Passive Type Research Articles

Поведенческие и гормонально-метаболические характеристики самок крыс, селекционированных по длительности пассивно-оборонительной реакции

The study was conducted on the female GC (Genetic Catatonia) rats selectively bred for the duration of the passive defensive response to the weak stimuli. Only male rats of this line were used in the previous studies, therefore the aim of this study was to characterize the behavioral, hormonal and metabolic parameters of the female GC rats, and to elucidate the specific properties of their estrous cycle synchronization. We determined the estrous cycle phases using the vaginal smear classification. Other parameters were recorded in the running wheel: the turn and rocking counts, the overall motor activity (amount of runs, grooming, vertical postures, and occurrences on the central axis of the running wheel), and the excitability level in response to an auditory stimulus. We also assayed the progesterone, estradiol, cholesterol, and triglycerides blood levels. Based on the obtained results, we confirm the passive response type and elevated anxiety in female GC rats. The GS rats demonstrated lower fertility and lower body weight in comparison with the Wistar rats. The progesterone blood level was elevated in the proestrus phase in GC rats. The female GC rats demonstrated similarly low triglyceride blood level to the male rats of the same line. The progesterone levels in the synchronized phase were higher than in the unsynchronized one in both GC and Wistar rats. These data show that the selective breeding for the passive defensive response in GC female rats is associated with the moderate stress reactions, changes in the hormonal and metabolic profiles, and decreased fertility.

Fabrication and drive evaluation of tactile pins for reaction force variable passive type tactile displays using Ti-Ni-Cu high formable shape memory alloys

Fabrication and drive evaluation of tactile pins for reaction force variable passive type tactile displays using Ti-Ni-Cu high formable shape memory alloys

МЕТОДИКА ЧИТАННЯ ТЕКСТІВ ЗА ФАХОМ НА ЗАНЯТТЯХ З УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ

The article deals with issues related to communication activities taught by foreign citizens. Attention is drawn to the fact that there are many unresolved issues in the methodological literature concerning the passive types of communicative activity. This article is devoted to one of these types ‒ reading, and more specifically to problems related to different types of reading in classes from Ukrainian as a foreign language. After analyzing some of the issues surrounding the topic of the study, attention is drawn to this type of reading preparation work as a study. It is emphasized that professional texts that are of practical importance for foreign students play an important role in the study of reading, helping to master the future profession. The authors of the article provide a brief description of the types of work with texts and recommendations on the types of tasks to work with them. A set of tasks for working with the text "What is Architecture?" is offered. This text can be used in classes with students of the first year of architectural and construction specialties. The pre-reading tasks are described in detail and specific examples of their application are presented (tasks for eliminating lexical difficulties, tasks for working with keywords of the text, tasks for recognizing words on formal and semantic grounds, on learning grammatical constructions, as well as tasks for improving grammatical skills). Examples of tasks that are performed directly while reading are offered, as well as post-reading tasks that are limited to traditional tasks (complete sentences based on text, retype text, etc.). Attention is also paid to the organization of methodical work in which it is possible to achieve positive results, in the text should be relevant, the texts should be selected according to the speech level of foreign students, the tasks before the text should be aimed at overcoming lexical and grammatical difficulties, and after the text should be set by the purpose is to test reading comprehension and to prepare for reproduction of the text.

Longest-Range UHF RFID Sensor Tag Antenna for IoT Applied for Metal and Non-Metal Objects.

This paper presents a passive cavity type Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag antenna having the longest read-range, and compares it with existing long-range UHF RFID tag antenna. The study also demonstrates mathematically and experimentally that our proposed longest-range UHF RFID cavity type tag antenna has a longer read-range than existing passive tag antennas. Our tag antenna was designed with 140 × 60 × 10 mm3 size, and reached 26 m measured read-range and 36.3 m mathematically calculated read-range. This UHF tag antenna can be applied to metal and non-metal objects. By adding a further sensing capability, it can have a great benefit for the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN).

