Passive Usage Research Articles

The Relationships Between Short Video Usage and Subjective Well-Being: Mediation Models and Network Analysis

On short video platforms, individuals can not only passively browse videos but also actively engage in behaviors such as liking and commenting on videos. However, the mechanisms by how active and passive usage of short videos affect subjective well-being remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to explore these mechanisms through path analysis and network analysis. We employed the Short Video Usage Questionnaire, Subjective Well-Being Scale, and Interaction Anxiety Scale to survey 1086 participants. The results indicated (1) the active usage positively predicted life satisfaction and positive affect, while passive usage failed to predict any of them. (2) Social anxiety mediated the relationship between short video usage and subjective well-being. Active usage enhanced life satisfaction and positive affect by alleviating social anxiety, while reducing negative affect by decreasing social anxiety. At the same time, passive usage reduced life satisfaction and positive affect by exacerbating social anxiety while increasing negative affect by intensifying social anxiety. (3) Network analysis revealed that “live interaction” behavior was a core activity for alleviating social anxiety and enhancing subjective well-being. The findings highlight the significant role of short video usage in subjective well-being and provide empirical evidence to guide users in the rational and positive usage of short video platforms.

Political elite social listening: How Portuguese MPs perceive their own motivations to join and use Twitter/X

Most studies on political actors’ use of Twitter focus on content and social network analysis, but not on their motivations and passive usage. We applied a questionnaire to a significant sample of 94 Members of Parliament (MPs), with a quota sample sized by political party representation in Parliament, to survey their motivations to have or not a Twitter account and their uses. We concluded that MPs see Twitter mostly as a political tool unlike other social media platforms. The most common motivation to join and use Twitter is to read other politicians’ opinions which helps explain why the small Twitter adoption in Portugal does not deter its use as their peers and political elite is on the platform. That twitter elite can even be a motivator to join as their peer social capital is key to re-election in closed list-elections countries such as Portugal.

How perceived overload leads to WeChat passive usage intention: the mediating roles of social network exhaustion and discontented feeling

PurposeThe principal purposes of the research are to empirically investigate three forms of perceived overload on social media and shed light on their associations with users’ passive usage intention by contemplating the mediating influence of social network exhaustion and discontented feelings.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a cross-sectional methodology to collect statistical data (N = 679) from WeChat users in mainland China. Primitive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to test the corresponding hypotheses.FindingsThe findings reveal that three dimensions of perceived overload influence social network exhaustion positively. In addition, communication overload and system feature overload exert positive impacts on the discontented feeling. Furthermore, it is uncovered that social network exhaustion and discontented feeling are related to passive usage intention positively.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this paper offers a conceptual framework to explicate passive usage intention through elucidating social network exhaustion and the discontented feeling that arises from perceived overload in contemporary social media-mediated environments. Practically, the current research has certain realistic implications for WeChat users and SNS operators.Originality/valueProbing what triggers people’s passive usage intention of social media has been an emerging theme in recent years, yet there is a dearth of discourse that delves into the antecedents of WeChat users’ passive usage intention. The results obtained from the study have enhanced the understanding of the adverse consequences associated with the utilization of social media in mainland China.

Instagram engagement and well-being: the mediating role of appearance anxiety

ABSTRACT Previous research into social networking site (SNS) use and well-being has predominantly focused on time spent online. However, this can often lead to the underestimation of behaviours associated with SNS use, such as how users engage with SNS platforms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SNS engagement patterns, namely active, passive and problematic usage patterns, and their relationship with anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Appearance anxiety was also examined as a mediating factor between Instagram engagement patterns and the selected well-being patterns. A sample of 290 participants reported their SNS engagement in a cross-sectional psychometric survey. Associations were investigated with markers for depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and appearance anxiety. Problematic use was associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, and active use was negatively associated with depression. Appearance anxiety was revealed as a significant mediator for passive use on anxiety and depression, as well as for problematic use on anxiety and depression. Findings indicate problematic and passive usage patterns to have negative impacts regarding anxiety and depression symptomology, in addition to highlighting the role of appearance anxiety on well-being outcomes, contributing towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms associated with Instagram usage and well-being.

Twitter (X) use predicts substantial changes in well-being, polarization, sense of belonging, and outrage

In public debate, Twitter (now X) is often said to cause detrimental effects on users and society. Here we address this research question by querying 252 participants from a representative sample of U.S. Twitter users 5 times per day over 7 days (6,218 observations). Results revealed that Twitter use is related to decreases in well-being, and increases in political polarization, outrage, and sense of belonging over the course of the following 30 minutes. Effect sizes were comparable to the effect of social interactions on well-being. These effects remained consistent even when accounting for demographic and personality traits. Different inferred uses of Twitter were linked to different outcomes: passive usage was associated with lower well-being, social usage with a higher sense of belonging, and information-seeking usage with increased outrage and most effects were driven by within-person changes.

