Past History Research Articles

Analysis of clinical characteristics of terbinafine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

ABSTRACT Introduction Terbinafine may cause subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), and we aimed to analyze its clinical characteristics. Methods We collected literature on terbinafine-induced SCLE from 1997 to 2023 for retrospective analysis. Thirty-seven patients (33 females and 4 males) were included. Results The patients have a median age of 49.5 years (range 18–79) and onset time of 5 weeks (range 1–12). SCLE is mainly manifested as annular erythematous (83.3%), scaly erythematous (44.4%), and maculopapular erythematous (13.9%). Mainly, histopathological manifestations are lymphocytic infiltrate (55.6%), hyperkeratosis (38.9%) and keratinocyte necrosis (38.9%). Positive immunological parameters mainly include antinuclear antibody (100.0%), anti-Ro/SSA antibody (94.1%), and anti-La/SSB antibody (72.2%). Past medical history usually includes photosensitivity (33.3%), inflammatory disease (33.33%), and lupus erythematosus (12.1%). Symptoms are completely resolved within a median time of 35 days (range 7–84) after discontinuation of terbinafine and treatment with topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, and immunosuppressant. No recurrence was observed within 12 months (range 1.5–48) of follow-up. Conclusion These results suggest that terbinafine-induced SCLE should be comprehensively diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, histopathological manifestations, immunological parameters, and past medical history. Terbinafine should be immediately discontinued when SCLE occurs, while systemic and topical corticosteroids combined with hydroxychloroquine may be an effective treatment.

Undetected intraabdominal sepsis due to prolonged corticosteroid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and literature review

Gastrointestinal manifestations are not included in the criteria for diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by the European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) 2019, however, gastrointestinal disorders are one of the potentially fatal complications of SLE. Mesenteric vasculitis and thrombosis are the two main mechanisms that cause gastrointestinal disorders in SLE patients. Long-term immunosuppressants used by SLE patients might alter the immune system’s response to infection, leading to immunoparalysis. The delay in recognizing might cause sepsis, thus increasing the mortality risk. A 47-year-old woman with a history of SLE complained of hematochezia. The patient had been consistently consuming 12 mg of methylprednisolone every day for the past five years without doctor’s supervision. Past medical history of congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by coronary arterial disease (CAD). After 24 days hospitalized for observation of hematochezia, an emergency laparotomy was performed due to deterioration caused by peritonitis. Intraoperative, 60 cm of jejunal necrosis was identified and intestinal resection was done. The patient’s condition improved in two days after emergency laparotomy and intensive treatment. The undetected intraabdominal sepsis caused by jejunal infarction and gut necrosis due to long-term use of corticosteroid that masked the manifestations of severe infection in the gastrointestinal tract infarction and necrosis. Abbreviations: NLR - neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; SGOT - serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase; SGPT - serum glutamic pyruvic transminase; eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate; PT - prothrombin time; APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time; INR - international normalized ratio Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Intraabdominal sepsis, Immunoparalysis, Corticosteroid Citation: Leman YE, Irawany V, Manggala SK. Undetected intraabdominal sepsis due to prolonged corticosteroid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and literature review. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(4):765−771; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i4.2525 Received: March 13, 2024; Reviewed: May 17, 2024; Accepted: May 21, 2024

A rare case of concomitant endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from uterine adenomyosis and clear cell carcinoma arising from parametrial deep endometriosis

BackgroundCarcinomatous changes from the ectopic endometrial glands in endometriosis have been reported in many studies, but malignant transformation from uterine adenomyosis/adenomyoma is rare. And clear cell-like adenocarcinoma represents a seldom-encountered malignant pathological variant of ectopic endometrium.Case presentationThis case report presents a case of a 44-year-old nulliparous woman begun with abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. Past medical history showed laparoscopic ovarian endometriotic cyst excision. Ultrasound indicated adenomyoma and a parametrial hypoechoic nodule with abundant blood flow signals and unclear boundaries. Deep invasive endometriosis was considered preoperatively. The patient underwent laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy and bilateral adnexa resection. Chocolate cyst-like lesion was observed in the parametral lesion. Postoperative pathological examinations suggested endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from eutopic endometrium and adenomyoma. Ectopic endometrium in the myometrium combined with atypical hyperplasia and formation of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Left parametrial lesions suggested poorly differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma combined with clear cell carcinoma. CD10 + endometrial stromal cells were observed surrounding tumor cell masses. Combined with surgical founding and pathological characters of the left parametrial adenocarcinoma, the parametrial lesions were more likely to be carcinomatous changes of the original deep endometriosis.The patient underwent subsequent transabdominal tumor cell reduction surgery and chemotherapy.ConclusionWe herein present a rare case of combined endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from uterine adenomyosis and clear cell carcinoma arising from parametrial deep endometriosis that may help inspire additional studies in the future. The patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy, bilateral adnexa resection, deep endometriosis lesion resection and bilateral ureteral stent placement. Following surgery, a chemotherapy regimen of Taxol and Carboplatin was administered.