Automatic Solar Panel Tracking System

Solar Energy is the one of best renewable source of alternative energy. The efficiency of the solar panel can be improved more by tracking it in such way that it always faces perpendicular to the sun-rays throughout the day rather than it is kept fixed at an angle. At present, there are three methods for solar tracking, out of which refrigerant method is found to be more efficient as it is of a passive type and requires no external power source for its operation. In this project we have used R-134a [Tetrafluoroethene (CF3CH2F)] as the refrigerant medium for tracking the panel. To store the refrigerant, we have made use of two canisters and a copper conduit for connecting the canisters. The tracking system works on the principle of Differential Pressure Controlled system where high-pressure refrigerant from one canister to other flows and due to imbalance in the weight of canisters, the panel will tilt in the direction of the side where the weight is high due to gravity. Thus, our main objective is to harvest more solar energy at a much lower cost than the available trackers.

Technological Advances in Japan’s High-Rise Buildings

The architectural and structural analysis of selected high-rise buildings in Japan is presented in this paper. Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya have the largest share in development of high-rise buildings. Those cities are very densely populated and moreover they are located in one of the most active seismic zones. The combination of these factors has resulted in the creation of sophisticated designs and innovative engineering solutions, especially in the field of design and construction of high-rise buildings. The foreign architectural studios (Jean Nouvel, Kohn Pedesen Associates, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) which specialize in the designing of skyscrapers, played a major role in the development of technological ideas and architectural forms for such extraordinary engineering structures. Among the projects completed by them, there are examples of high-rise buildings that set precedents for future development. An essential aspect which influences the design of high-rise buildings is the necessity to take into consideration their dynamic reaction to earthquakes and counteracting wind vortices. The need to control motions of these buildings, induced by the force coming from earthquakes and wind, led to the development of various methods and devices for dissipating energy during such phenomena. Currently, Japan is a global leader in seismic technologies which safeguard seismic influence on high-rise structures. Due to these achievements the most modern skyscrapers in Japan are able to withstand earthquakes with a magnitude of over seven degrees at the Richter scale. Applied damping devices applied are of a passive type, which do not require additional power supply or active type which need the input of extra energy. In recent years also hybrid dampers were used, with an additional active element to improve the efficiency of passive damping.

Evaluation of friction on self-ligating and conventional brackets associated with different types of archwires submitted to sliding mechanics

Aim: The aim of this study was to verify the frictional force during sliding mechanics in orthodontic tooth movement, using conventional metal brackets of the active and passive self-ligating types with stainless steel and copper nickel titanium archwires. Methods: This experimental in vitro study was conducted with conventional metal (Morelli, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil) brackets, active self-ligated (SLI Morelli, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil) and passive self-ligated (SLP Morelli, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), with slot 0.022 x 0.028 inches and Roth prescription. The brackets were tested with rectangular section 0.019 x 0.025 inch copper nickel titanium and stainless steel archwires. For each type of bracket, 10 sets of plate/bracket/archwire segment (n=10) were fabricated. Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests were used for comparison between types of brackets and Wilcoxon tests for comparison between types of archwires. Results: The results showed that the frictional force values were higher with copper nickel titanium than with stainless steel archwires (p<0.05). When copper nickel titanium archwires were used, the active self-ligating brackets showed higher frictional force values than the other types, followed by the conventional brackets. Lower frictional force values were observed with passive self-ligating brackets. For stainless steel archwires, no difference was observed between conventional and active self-ligating brackets, the passive self-ligating type presented lower frictional force values than the others. Conclusion: It was concluded that the higher frictional force was observed when active self-ligating brackets were associated with copper nickel titanium archwires. Lower frictional force was verified between passive self-ligating brackets combined with stainless steel archwires.

Two types of possessive passives in Japanese

Abstract Many East Asian languages have possessive passives, whose subjects are interpreted as the possessor of the direct object. This paper investigates Japanese Possessive Passives (JPPs) and proposes that there are two types of possessive passives in Japanese: one with a ‘by-phrase’ headed by ni (ni JPPs) and the other with a ‘by-phrase’ headed by ni yotte (ni yotte JPPs). While previous studies assumed that JPPs are a sub-type of indirect passive, I propose that such an analysis is untenable. Instead, JPPs exhibit the same dichotomy as ni-passives and ni yotte-passives exhibit (Kuroda 1979, Kitagawa & Kuroda 1992): While subjects of ni JPPs are base-generated like ni-passives, subjects of ni yotte JPPs undergo NP movement like ni yotte-passives.

