pain characterised by higher pain-related catastrophizing, fear, and physical sensitivity to pain. We tested this hypothesis with hierarchical regression models, adding depression, anxiety, and variables of early life circumstances to the model stepwise. Early life circumstances (i.e., socioeconomic status, household unpredictability, and family resources) were measured retrospectively using questionnaires. In addition, based on the results of the regression analyses, we built a structural equation model (SEM) and tested whether past-negative mediates the effect of household unpredictability toward emotional and physical appraisal of pain. We found that individuals scoring high on past-negative TP had greater pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and sensitivity to pain. Further, there was evidence that these associations are independent from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Finally, SEM analysis suggested that unpredictable early life circumstances were directed toward intense, negatively emotionalised pain perception via the mediation of the past-negative TP. The findings generally support the view that pain behaviour is formed by emotional states and attitudes that are linked to past experiences that are not necessarily specific to the context of pain.

Associations among sleep-wake rhythm characteristics, time perspective and psycho-emotional state during COVID-19 isolation

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations among time perspective, sleep-wake rhythm characteristics, and psycho-emotional state during COVID-19 isolation. The study was carried out from April 17 to 14 June 2020and involved 844 people aged 17 to 26 years (average age: 19.4 ± 1.8 years, women: 79.4%). Each study participant filled out the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. There were significant changes in the sleep characteristics during isolation: sleep duration increased by 56 minutes, sleep efficiency decreased by 2.4%, sleep phase delayed by 53 minutes, while social jetlag decreased by 77 minutes. Individuals with balanced, future, and past positive time perspective had better sleep characteristics, and were less likely to exhibit symptoms of depression. Persons with past negative, present hedonistic and present fatalistic time perspective were more likely to have worse sleep characteristics, and exhibited signs of depression. The results of the study indicate that persons focused on long-term planning for their lives generally endured the COVID-19 isolation more easily.