Telemedicine at a University Ophthalmology Practice During the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the use of teleophthalmology at a university practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically examining precision, effectiveness, and patient satisfaction. Telemedicine visits were offered to new and established patients requesting appointments with the Stony Brook University Department of Ophthalmology between March 30 and June 2, 2020. Records from these visits were reviewed for chief complaint, past medical and ocular history, diagnoses, treatment/management, and providers' sub-specialty. Precision was determined by comparing agreement between diagnoses of the telemedicine visit with those of the subsequent in-person visit. The decision to follow up in person was made by the physician and patient. Diagnostic precision as well as progression, improvement, or stability of patients' symptoms were determined by the physician's assessment at follow-up visits. Post-telemedicine visit satisfaction surveys were sent to all patients. Telemedicine visits were offered to 783 patients, 520 (66.4%) of whom accepted. Of these 520 patients, 409 (78.7%) were established and 105 (20.2%) had in-person, follow-up visits. Overall, the diagnostic precision of the follow-up visits was 89.5%. Precision differed significantly across ophthalmologic subspecialties. Of the patients who had in-person follow-up visits, 56.8% remained stable, 32.4% improved, and 10.8% worsened. Established patients presented with more extensive ocular histories/procedures and experienced a higher percentage of worsening symptoms/disease stage compared to new patients. Oculoplastics/orbit was the most prevalent diagnostic subspecialty that worsened. Surveys were sent to all patients completing telemedicine visits, 15.0% of whom responded. Overall satisfaction was 91.9%, although only 23.0% of respondents preferred telemedicine to an in-office visit. Telehealth provides high levels of precision and patient satisfaction for a wide range of ophthalmologic visits, although most patients still prefer in-office examinations. Employing teleophthalmology for follow-up and emergency care may provide patients with an effective alternative during pandemic situations and beyond.

The Constructed Past in a Galaxy Far, Far Away: Nostalgia in the Star Wars Films

Star Wars (1977-2019), directed by George Lucas, is a science fiction (fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes) saga that takes place in the outer space universe. The whole story is an intergalactic adventure surrounding the ongoing battle between the Jedi Order, which represents the bright side and the Sith Order, which represents the dark forces. Despite that were massive number of studies done on them as films of science fiction, few have looked at Star Wars from a perspective that would categorize them instead as nostalgia films. According to Fredric Jameson, a theorist and critic of North American culture and literature, the nostalgia film is a separate category (from historical films) that does not directly employ historical objects but exhibits a resemblance of them to reflect a longing for the historical past. Combining sections from the Star Wars films with Fredric Jameson's theory on nostalgia films, this essay attempts to explore the purpose of George Lucas blending elements of the past with futuristic designs and seeks to argue that nostalgia was the intended overall atmosphere of the franchise.

Formulation of contextual circumstances in final court decisions on cases of violation of the laws and customs of war: peculiarities of legal argumentation

The article analyzes the peculiarities of legal reasoning in final court decisions in cases of violation of the laws and customs of war (Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) in the context of such contextual circumstances as the existence of an international armed conflict during which and in connection with which the relevant war crime is committed. The author identifies the following shortcomings in the wording of contextual circumstances in sentences under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: an extensive historical excursion into the historical past of our State and world organizations, as well as the lack of a clear definition of such contextual circumstances. The author proves that in addition to the direct establishment of such circumstances, final court decisions should state the existence of a relevant victim, object and subject of a war crime, which are elements of the mechanism for determining contextual circumstances, as well as independent signs of the crime under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is determined that the legal arguments used in final court decisions should include a brief description of the factual and temporal factors of the international armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, which take place in the country as a whole, as well as the local aspect of the international armed conflict, the existence of which is proved by the occupation of the Ukrainian settlement where the war crime event took place. In addition, when describing the contextual circumstances of the crime under Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, it is advisable to refer to international normative documents and international case law. It is determined that a complete description of the contextual circumstances will ensure the «stability» of court decisions in the courts of appeal, which may be appealed by the defense party arguing that there are no relevant contextual circumstances, which, in the opinion of the defense, indicates that an ordinary crime was committed, rather than a war crime. Key words: war crime, violation of the laws or customs of war, contextual circumstances, international armed conflict, criminal proceedings, international humanitarian law, final judgment, quality of judgment, legal technique, legal reasoning.