The effects of negative social media connotations on subjective wellbeing of an ageing population: A stressor-strain-outcome perspective.

In recent years, users' privacy concerns and reluctance to use have posed a challenge for the social media and wellbeing of its users. There is a paucity of research on elderly users' negative connotations of social media and the way these connotations contribute to developing passive behaviour towards social media use, which, in turn, affects subjective wellbeing. To address this research vacuum we employed the stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) approach to describe the evolution of passive social media use behaviour from the perspective of communication overload, complexity, and privacy. We conceptualized subjective wellbeing as a combination of three components-negative feelings, positive feelings, and life satisfaction. Negative and positive feelings were used to derive an overall affect balance score that fluctuates between 'unhappiest possible' and 'happiest possible'. The proposed research framework was empirically validated through 399 valid responses from elderly social media users. Our findings reveal that communication overload and complexity raise privacy concerns among social media users, which leads to passive usage of social media. This passive social media use improved the subjective wellbeing favourably by lowering negative feelings and raising positive feelings and life satisfaction. The findings also revealed that respondents' overall affect balance leans towards positive feelings as a consequence of passive social media use. This study contributes to the field of technostress by illuminating how the SSO perspective aid the comprehension of the way passive social media use influences the subjective wellbeing of its users.

Uses and Grindifications: Examining the Motivators and Antecedents of Grindr Usage Among GBMSM

ABSTRACT Grindr is a popular geospatial networking application (GSNA) among gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (GBMSM); it can be used for variety of goals (e.g. finding dates, making friends, or coordinating a hookup) depending on the user’s wants. These needs and wants, however, do not arise in a vacuum. Informed by uses and gratification (U&G) theory, this paper examined individual factors such as race, body image and depression as drivers of the motivations behind Grindr usage In an online cross-sectional survey (N = 102), we explored the antecedents of six different motivations (i.e. friendship, sex, entertainment, romantic partnership, social inclusion, and location-based community) for Grindr use among GBMSM. The results revealed that romance and friendship motives increased Grindr usage compared to the other four motivation categories. Across motivation categories, habitual Grindr usage was a significant driver of continued Grindr use. Individual factors such as race, sociosexuality and self-disclosure also influenced users’ motivations to use Grindr. Overall, the results point to individual factors eliciting differing motivations for Grindr use, resulting in either outcome-based or passive usage of the application.

Perceived overload in social networking sites affect the users’ passive usage intention: A cognition-affect-conation approach

Social Networking Sites (SNS) play an important role in human psychological well-being. This research explores the effects of perceived overload on the passive usage intention of SNS among Malaysian users through SNS fatigue and anxiety by employing a Cognition-Affect-Conation (C-A-C) model. Cross-sectional survey research was carried out and the research acquired responses from 383 SNS users. Data was analyzed through PLS-SEM. The outcomes noted that perceived cognitive overload, perceived information overload, SNS fatigue, and anxiety are positive antecedents of SNS passive usage intention. The research brings valuable insights into the formation of passive usage intention of SNS and provides implications for service providers and users.

The Insta-Comparison Game: The Relationship between Social Media Use, Social Comparison, and Depression

Instagram popularity and extended usage has been associated with several adverse outcomes towards mental health especially among youth. However, despite numerous studies on the matter, most studies often conceptualized usage on Instagram solely through frequency or time spent on Instagram. Therefore, there is a need for a more systematic study of the different types of Instagram use and their relationship with depression. Specifically, examining how active versus passive use of Instagram influence depression. This study, grounded on Social Comparison Theory, proposed a model explaining how active versus passive Instagram use relates to depression through social comparison. An online survey has been distributed on various social media platforms from December 2022 until the end of January 2023. A total of 163 responses were obtained. The model is evaluated using the structural equation modelling method. The results indicate that social comparison, which is associated with depression, is influenced by active usage and passive usage of Instagram. Furthermore, the results show that social comparison has a moderate effect size towards depression. This finding highlights the need to increase awareness among social media users to be more mindful when using social media and realize the psychological process that may detriment users' well-being.

