Passive Voice Research Articles

Analysis of Linguistic and Cultural Differences in Japanese Translation Based on Differential Equation Modeling in the Perspective of PMC Assessment

Abstract This paper focuses on the differences in grammar rules and syntactic structures between Japanese passive and probable tenses and labels the corresponding sentences in the corpus according to their grammatical features. A statistical method is employed to categorize the corpus by linking dependency trees and morphological information. Differential equation modeling is used to construct a classification model, and the important features and extraction processes for distinguishing sentence structure are defined. In conclusion, the impact of language and cultural differences on the machine translation of Japanese passive sentences is examined. The results show that the significant values of manual translation and machine translation are 0.158 and 0.203, respectively, which are greater than 0.05, indicating that they conform to the normal distribution and there are obvious differences between them. The mean score of the total score of manual translation is 4.62, and the mean score of the total score of machine translation is 2.85, indicating that there is a significant effect of language and cultural differences on machine translation. This paper provides useful guidance and insights for improving the quality of Japanese translation and promoting cross-cultural communication and understanding.

TelePriming sentence production in aphasia.

The application of videoconferencing to the assessment and treatment of aphasia has been rapidly increasing; however, there is a need to develop treatments targeting sentence production in persons with aphasia (PWA) that can be delivered through videoconferencing. Structural priming has received recent attention as a potential training method for PWA. We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of a collaborative structural priming task delivered via the internet, TelePriming, in facilitating sentence production in PWA and healthy adults. In Study 1, young adults (YA), older adults (OA), and PWA participated in a collaborative dialogue-like priming task through videoconferencing, taking turns with an interlocutor (experimenter) to describe transitive action pictures with the goal of finding matching pictures. We measured whether participants produced more passive sentences to describe their picture after hearing their interlocutor produce passive compared to active sentences (primes). In Study 2, we compared the data from the OA and PWA of Study 1 (TelePriming) to different groups of OA and PWA, who completed the same priming task in person. All three groups showed robust priming effects in Study 1, producing more passive sentences to describe target pictures after hearing the experimenter produce passive versus active sentences. In Study 2, when controlling for demographic information (age, education) and aphasia severity, TelePriming resulted in larger priming effects for OA and PWA, compared to the in-person priming task. Survey results revealed that both OA and PWA experienced increased comfort and satisfaction with using technology following the task. Interactive message-structure alignment processes remain largely intact in PWA, and the positive effects of structural priming in a collaborative communicative task are not diminished by remote delivery. The findings demonstrate the feasibility and validity of TelePriming in OA and PWA, laying experimental groundwork for future use of TelePriming in the assessment and treatment of clinical populations with limited access to face-to-face sessions.

New Frontiers in Health Literacy: Using ChatGPT to Simplify Health Information for People in the Community

BackgroundMost health information does not meet the health literacy needs of our communities. Writing health information in plain language is time-consuming but the release of tools like ChatGPT may make it easier to produce reliable plain language health information.ObjectiveTo investigate the capacity for ChatGPT to produce plain language versions of health texts.DesignObservational study of 26 health texts from reputable websites.MethodsChatGPT was prompted to ‘rewrite the text for people with low literacy’. Researchers captured three revised versions of each original text.Main MeasuresObjective health literacy assessment, including Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), proportion of the text that contains complex language (%), number of instances of passive voice and subjective ratings of key messages retained (%).Key ResultsOn average, original texts were written at grade 12.8 (SD = 2.2) and revised to grade 11.0 (SD = 1.2), p < 0.001. Original texts were on average 22.8% complex (SD = 7.5%) compared to 14.4% (SD = 5.6%) in revised texts, p < 0.001. Original texts had on average 4.7 instances (SD = 3.2) of passive text compared to 1.7 (SD = 1.2) in revised texts, p < 0.001. On average 80% of key messages were retained (SD = 15.0). The more complex original texts showed more improvements than less complex original texts. For example, when original texts were ≥ grade 13, revised versions improved by an average 3.3 grades (SD = 2.2), p < 0.001. Simpler original texts (< grade 11) improved by an average 0.5 grades (SD = 1.4), p < 0.001.ConclusionsThis study used multiple objective assessments of health literacy to demonstrate that ChatGPT can simplify health information while retaining most key messages. However, the revised texts typically did not meet health literacy targets for grade reading score, and improvements were marginal for texts that were already relatively simple.