Explaining active and passive types of counterproductive work behavior: the moderation effect of bullying, the dark triad and job control

Drawing on the stressor-emotion model, the study aimed to identify some predictors of the active and passive types of counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Specifically, 1) the direct effect of bullying on CWB, 2) the 2-way interaction effects of the Dark Triad (DT) and job control (JC), as well as 3) the 3-way interaction effect (DT×JC) on the bullying-CWB link were investigated. Data were collected from 659 white- and blue-collar workers. The 2- and 3-way interactional effects were analyzed by means of PROCESS macros. The analysis showed that high bullying was directly related to high active and passive types of CWB. The 2- and 3-way interactional effects were observed but only in relation to active (not passive) CWB. Bullying was associated with active CWB when the Dark Triad and job control were high. The study showed different ways of both types of CWB development. The findings provide further insight into processes leading to an increase in active and passive CWB. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(6):777-95.

PERSONALITY TYPES AND FORMS OF POLITICAL REGIMES IN THE CONTEXT OF MENTAL MANIPULATIONS

The article is devoted to the philosophical analysis of the links between personality types and ways of mental manipulations in the context of different political regimes. The methodological background of the research is the cognitive approach. The forms of manipulation of the consciousness of the personality have been revealed depending on the characteristics of political regimes (democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian forms of the social mechanism of manipulation of the personality consciousness). It has been concluded that each of three main forms of political regimes (democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes) has its specific features of mind manipulation and corresponds to a certain personality type (socially active, transitional and socially passive type respectively). Key words: Personality, Personality Types, Society, Politics, Political Regime, Consciousness, Manipulation.

Kinematics, workspace and optimal design of a novel 4RSS + PS parallel manipulator

In this paper, a novel four degrees of freedom (DOFs) parallel manipulator (PM) is introduced and its kinematics, workspace and optimal design are systematically studied. The manipulator is called 4RSS + PS PM having four active RSS type legs and one passive PS type leg. R, S and P stand for revolute, spherical and prismatic joints, respectively, and R denotes the actuated revolute joints. Moving platform of the manipulator has three rotational motions along with one translational motion (3R1T). As an advantage, rotational motion of the moving platform around the axis of its translational motion has no limitation. This makes the manipulator so suitable for machining applications in holes, cylinders and so on. Closed form solutions are found for the inverse and forward position kinematics problems of the manipulator. The manipulator workspace is determined numerically in a 3D space. A special design of the manipulator free of inverse and forward kinematic singularities is specified. Kinematic dexterity analysis is carried out based on the condition number of the manipulator Jacobian matrix showing that the manipulator has no singularity inside the workspace. Two architecture optimizations are also presented to achieve a maximum workspace volume of the manipulator, and to find a workspace with a desired value of kinematic dexterity.

A light-weight passive upper arm assistive exoskeleton based on multi-linkage spring-energy dissipation mechanism for overhead tasks

This paper introduces a novel passive type upper arm exoskeletal vest for assisting overhead jobs in industrial environment such as automotive manufacturing centers. The developed upper arm exoskeleton named as Hyundai Vest Exoskeleton (H-VEX) proposes two key mechanical structural elements: (1) an energy-storage multi-linkage mechanism dissipating spring-loaded energy according to angle-increment of a wearer’s upper arm, and (2) a poly-centric shoulder joint mechanism on the transverse plane for its proper alignment with a wearer’s shoulder joint movement. Based on the proposed mechanical structures, H-VEX has effective ergonomic properties which enable it to provide a smooth-increasing upper arm assistive torque according to increment in a wearer’s arm angle up to its target angle without impeding movements in large ranges of motion (RoM). Especially, the critical design parameters of the energy-storage multi-linkage are able to be adjusted to generate customized assistive torque responses, and additionally, this mechanism can be covered in a thin cover frame for beneficial ergonomic & cosmetic reasons. Furthermore, industrial-purposed requirements such as mechanical endurance and cost-effectiveness can be achieved taking advantages of key structures.To verify the effectiveness of H-VEX on overhead works, activation signals of electromyography (EMG) on main corresponding muscles of ten subjects carrying out overhead manipulation tasks were measured and compared with cases without wearing the exoskeletal vest. The statistical analysis on acquired EMG signal indicates that assistive torque provided by H-VEX was shown to significantly decrease activation of the shoulder-related muscles during target tasks.