THE GENERATIONAL COMPARISONS OF SOCIAL NETWORK SITE USE SUBTYPES AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH SELF-ESTEEM

Abstract This study aimed to identify subtypes of Social Network Service (SNS) use that affect self-esteem by applying a person-centered approach. The study also aimed to compare the SNS use subtypes and their associations with self-esteem between young and middle-aged adults in Korea. The sample included 2,572 young adults (18-44 years old) and 1,790 middle-aged adults (45-64 years old) drawn from the Korea Media Panel, a nationally representative dataset. Self-esteem was measured by the sum of ten questions from Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Four indicators of SNS use (e.g., “How often do you check other people’s posts (feed)?”) were used to perform a 3-step Latent Profile Analysis, which accounts for classification errors. The results of the Latent Profile Analysis showed 5 and 4 subtypes of SNS use for young and middle-aged adults, respectively, depending on the frequency of active and passive usage. Overlapping subtypes include ‘passive-low’, ‘active-low’, ‘moderate’, and ‘high-active’ users. Young adults had one distinct subtype with a very high frequency of passive usage (checking others’ posts and liking them) but a very low frequency of active usage (sharing content with others). The results also revealed that those with more frequent use in both active and passive use showed the lowest self-esteem in both young and middle-aged groups. This study supports previous findings suggesting that frequent SNS use has negative impacts on self-esteem, even for middle-aged adults. Based on these results, digital literacy programs for middle-aged adults should cover healthy ways to use SNS.

Access to and Usage of Javanese in Mass Media among Yogyakarta Youth

The purpose of this study is to explore the active and passive usage of the Javanese language by youths aged 10 to 17 in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Conducted in the province's five territorial units of Bantul Regency, Sleman Regency, Kulon Progo Regency, Gunung Kidul Regency, and Yogyakarta City, the specific objective is to determine the extent to which children and adolescents use mass media — particularly television, radio, and social media — as instruments to access contents in Javanese. It is crucial to examine how the constant flow of information affects their exposure to Javanese on various platforms as well as their use of the language on social media This quantitative study surveyed 330 elementary, junior high, and senior high school students from both public and private schools in the province’s rural and urban areas. Similarly, despite its popularity, social media has yet to be used to the maximum by Yogyakarta youth to access content in Javanese or as a means to express the language — a setback created by the dominance of the Indonesian language.

An Evaluation of the Effect of Social Media Platforms on the General Population's Decision-Making About Cosmetic Procedures in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia.

Background and objective Aesthetic procedures are one of the most commonly performed medical procedures. Surgical and non-surgical cosmetic treatments that are routinely performed include breast augmentations, rhinoplasty, botulinum toxin, and fillers. Several factors contribute to the increase in the popularity of these procedures, including body image dissatisfaction, the opinion of peers, and surgeon-related factors such as the surgeon's reputation, board certification, or years of experience. In addition, recent evidence suggests that active and passive usage of highly visual social media that focuson appearance-centric contenthave been positively associated with the acceptance of, and desire for, cosmetic procedures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of social media on individuals' decision-making in terms of cosmetic procedures. Method The setting for this population-based cross-sectional study waspublic places in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, and it was conducted from September to November 2021. Our study includedadults above the age of 18 years. The exclusion criteria were as follows: non-Arabic speakers and individuals with congenital anomalies or dysmorphic dermatological diseases.The final sample consisted of 364 participants. All analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Continuous and categorical variables were compared using ANOVA and Pearson's Chi-squared test. Result A total of 364 participants were included in the study, and 80% of them used their phones on a daily basis for>4 hours per week. The mean age of the participants was 27.4 ± 8.3 years, and they had a mean BMI of 25.0 ± 6.4 kg/m2; 60% of the participants were female. Participants with a history of cosmetic procedures or a desire to undergo cosmetic procedures reported a similar pattern of daily phone use. There was no significant association between the reported history of cosmetic procedures and the daily duration of selected social media platform use. Conclusion We found no significant correlation between the hours spent on social media and the participants' history or desire for cosmetic procedures. Only 54 subjects compared themselves to social media celebrities. These findings could be attributed to the fact that the Makkah population is conservative in their religious attitudes and traditions, which makes them less susceptible to social media influences.

Mechanisms Underlying the Effect of Passive Social Network Use (PSNU) on Subjective Well-being (SWB): The Mediating Role of Ruminative Thinking

It is worth noting that the widespread popularity of smartphones has not only brought convenience to people, but also the SWB problem that comes with the PSNU has become a growing concern. In a survey of smartphone user groups, it was found that university students are the main force behind smartphone usage. Aiming to explore how the PSNU affects the perception of SWB through reflective thinking as well as to further understand the underlying mechanisms, this study used a questionnaire to survey 321 university students. The results found that: (1) There were significant negative predictive effects of passively using social network sites on SWB. (2) The passive usage of social network sites negatively affects university students' SWB by increasing their personal ruminative thinking. (3) PSNU also predicted life satisfaction through two mediating chains between ruminative thinking and emotions. This is achieved through a mediating chain between ruminative thinking and positive emotions as well as through a mediating chain between ruminative thinking and negative emotions. This study offers more proof of the PSNU has on college students' SWB and offers a solid theoretical framework for future research in cyber-psychology and, consequently, for effective behavioral education.