ARABIC DIALECTS IN THE BOOK (AL-KAFI FI SHARH AL-HADI) BY ABDULWAHHAB BIN IBRAHIM AL-ZANJANI (655 AH) SELECTED EXAMPLES

This research deals with the study of Arabic dialects in the book (Al-Kafi Sharh Al-Hadi) by the author Abdul-Wahhab bin Ibrahim Al-Zanjani, who died (655 AH), and his position on them, and the book (Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi), a great book that remained locked in manuscripts until it was edited by Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Youssef went on to complete the first part of it and obtained a doctorate with it. Then his son Anas completed the second part and obtained a master’s degree with it. The author of the book has many famous books, and perhaps the most famous of them before this book saw the light were the book (Al-Tasrif AlUzzi) and the book (Al-Hadi), which the author explained. Himself in his book (Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi). The research was titled (Arabic dialects in the book (Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi) by AbdulWahhab bin Ibrahim Al-Zanjani (655 AH) Selected Examples) to address four main issues related to dialects; The first issue was in which I studied the abnormal dialects in the letters of wrestling that are combined with the word (Anette), and the second issue in which I studied Arabic dialects in built-up adverbs and made the adverb (yesterday) a model for it, and the third issue dealt with Arabic dialects in the passive voice or what some grammarians call the passive voice. The impact of the Arabic dialects on the formulation of the verb that is built for the passive or passive object, especially the irregular verb and the differences in the movements it has when it is built. The fourth issue dealt with the study of the work of (what) and the Arabic dialects contained in it and the differences in its work, especially between the Hijazis and the Tamimis. In my research, I followed the analytical descriptive approach. I presented Zanjani’s text, which mentions the origin of dialects in the issue intended for the lesson. Then I proceeded to investigate the linguistic opinions that were said on this issue, following a sequence based on tracing the sayings of grammarians and linguists from the oldest to the newest, and trying to collect what He collected a number of opinions and balanced them among themselves, then balanced these statements with the opinion of Al-Zanjani mentioned at the beginning of the issue. The study of these issues was supported by various linguistic evidence from sources approved by linguists, such as the Holy Qur’an, and Arabic poetry, to document the occurrence of these dialects in the Arabic heritage, and then to come up with an opinion and a conclusion for each issue. In this study, I relied on the Arab sources that the research had found, which were organized into proven sources, and I made it after the conclusion that summarized the results of the research. I ask God for sincerity in word and deed and to guide us to the right path. He is in charge of that and capable of it

Grammatical interference in Islamic school students’ English narrative writings

Employing a qualitative approach, this study aims to discover the types of grammatical interference that mostly occur in narrative texts written by Indonesian students at a senior high school level. The grammatical interference covered in this article is categorized into two, namely syntactical interference and morphological interference. Moreover, 20 eleventh-grader students of an Islamic school were chosen randomly to be the sample of this research. The students were asked to compose a narrative text with a topic that has been determined by the teacher. Their writings were then analyzed descriptively to find out the dominant types of grammatical interference made by the students. It was revealed that the students encountered morphological inferences related to tenses, articles, subject-plural forms, and pronouns. Besides, syntactical inferences regarding word order, noun phrase, and passive voice are found in the students’ writings. Thus, it implies that students often used the grammatical rules of their first language in composing their writings in English.

PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SPINNER UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA MATERI KALIMAT AKTIF DAN PASIF PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS II SDI WAHID HASYIM SIDOARJO

The aim of this research is to determine the improvement in learning outcomes in Indonesian, the difference between active and passive sentences using spinner media. This research uses classroom action research (PTK) carried out in several cycles. Each cycle consists of 4 stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection.. The results of the research show that Indonesian language learning activities using Spinner media have increased. This is shown by an increase in the percentage of teacher activity in cycle I reaching 63.15% and cycle II reaching 89.50%. Student activity during Indonesian language learning activities using Spinner learning media has increased. This is shown by an increase in the percentage of student activity in cycle I reaching 67.4% and cycle II reaching 88.22%. Increased student learning outcomes after participating in Indonesian language learning activities using Spinner learning media. This can be shown by an increase in the percentage of learning outcomes for students in cycle I reaching 72.6% and cycle II reaching 90.13%.