Авторский балет на сцене Татарского академического государственного театра оперы и балета им. М.Джалиля в советский и постсоветский периоды

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the ballet troupe of M.Jalil Tatar Academic State Opera and Ballet Theater in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. It shows that after the premiere of the first ballet “Vain Precaution” by P.Hertel in 1939, the troupe continued to master the performances of the classical heritage “Giselle” by A.Adam (1945) and “Swan Lake” by P.Tchaikovsky (1947). At the same time, the troupe was working on creating a national ballet performance. Turning to the historical past and folklore, the authors of the libretto and choreographers immersed the viewer in the life and culture of the Tatar people, and the composers built the score based on centuries-old musical traditions. All this was expressed in the ballets “Shurale” by F.Yarullin (1945) and “Zyugra” by N.Zhiganov (1946). At this time, new productions appear in the repertoire, reflecting the current ideas of Soviet art at the time of creation. These are “Bakhchisarai Fountain” by B.Asafiev (1946) and “Laurencia” by A.Crane (1953). In the 2000s, a number of premieres took place produced for the Kazan ballet stage – “The Tale of Yusuf” (2001) by L.Lyubovskiy, choreography by N.Boyarchikov, G.Kovtun; “Peer Gynt” (2003) by E.Grieg, “The Golden Horde” (2013), R.Akhiyarova – choreography by G.Kovtun; “Сarmina Вurana, or the Wheel of Fortune” (2013) by K.Orff, choreography by A.Polubentsev. The author sets the task of identifying trends in the development of the repertoire in the post-Soviet period. His focus is on original ballet performances. The conclusion was that the result of the search for choreographers on the Kazan stage, expressed in the synthesis of genres, styles, and appeal to new subjects for the ballet theater, was the enrichment of the repertoire of M.Jalil Tatar Academic State Opera and Ballet Theater and entertainment culture in general.

The Secrets of the Taras Settlements of the Historical Past of the Nomadic Confederations of North Asia

The Secrets of the Taras Settlements of the Historical Past of the Nomadic Confederations of North Asia

STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF THE INAUGURAL SPEECH IN THE PRESIDENTIAL DISCOURSE (ON THE MATERIAL IN UKRAINIAN, POLISH, SLOVAK AND SERBIAN LANGUAGES)

The article is devoted to the study of structural and semantic features of the main speech genre of presidential rhetoric — the inaugural speech. We characterized the main approaches to defining the speech genre and highlighted the structural components of the inaugural speech in political discourse. The purpose of the study is to reveal the structural and semantic features of the presidents’ inaugural speeches presented in Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak and Serbian). The object of the research is the presidential discourse implemented in the speech activity of the presidents of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia and Serbia. The subject of the study is the structural components and semantic features of the inaugural speeches in the presidential discourse. We analyzed the inaugural speeches of the presidents who held this position in the first half of 2024: Volodymyr Zelensky (Ukraine), Andrzej Duda (Republic of Poland), Zuzana Čaputová (Slovak Republic), Aleksandar Vučić (Republic of Serbia). The material for the analysis was the texts of the inaugural speeches delivered by the presidents in the last term. The methods of component and linguistic stylistic analysis were used to analyze the structural and semantic features of the inaugural speeches. The component analysis made it possible to consider the lexical semantics, and the linguistic stylistic analysis became the basis for determining the stylistic features of the texts. The structure of the inaugural speech covers the framework elements of the greeting, conclusion, formulation of the political creed. Speech acts of thanksgiving are the main structural elements of the inaugural speech of the presidents. At the semantic level, the inaugural speech contains a description of the political situation in the country in the context of historical events and a specification of program provisions of a priority nature. Common elements for the inaugural speeches of the presidents of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia and Serbia are the presence of mandatory structural elements, the dominance of speech acts of thanksgiving, appeals to the historical past and the formulation of future political steps. Among the specific features of presidential speeches, the use of ethnonyms in the speeches of V. Zelenskyi and A. Duda was recorded; the dominance of references to ancient history in the speeches of A. Duda and O. Vuchich; V. Zelenskyi’s criticism of the previous government, in particular the country’s presidents.