Blockchain-Enabled Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme for Mobile Vehicles-Assisted Precision Agricultural IoT Networks

Precision farming has a positive potential in the agricultural industry regarding water conservation, increased productivity, better development of rural areas, and increased income. Blockchain technology is a better alternative for storing and sharing farm data as it is reliable, transparent, immutable, and decentralized. Remote monitoring of an agricultural field requires security systems to ensure that any sensitive information is exchanged only among authenticated entities in the network. To this end, we design an efficient blockchain-enabled authenticated key agreement scheme for mobile vehicles-assisted precision agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) networks called <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The limited existing work on authentication in agricultural networks shows passive usage of blockchains with very high costs. <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula> proposes a novel idea using the elliptic curve operations on an active hybrid blockchain over mobile farming vehicles with low computation and communication costs. Formal and informal security analysis along with the formal security verification using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) software tool have shown the robustness of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$AgroMobiBlock$ </tex-math></inline-formula> against man-in-the-middle, impersonation, replay, physical capture, and ephemeral secret leakage attacks among other potential attacks. The blockchain-based simulation on large-scale nodes shows the computational time for an increase in the network and block sizes. Moreover, the real-time testbed experiments have been performed to show the practical usefulness of the proposed scheme.

Does Social Comparison and Facebook Addiction Lead to Negative Mental Health? A Pilot Study of Emerging Adults Using Structural Equation Modelling

Recent research has observed that among the ever-increasing young users of social networking sites (e.g., Facebook), some present problematic use similar to other behavioral addictions. While regular use of Facebook is not systematically associated with mental health disorders, its addictive use has been consistently associated with higher level of depression and loneliness. Therefore, further research is needed in studying the separate impacts of regular and addictive Facebook use on young adults’ lives. The present study explored the role of Facebook addiction and social comparison on mental health and types of social networking sites (SNSs) usage (i.e., active versus passive usage), hypothesizing that addiction and social comparison will predict negative mental health outcomes and higher SNS usage. The study sample comprised 280 students at a British university. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling to test for the significance of the relationships between these variables as well as the appropriateness of the overall hypothesised model. Results demonstrated that Facebook addiction significantly predicted depression, loneliness, and both active and passive SNS usage, and social comparison significantly predicted the level of depression significantly. The overall model also demonstrated a good fit which indicates that the hypothesized associations between the variables were strong. It is argued that the association between Facebook addiction and mental health could be a vicious cycle because no causation direction can be excluded. The implications of the study findings and future research directions are also discussed.

How Do Passive Social Networking Services Use and Its Antecedents Affect Users' Continuance Intention? An Empirical Study of WeChat Use.

Although social networking services (SNSs) have attracted billions of people to maintain and extend their social relationships online, more and more passive usage behaviors have been found during the daily SNS usage. The aim of this paper is to investigate how SNS users' continuance intention is affected by passive SNS use, subjective well-being, as well as perceived concern regarding privacy and impression management. A research model was developed according to the proposed hypotheses, and then partial least square (PLS) SEM was adopted to empirically assess the valid data collected from 389 WeChat users. The findings show that passive SNS use cannot significantly undermine continuance intention, but it has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between subjective well-being and continuance intention. Besides, the results of empirical research also reveal the antecedents of passive SNS use and subjective well-being from the perspectives of privacy concern and impression management concern, and thereby present the mechanism underlying users' continuance intention. This study enriches the SNS literature by indicating the moderating role of passive SNS use in the process of SNS usage, which facilitates the understanding regarding how users' continuance intention can be influenced when they use SNSs passively. This study can help SNS providers to better understand the factors affecting users' continuance intention in the case of passive SNS use, and then formulating effective strategies for retaining users and avoiding passive usage behaviors.