Assessment of the quality of the text of safety standards with industrial semantic technologies

Most safety-critical systems are subject to rigorous assurance processes to justify that the systems are dependable. These processes are typically conducted in compliance with safety standards, e.g., DO-178C for software in aerospace. This can be a prerequisite so that a system is allowed to operate. However, following these standards can be challenging in practice because of issues in their text such as imprecision, ambiguity, and inconsistency. These issues can hinder compliance, delaying it and making it more expensive, or even preventing it. As a solution, we aim to define means that aid in the identification of the issues and thus facilitate their resolution. We have developed an approach for assessment of the quality of the text of safety standards with RQA - Quality Studio, an industrial tool for requirements quality analysis with semantic technologies. The approach is based on the extraction of analysis units from a standard, on the specification and exploitation of ontologies, and on the reuse of metrics provided by RQA - Quality Studio to evaluate text quality. The approach has been applied on the DO-178C standard, assessing its text as a whole and its different main individual parts. The quality of most of the text of the standard can be regarded as high. The most frequent issues in DO-178C are the use of passive voice, of synonyms, and of imprecise modal verbs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides a means for a broad and detailed assessment of the quality of the text of safety standards, leading to the identification of specific aspects that could be improved in the text and indicating the extent to which quality issues affect it.

Syntactic complexity differentially affects auditory sentence comprehension performance for individuals with age-related hearing loss.

This study examined whether older adults with hearing loss (HL) experience greater difficulties in auditory sentence comprehension compared to those with typical-hearing (TH) when the linguistic burdens of syntactic complexity were systematically manipulated by varying either the sentence type (active vs. passive) or sentence length (3- vs. 4-phrases). A total of 22 individuals with HL and 24 controls participated in the study, completing sentence comprehension test (SCT), standardized memory assessments, and pure-tone audiometry tests. Generalized linear mixed effects models were employed to compare the effects of sentence type and length on SCT accuracy, while Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted to explore the relationships between SCT accuracy and other factors. Additionally, stepwise regression analyses were employed to identify memory-related predictors of sentence comprehension ability. Older adults with HL exhibited poorer performance on passive sentences than on active sentences compared to controls, while the sentence length was controlled. Greater difficulties on passive sentences were linked to working memory capacity, emerging as the most significant predictor for the comprehension of passive sentences among participants with HL. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the linguistic-cognitive deficits linked to age-related hearing loss by demonstrating its detrimental impact on the processing of passive sentences. Cognitively healthy adults with hearing difficulties may face challenges in comprehending syntactically more complex sentences that require higher computational demands, particularly in working memory allocation.

Exploring intrasectional variations of lexical bundles in medical research articles

This study employed a corpus-driven approach to examine the structures and functions of lexical bundles across the IMRD sections (i.e. Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion) in a medical research article corpus totalling 4.8 million words. Results showed considerable intra-sectional variations of bundle structures and functions. Structurally, the Introduction and the Discussion were dominated by phrasal bundles (tokens), while the Methods section and the Results sections preferred clausal bundles (types). For structural subcategories, the Introduction showed apparent preference for bundles with ‘to-clause fragments’, the Methods section made heavy use of bundles with ‘passive verb phrases’, and the Discussion displayed a high usage of bundles with ‘(verb phrase) + that-clause fragments;. Functionally, the Introduction, Results and Discussion were dominated by text-oriented bundles, while the Methods section was dominated by research-oriented bundles (types and tokens). For functional subcategories, the Introduction, Results and Discussion included a considerable use of resultative bundles, while the Methods section exhibited a dense use of procedure bundles. Our results also revealed a close relationship between bundle structures and functions and the communicative functions of sections. Our study may have valuable pedagogical implications for medical academic writing.

E-C Translation Strategies for Long and Complex Sentences in Evidence-based Medicine Texts

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the translation strategies for long complex sentences (LCS) found in Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) texts. The study identifies four main approaches to translating such sentences in English-to-Chinese (E-C) EBM translation. Firstly, relative words can either be omitted or replaced with antecedents or pronouns. Secondly, parallel structures can be preserved in the translated sentence or rendered as compound-complex sentences in Chinese. Thirdly, nominalization structures can be transformed into equivalent clauses in Chinese. Finally, passive voice structures can be translated as passive voice sentences in Chinese or transformed into active voice sentences. The authors hope that these translation strategies will serve as valuable references for other translators.