Problems of the historical past in Japan’s relations with the countries of Asia: Reconciliation attempts

Problems of the historical past in Japan’s relations with the countries of Asia: Reconciliation attempts

Human Rights: Experiences and Educational Practices

Human rights, therefore, are indispensable freedoms that accrue to every human being, irrespective of citizenship, ethnic background, or other characteristics. It is true that all these rights are known globally, but the chances of people realizing and enjoying them can differ significantly depending on the region and specific society. These gaps in knowledge are considered in this research article by discussing the various, differentiated experiences in regard to human rights, more specifically by pointing to incidents of human rights’ abuse and improvement across different regions. Moreover, the given article explores the centrality of education in raising awareness and cherishing human rights.HRE, as a part of educational practices, can raise awareness, foster empathy, and, thereby, actively contribute to individuals’ ability to stand up for themselves and others. Therefore, through teaching and learning human rights, the incorporation of human rights topics in education curriculum, teaching critical thinking, and establishing values for empathy, HRE seeks to transform society into one that respects and protects the human rights of every individual. This paper explores the historical past, various problems in present society, as well as the experience of HRE implementation that occurred in different countries at different times, its outcomes, and perspectives for further transformations in society.In the last place, the author presents the recommendations that can help improve HRE, discussing the role of international support, advocacy, and efficient teacher training. This way, HRE helps build a desirable future for humanity’s generations to come by preparing them for the combating of human rights issues.

Application of sulfur hexafluoride in electrical engineering. Historical past, current state and prospects in future

A pressing issue today is the analysis of the possibilities of using SF6 gas and its possible limitations of use from the point of view of harmful effects on the environment. The article, based on free sources of information, systematizes the historical facts of the development of SF6 gas, the main stages of the formation of the SF6 gas environment as insulation for electrical equipment. Comparative characteristics of electrical strength for various insulating substances are presented. Research has been carried out on modern examples of the use of SF6 gas in medium and high voltage circuit breakers. Examples of the use of SF6 gas and its mixtures as gas insulation for high-voltage power lines are analyzed. It is shown that a promising direction for the development of SF6 gas is its use in gas-insulated power lines. Design features and examples of practical application of high-voltage gas-insulated power lines are presented. The features of using SF6 insulation in electrical equipment of different voltage classes are determined. Current environmental problems associated with the use of SF6 gas are analyzed and possible directions for overcoming them are established. The elements of SF6 gas decomposition products that are toxic and pose the greatest danger are considered. The characteristics of SF6 gas as a greenhouse gas are given and promising ways to reduce its use are shown. It has been established that by using not pure SF6 gas, but gas mixtures based on it, it is possible to significantly reduce the percentage of SF6 gas use. Promising directions for further development of gas insulating medium for electrical equipment without the use of SF6 gas have been established.

MEMÓRIAS DE UM EX-GUERRILHEIRO: NARRAÇÕES DA GUERRILHA DO ARAGUAIA EM AZUL CORVO (2014)

: In Azul Corvo (2014), Adriana Lisboa portrays the events of the Araguaia Guerrilla War from the perspective of a former guerrilla, Fernando. It is from his accounts that we can revisit the past, since he exposes episodes that are not part of the official history. In this sense, the present study aims to reconstruct the history of the Araguaia Guerrilla War through the exile’s point of view. Furthermore, we also seek to understand how generational memory contributes to the retaking of the historical past, given that it extends to many other generations and brings to light the sufferings experienced by the direct victims of the dictatorship. To this end, we resorted to the studies of Márcio Seligmann-Silva (1999), Paul Ricoeur (2003), Alfredo Bosi (2002), Tânia Sarmento-Pantoja (2010), Augusto Sarmento-Pantoja (2012; 2019), among others. The relationship between the critical-theoretical considerations worked on by the researchers and the narrations, the representations of the past, and the reconstruction of memory about Brazilian history help us realize that the events described by the ex-guerrilla build knowledge about an unknown past and transmit the experience lived in traumatic moments, so that the character’s experiences and perspectives also become part of our memory.