How Does Perceived Overload in Mobile Social Media Influence Users’ Passive Usage Intentions? Considering the Mediating Roles of Privacy Concerns and Social Media Fatigue

ABSTRACT Social media is becoming an important instrument for interpersonal communication. However, more and more users attempt to use social media passively and have negative emotional responses. The critical question arising is what causes people to use social media passively. Furthermore, the roles of social media fatigue and privacy concerns between the perceived overload and passive usage intentions have not yet been investigated in depth. The study aims to explore how perceived overload affects the passive usage intentions of social media users. The conceptual model incorporated “perceived overload,” “social media fatigue,” “privacy concerns,” and “passive usage intentions” into a cognition-affect-conation framework to reflect the influencing process. This study collected data from 335 users on mainstream social media platforms and analyzed it using the partial least square-structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The results show that perceived overload positively affects the passive usage intentions of mobile social media users. Particularly, it is found that privacy concerns and social media fatigue mediate the relationship between perceive overload and passive usage intentions. The mediating effect of social media fatigue is significantly stronger than privacy concerns. This study enriches the research of information system use. It also provides theoretical and practical implications for social media scholars and practitioners.

Lifestyle Changes and Passive Smoking Risk in Rural Japan: Comparing Cross-Sectional Surveys

Recommended lifestyle and good mental/physical status in childhood are factors that facilitate lifelong health. This study investigated changes in the lifestyle of Japanese rural children over the past 15 years during which, tobacco-related education and lifestyle issues have significantly changed. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 in Town A, rural, Japan. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, which were distributed to 360 students of two elementary schools and junior high schools in Town A. Daily activities, passive smoking exposure, mental/physical status, and Internet usage were evaluated and compared to data obtained from a similar survey conducted in 2002 in the same area and schools. Sleep time in 2017 was reduced compared to that in 2002 in both sexes but was significantly reduced only in girls. Exposure to passive smoking in 2017 was reduced compared to that in 2002, consistent with the significant reductions in the presence of family smokers (2002: 70.2%; 2017: 46.9%) and smoking in indoor living areas by family members (2002: 45.7%; 2017: 5.6%). Furthermore, the rate of intended future smoking was significantly lower in 2017 than in 2002 for both boys and girls (p&amp;lt;.001). Of 18 symptoms that can negatively affect students&amp;rsquo; physical and mental health status, 12 were significantly reduced in 2017 compared to those in 2002. The lifestyle of children in rural Japan has improved over the past 15 years and children maintain negative attitudes toward future smoking. However, more attention to technology-related lifestyle issues, including watching television and Internet usage, is warranted.

Don't put all social network sites in one basket: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and their relations with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prior studies indicated that actively using social network sites (SNSs) is positively associated with well-being by enhancing social support and feelings of connectedness. Conversely, passively using SNSs is negatively associated with well-being by fostering upward social comparison and envy. However, the majority of these studies has focused on Facebook. The present research examined the relationships between well-being-satisfaction with life, negative affect, positive affect-and using actively or passively various SNSs-Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok-during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, two mediators were tested: social support and upward social comparison. One thousand four persons completed an online survey during the quarantine measures; the analyses employed structural equation modeling. Results showed that passive usage of Facebook is negatively related to well-being through upward social comparison, whereas active usage of Instagram is positively related to satisfaction with life and negative affect through social support. Furthermore, active usage of Twitter was positively related to satisfaction with life through social support; while passive usage was negatively related to upward social comparison, which, in turn, was associated with more negative affect. Finally, TikTok use was not associated with well-being. Results are discussed in line with SNSs' architectures and users' motivations. Future research is required to go beyond methodological and statistical limitations and allow generalization. This study concludes that SNSs must be differentiated to truly understand how they shape human interactions.

CMOS series-shunt single-pole double-throw transmit/receive switch and low noise amplifier design for internet of things based radio frequency identification devices

The incompatibility between current RFID standards has led to the need for universal and Wi-Fi compatible RFID for IoT applications. Such a universal RFID requires an SPDT and an LNA to direct and amplify the received raw signal by the antenna. The SPDT suffers from low isolation, high insertion loss and low power handling capacity whereas the LNA suffers from bulky die area, lesser Q factor, limited tuning flexibility etc. because of passive inductor usage in current generation of devices. In this research, nano-CMOS inductorless SPDT and LNA designs are proposed. The SPDT adopts a series-shunt topology along with parallel resonant circuits and resistive body floating in order to achieve improved insertion loss and isolation performance whereas the LNA design is implemented with the gyrator concept in which the frequency selective tank circuit is formed with an active inductor accompanied by the buffer circuits. The post-layout simulation results, utilizing 90nm CMOS process of cadence virtuoso, exhibit that our SPDT design accomplishes 0.83dB insertion loss, a 45.3dB isolation, and a 11.3dBm power-handling capacity whereas the LNA achieves a peak gain of 33dB, bandwidth of 30MHz and NF of 6.6dB at 2.45GHz center frequency. Both the SPDT and LNA have very compact layout which are 0.003mm 2 and 127.7 μm 2 , respectively. Such SPDT and LNA design will boost the widespread adaptation of Wi-Fi-compatible IoT RFID technology.