The acquisition of the passive voice in Northern East Cree

This article analyzes the acquisition of the passive voice in Northern East (NE) Cree and pays particular attention to the interaction of frequency effects and language-specific cues in the way children form and employ expectations, the process of anticipating oncoming structure in the ambient language. The passive has long been of interest in first-language acquisition, and expectations may play a role in the reported challenges acquiring the passive in languages such as English. We present two studies analyzing approximately 24 hours of naturalistic video recordings involving one adult and two children: Daisy (age 3;08–5;11) and Billy (4;06–5;10). Study 1 examines the passive voice in child-directed speech (CDS). CDS employs passive verbs frequently, at rates much higher than what has been reported for other languages. Passives also typically occur without overt arguments and most often are derived from verbs with two animate participants. Study 2 traces the acquisition of the passive by Daisy and Billy. Daisy demonstrates productivity with all three passive suffixes by age 3;11. Billy’s recordings begin at a later age, and he shows productivity with suffixes -naaniu at 4;06, -ikiwi at 4;10, and -ikiniw at 5;05. Both children produce passives at rates much higher than what has been reported in child speech for other languages. They also most frequently produce passives without overt arguments, and they show no difficulties passivizing verbs with two animate arguments. These results expand the typological purview of passives research and shed additional light on the role of expectations in acquiring the passive voice. The combination of high frequency and particular structural characteristics for the passive voice in Cree CDS allows children to build expectations differing greatly from those of children acquiring languages such as English. In turn, children acquiring NE Cree do not show the same difficulties in acquiring the passive voice.

Transitivity Analysis on The Portrayals of Indonesian Police Image by The Jakarta Post And The Sydney Morning Herald in Ferdy Sambo Case

The image of the police has become a topic of intense public interest, largely due to the extensive media coverage they have received, with the recent case involving Sambo serving as the latest example. The present study looks at how a local media, The Jakarta Post, and an international media, The Sydney Morning Herald, reported the case. The study utilized Critical Discourse Analysis as a research method, with a specific focus on analyzing the transitivity structures of both news articles to find similarities and differences in their depictions of the Indonesia’s Police Force. The result of the analysis showed that both news articles used Material processes considerably yet with a different focus on the participants. The Jakarta Post placed the police as Actor and thus acknowledged its authoritative role in resolving the case. Meanwhile, The Sydney Morning Herald presented the case as Actor and downplayed the presence of the police by employing a frequent usage of passive sentences. It was found through analysis of the Verbal process that both news articles utilized almost equal numbers of statements from related sources. However, The Jakarta Post put the police mainly as Sayer while The Sydney Morning Herald only used one statement from the police in their report.

Mandarin Word Order: Syntactic Typology

This research is entitled Tataurut Kata Bahasa Mandarin:Tipologi Sintaksis. The theory used to examine the linguistic phenomena of Mandarin in this study includes two theories, namely the word order typology theory by Greenberg and the theory of relational grammar by Comrie. The research data consisted of Mandarin phrases, clauses, and sentences obtained from the Xunbao newspaper and Mandarin books. The research method used is a qualitative. The results of this study are presented using a formal method. Based on the formulation of the problem and research objectives, the results of the study show that the order pattern of Mandarin word order is SPO/SVO. As for changes in word order patterns, they can turn into SOV because O switches position with V after becoming a passive sentence. The word order pattern in imperative sentences is S-P/S-P-O. Under certain conditions, S can be eliminated but does not change the pattern. Declarative sentences have the S-P/S-P-O pattern. S is to the left of P and cannot precede P. If this occurs, then the pattern is unacceptable. Interrogative sentences have a word order pattern S-P or S-V. Chinese interrogative sentence markers can be located in the middle of a sentence and at the end of a sentence. These markers do not affect the basic pattern of word order, that P always precedes S. S is to the left of P or is praverbal. Through a syntactic typology approach, Mandarin is included in the ergative language type. Mandarin language treats S the same as P (patient) but differently from A (agent).

A Formal Verification of a SAT Solution by P Systems with Evolution Communication and Separation Rules

In the framework of membrane computing, several interesting results concerning frontiers of efficiency between the complexity classes P and NP have been found by using different ingredients. One of the main characteristics of cell-like membrane systems is their rooted tree-like structure, where a natural parent-children membrane relationship exists, and objects can travel through the membranes. Separation rules are used as a method to obtain an exponential workspace in terms of membranes in polynomial time. Inspired by cell meiosis, objects from the original membrane are distributed between the two new membranes. In this work, P systems with evolutional symport/antiport rules and separation rules are used to give a solution to SAT, a well known NP-complete problem. One of the advantages of this solution is the use of the environment as a passive agent.