July 2024 Critical Care Case of the Month: Community-Acquired Meningitis

No abstract available. Article truncated after 150 words. History of Present Illness A 62-year-old woman was brought to our emergency department at 0300 with a possible stroke. She was last known well at 2230 the previous evening, when she complained of severe headache and took some acetaminophen before going to bed. Her daughter (who provided all history) noted that the patient awoke about midnight, vomited and took some naproxen. The daughter next heard the patient awake at 0230, and found her back in the bathroom vomiting again, slow to respond, “mumbling” and confused. The daughter was able to get the patient into their car with some difficulty and drove her to the ER. Past Medical History, Social History, Family History Only minimal past medical history was elicited. There was no known trauma, no fever and no recent illnesses. The patient took no prescription medications. She did not have any history of neurological disease and no known history of …

Writing the past, writing the present: Abd al-Qadir Badauni’s narrative of the history of the Delhi Sultanate

This article examines the historiographical practices of Abd al-Qadir Badauni, a sixteenth-century historian and intellectual who served in Akbar’s court. Badauni’s secret Persian chronicle, Muntaḵẖab al-tawārīḵẖ, compiled in three volumes in 1595–96, is regarded as one of the most important sources on the history of Akbar’s reign. The present article, however, is concerned with only the first volume, which narrates the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Unfortunately, the first volume did not receive much attention from scholars, because it was assumed to be offering no significant historical value as it was entirely based on the T̤abaqāt-i Akbarī of Niz̤ām al-Dīn Aḥmad and the Ta’rīḵẖ-i Mubārakshāhī of Yaḥyā Aḥmad Sirhindī. Scholars ignored the fact that Badauni also claimed to have ‘added something of his own’ to his narrative. This article analyses the ways in which Badauni narrated a history of the pre-Mughal past and what it can tell us about his historiographical practices as well as his views on kingship. A closer scrutiny of his narrative of the Delhi Sultanate along with his representation of Humāyūn, in comparison with that of his sources, suggests that his re-telling of the story was guided by his belief in a medieval Perso-Islamic theory of kingship that upheld the separation of power between the rulers as temporal sovereigns and the ‘ulamā as custodians of religion.

Systemic Symptoms as Potential Predictors of Chronic Neck Pain on Initial Examination: Can Systemic Symptoms Act as a Predictor of Neck Pain?

Neck pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that can cause other additional misalignments and other misalignment-induced chronic musculoskeletal diseases. Although numerous risk factors for chronic neck pain have been researched, systemic symptoms have not received the same level of investigation. The aim of this study was to analyze the link between subjective systemic symptoms and neck pain based on initial holistic interviews, with the objective of identifying potential predictive factors for neck pain. This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients hospitalized due to acute neck pain between January 2018 and August 2021. Data collected included demographic information, treatment details, neck-pain characteristics, medical history, and co-occurring symptoms regardless of their known association with neck pain. Statistical analyses, including independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact tests, and correlation analyses, were performed. With regard to the demographic characteristics, a significant positive correlation was observed between age and initial pain intensity (p < 0.01), while female sex was associated with changes in pain intensity (p < 0.05). Past medical conditions, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart attacks, and psychological medical history, demonstrated a significant relationship with neck pain (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). Hospitalization duration, cervical dizziness, limitations in the cervical range of motion (ROM), and widespread pain were significantly associated with neck pain (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). Among the subjective systemic symptoms, only upper gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance displayed a significant association with neck pain (p < 0.01). This study identified several potential predictors of neck pain-notably, upper GI disturbances-providing a new avenue to investigate the prognostic factors of neck pain. However, further study is needed to substantiate these findings and elucidate the precise nature of these associations.

Effect of Blue Light Filter Intraocular Lens (IOL) on Colour Vision.

Purpose The objective of this study is to knowthe effect of blue light filter (BF) intraocular lenses (IOL) on colour vision of Sudanese patiens as BF IOLs are relatively new in Sudan and its effect on Sudanese patients is not yet studied. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional observational study. Data collection was done through interview andpretested structured questionnaire containing three sections: (i) personal data, (ii) past medical and ocular surgical history, and (iii) visual acuity (VA), the anterior and posterior segment exam result, and the D15photopic color vision test result. Results In this study, 206 eyes of 103 patients were enrolled. Of them, 57 (55.3%) were females and 46 (44.7 %) were males. The mean age of the participants was 58.38 years±11.488 (SD). Furthermore, 81 patients (78.64%) achieved normal D15 color vision test results, while 22 patients (21.4%) had abnormal results. There was a significant effect (P=.00) on photopic color vision perception. Finally, the gender-wise performance showed an insignificant difference (P=.933)with 78.3% of the males having normal D15 color vision test and the females having slightly better results with 78.9 %. Conclusions The results suggested that implantation of BF IOLs has a significanteffect on photopic color vision perception.