Real-Time Measurement of Ammonia (NH3) in Artillery Smoke Using a Passive FT-IR Remote Sensor.

Early alerts for avoiding exposure to toxic chemical threats are critical applications of sensors to protect both military troops and civilian populations. Among the various sensing techniques developed, the passive Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy method has been demonstrated to work well as a remote (kilometer-scale) sensor for such early-alert systems. The passive type FT-IR detector is capable of mobile detection of toxic gas clouds because of its small-scale interferometer and optical instruments. In this article, real-time FT-IR measurements of ammonia (NH3) in 76 mm artillery smoke are reported using a commercial remote sensor and scored by a real-time analysis conducted using a custom algorithm based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). Using these methods, we measured the real-time change in the ammonia spectrum and GLRT scores against concrete and forest backgrounds following artillery propellant detonation. We confirmed that the GLRT score characteristics depend on the background and found that the effect of rapid heat transfer from the propellant detonation to the ammonia was detected in the accumulated ammonia FT-IR spectra.

Economic essence of households as participants of entrepreneurial activities

Introduction. In the modern economy, it is the households of the individual entrepreneur who act as active participants in economic processes, acting in the markets as producers, suppliers, managers, consumers, investors, savers, etc. In fact, households as individual economic entities realize their own entrepreneurial potential at both macro and micro businesses. Therefore, substantiating the economic nature of households as participants in entrepreneurial relationships in the context of the current market requires more thorough study. Methods. The methodological basis of the work is theoretical conclusions and generalizations of economic science and scientific work on a wide range of issues related to the activities of households and private entrepreneurs. The historical, logical, comparative and comprehensive approaches to the study of household entrepreneurship are used it the paper. Also, the following methods are used in the process of research: empirical research, observation, comparison, structural and functional, complex. Results. The nature of households is investigated in the article; the author's interpretation is suggested. According to the results of the Household Classification Survey, depending on the role in economic processes, it is proposed, along with the active, standard and passive types of households, to allocate a separate classification unit to variable-rate households that are able to adapt their economic behaviour from active, standard to passive and vice versa. The author's classification of households according to their participation in business management and its size is submitted and substantiated: macro-scale business owners, medium-sized business owners, micro-business owners, small businessmen, entrepreneurial centers and shadow economy phenomena, multi-farms. The basic functions of households are analyzed, systematized and specified: resource provider, producer of goods and services, income saver, reproductive resource, consumer of goods and services, exchange, organizational and reflexive. Discussion. The obtained results have theoretical and practical importance; they can be used in the process of developing and implementing the concept of forming and increasing the profitability of households from doing business, in defining the strategic principles of state policy of support for private entrepreneurs, in the activities of public authorities to improve the efficiency of functioning of the domestic economy. Keywords: housekeeping, business activity, business, household functions, types of households, business activity of households.

Proliferation and apoptosis of experimental animal’s lymphocytes after multiple transplantation of immune cells from opposite behavioral types of donors carried out in the juvenile period

The aim of the study was to determine subpopulation content, proliferative activity and T-lymphocyte apoptosis level in adult mice-recipients that in the juvenile period underwent multiple transplantation of immune cells with different functional properties from opposite behavioral types of donors. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on male mice (CBAxC57BL/6) F1 (n = 190), which underwent transplantation of immune cells with definite functional properties three times starting from the age of 4–5-weeks. Phenotyping of recipients’ spleen cells was carried out by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies against CD3+, СD4+, CD8+. Splenocyte proliferation and apoptosis were estimated. Results. Animals that underwent threefold transplantation of immune cells from singeing opposite behavioral types of donors in the juvenile period revealed different functional properties of spleen lymphocytes in adults. The most pronounced changes were detected in the animals receiving the immune cells from donors with passive behavior type. The lymphocytes of these recipients were characterized by relatively low proliferative activity and T-mytogen sensitivity, decreased CD4+, CD8+ apoptosis level under deficient medium conditions and increased level of activation and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in CD4+ lymphocytes.