A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection.

Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.

The many facets of inhibitory control and their role in syntactic selection

AbstractThere is accumulating evidence that distinct forms of domain-general inhibition underlie the selection of lexical candidates from among co-activated representations in single-word production. It is less clear whether similar control processes are engaged in the resolution of syntactic conflict in sentence production. This study assessed the relative contribution of three types of inhibitory control operating at different stages of information processing to syntactic interference resolution in an active-passive voice production task. Inhibition of response execution (the anti-saccade effect) and resolution of representational conflict (the flanker effect) were related to the occurrence of repairs and sentence onset latencies in passive voice trials. The results suggest not only that general-purpose mechanisms may be in place that resolve conflict regardless of whether it stems from syntactic or non-syntactic (non-verbal) representations, but also that they operate at dissociable processing stages.

A computational text analysis investigation of the relation between personal and linguistic agency

Previous psycholinguistic findings showed that linguistic framing – such as the use of passive voice - influences the level of agency attributed to other people. To investigate whether passive voice use relates to people’s personal sense of agency, we conducted three studies in which we analyzed existing experimental and observational data. In Study 1 (N = 835) we show that sense of personal agency, operationalized between participants as recalling instances of having more or less power over others, affects the use of agentive language. In Study 2 (N = 2.7 M) we show that increased personal agency (operationalized as one’s social media followership) is associated with more agentive language. In Study 3 and its two replications (N = 43,140) we demonstrate using Reddit data that the language of individuals who post on the r/depression subreddit is less agentive. Together, these findings advance our understanding of the nuanced relationship between personal and linguistic agency.

Effects of language gap interference for English as a second language students in solving physics problems

Physics is an essential subject in most fields of Science and Engineering which cannot be mastered simply by watching lectures or solving problems at the end of each chapter: students must fully engage in solving these problems. This often requires problem visualisation, which presents quite a challenge for some, especially for students who are studying Physics in a second language because their understanding of the question can be influenced by the gaps in their understanding of the language used. The focus of this study is to investigate the role the language used in the wording of Physics problems plays in students’ ability to understand the question and accurately visualise the scenario that would be needed to extract the required information. 220 undergraduate students and 80 preparatory students volunteered to participate in this study. Students were asked to read two sets of Physics problems and to draw the scenario or image described in the text. The first set used the more advanced English that is commonly found in Physics textbooks and which includes passive voice and homonyms, while the other uses active voice and more simplified English. The results of the study highlight the fact that ESL students’ struggle with certain types of advanced English used in Physics such as the passive voice, showing that they are more capable of translating text into images when active voice is used.

“Newspeak” in Contemporary German Political Discourse

This article examines the concept of “newspeak,” created by J. Orwell in his novel “1984,” which functions as one of the means of manipulating the political consciousness of people. The article focuses on the linguistic manifestation of newspeak in the speech behavior of modern German politicians. It reveals two main functions of newspeak in the speech of modern German politicians: confusion and reinterpretation of established concepts. The article explores the corpus of lexical means of German political newspeak, which are realized in the form of framing, empty phrases, paradoxical word constructions, borrowings, neologisms, clericalisms, lexemes with ambiguous meaning, and words with multiple meanings. Among the grammatical means peculiar to newspeak in German political discourse, the article describes the inclusive pronoun “wir,” passive voice, and the conjunctive irrealis in combination with the adverbial modifier of manner. The pragmatic means of realizing newspeak in German political discourse include the imposition of presuppositions, weak efforts to fulfill the intentions, and hyperbolization. The conclusion is drawn that, unlike in totalitarian societies, politicians in democratic countries use newspeak to compensate for the failures of their party, which turns out to be unable to fully implement its declared intentions, mainly through linguistic manipulations.

Depicting conflict in Kosovo and Rwanda: comparative analysis of child victims of ethnic genocide in the Associated Press, 1990

When images of children in conflict situations are selected for a Western audience, what roles do the images fulfill for the audience? A content analysis of photographs provided by the Associated Press of children in Rwanda and Kosovo suggests that news agencies frame children of conflicts differently, as passive agents or success stories, in accordance with ideological and organizational guidelines. The findings of this study show that the Associated Press depicts children in Rwanda in racially stereotypical ways in comparison to their Kosovar counterparts. The current research examines the ways that news media depict children of color in the context of war and conflict.