Своєрідна багатомовність на банкнотах Австро-угорської Монархії

The topic of research devoted to the linguistic landscape is gradually expanding, so the concept itself is constantly acquiring new interpretations. The article considers banknotes as elements of the linguistic landscape, and the linguistic landscape as a reflection of language policy, its peculiar public expression. The issuance of banknotes is strictly regulated by the state, while controlling not only the shape, color, decorative elements, denominations and security elements of the banknotes, but also the symbols and languages that appear on them. Along with portraits of historical figures, images related to the culture and historical past of a certain nation, the presence (or absence) of languages on banknotes is also an element of symbolic politics and a part of revealing the language policy of a certain state. The publication examines the languages that were represented in the inscriptions of various series of banknotes issued in the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy between 1900 and 1919. The article analyzes the reasons for the appearance of different languages on banknotes of the specified period. Based on the languages depicted on the banknotes, it is shown that the two main parts of the federal state of Austria-Hungary pursued different language policies. The article highlights that, according to the concept of dualism, the German language dominated on one side of the Austro-Hungarian banknotes, and the Hungarian language on the other. On the front side, along with the most important information, which was provided only in German, the denomination of the banknote was indicated in the languages of several nations of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The reverse side was purely monolingual – Hungarian. Therefore, the denomination was indicated on the banknote in a total of ten languages: German, Czech, Croatian, Polish, Italian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovenian, and also Ruthenian or Ukrainian. The article tries to find an answer to why the Czech, Croatian, Serbian, Polish, Italian, Romanian, Slovenian and Ukrainian (Ruthenian) languages were used on banknotes next to German, and why the reverse side of the banknotes remained monolingual (Hungarian). The authors concluded that even states that issue multilingual banknotes guarantee that the state language should be in a dominant position.

რუსეთ-უკრაინის ურთიერთობა და პერსპექტივები

The article is dedicated to the Russian-Ukrainian relations, that finds its roots from the deep historical past and issues number of important aspects of these relations. Russia views Ukraine as a part of its own strategical objective, which does not give the ability to the latter to form itself as an independent and sovereign nation. The key issue in the article is dedicated to the western role and its importance, which brings the occurring Russian-Ukrainian crisis on the global scale. In the article, main reasons of the escalation of RussianUkrainian relations are factors, such as Ukrainian aspiration of joining NATO and the general integration process in the European Union, as well as the asymmetrical attitude between the two nations including Russian perception of Ukraine as underdeveloped and failed state. The main reason of these intensified relations is the fear of insecurity by the Russian Federation, which finds its roots from its loss of influence on Ukraine. Meanwhile, the article also stipulates such a formidable conception as the theory of mutual dependance and the balance of power. In the section of above-mentioned theories is analyzed not only Russian-Ukrainian relations but objectives and missions of other nations with the state-of-interest as well. Research proves that the regulation of current crisis between the Russian Federation and Ukraine is possible in case of declaring Ukraine as the neutral state, which can become a possibility after the governmental changes in Ukraine.

Pseudofilariasis, a Presenting Sign of Alkaptonuria.

To report the association of Pseudofilariasis as a presenting sign of Alkaptonuria. Case Report. A 49-year-old Indian man was referred because of wormlike objects in his left conjunctiva. Ocular and family history was non-contributory. He had not been to India in 15 years. Past medical history revealed hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, and a myocardial infarct. He had undergone two stents, bilateral Achilles tendon repairs and bilateral knee replacements. ROS showed longstanding back stiffness and pain. On ocular examination the vision was 20/25 in each eye and positive findings were in the left eye bulbar conjunctival which showed stationary black vermiform (filarial in appearance) foreign bodies along with 2 small corneal limbal pigmented deposits. Conjunctival biopsy showed dilated lymph channels with interstitial proteinaceous material of a light brown color consistent with Ochronotic pigment; hence diagnostic of Alkaptonuria. Pseudofilariasis may be a presenting sign of Alkaptonuria and occur years before a clinical diagnosis is made. Filariasis is always involves white worms and never black. Knowing the ophthalmic signs of this rare disease may lead to an accurate diagnosis earlier thusly avoiding unnecessary tests and examinations.