Fast fluorometric enumeration of E. coli using passive chip

In this report, a passive microfluidic chip design was developed for fast and sensitive fluorometric determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) based on sandwich immunoassay. Initially, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and chitosan modified mercaptopropionic acid capped cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) were functionalized with E.coli specific antibody to form a sandwich immunoassay with the E. coli. The magnetic separation and preconcentration of the E.coli from the sample solution was performed in the vial. Conjugation of QDs to the magnetically captured E. coli and washing were performed using a passive type of microchip. The microfluidic chip consists of four microchambers connected to each other by microchannels which act as capillary valves. Signal measurement was performed at the last chamber by using a hand-held spectrofluorometer equipped with a fiber optic reflection probe. The selectivity of the method was tested with Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), it was observed that these bacteria have no interference effect on E.coli determination. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range of 101–105 cfu/mL with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The limit of detection was calculated as 5 cfu/mL. The method was successfully applied to spiked tap and lake water samples. The results suggest that the developed method is applicable for on-site E. coli detection and offers several advantages such as large dynamic range, high sensitivity, high selectivity and short analysis time.

Design and Control of a Lifting Assist Device for Preventing Lower Back Injuries in Industrial Athletes

Although many lifting assist devices (LADs) have already been launched to the commercial market, and diverse types of LADs are under development with the recent advances in robotics technology, such LADs are not yet widely used in industrial fields. One of the main reason is the lack of versatility of fully passive type LADs and relatively high power consumption of fully active type LADs. In this study, our goal was to design a LAD that is not only more versatile than fully passive type LADs but also more energetically efficient than fully active type LADs. We analyzed the biomechanics of the lifting movement and developed a bi-articular elastic tendon mechanism based on our results. This conceptual mechanism was realized via a physical LAD operated by a series elastic actuator with a Bowden cable transmission. In this paper, we introduce our LAD and control strategy for assisting with lifting movements. Our LAD is capable of adjusting the output force behavior and assisting with lifting tasks at a low mechanical power consumption. Our preliminary testing suggests that our LAD reduces the muscle activation levels of the erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles during a lifting task.

Performance of intumescent coatings in cone calorimeter and open pool fires

Accidental fire is a major concern in terms of safety of infrastructures and human lives. With the technological advancement, several novel methods are developed for minimizing the damages caused by the fire. One of the methods is to paint the base metals/ material with fire retardant coatings which can increase the lead time so that economic destruction and loss of human lives can be avoided. In this work, the performance of the intumescent coating (passive type fire retardant coatings) is studied with the help of cone calorimeter and open pool diesel fire as sources of heat. The transient temperature distribution for bare Stainless Steel 310 plate suggests that the cone calorimeter experiments alone cannot suffice for mimicking real life conditions. Comparison of the behavior of the available paints in cone calorimeter and open pool fire confirms that the performance of intumescent coatings in cone calorimeter is very different from that in open pool fire. The safe initial thickness of the intumescent coating is a function of heat release rate of the source. The effective thermal conductivity of the intumescent coatings is evaluated using one dimensional conduction heat equation with constant boundary temperature condition.

Achieving explanatory depth and spatial breadth in infectious disease modelling: Integrating active and passive case surveillance.

Ideally, the data used for robust spatial prediction of disease distribution should be both high-resolution and spatially expansive. However, such in-depth and geographically broad data are rarely available in practice. Instead, researchers usually acquire either detailed epidemiological data with high resolution at a small number of active sampling sites, or more broad-ranging but less precise data from passive case surveillance. We propose a novel inferential framework, capable of simultaneously drawing insights from both passive and active data types. We developed a Bayesian latent point process approach, combining active data collection in a limited set of points, where in-depth covariates are measured, with passive case detection, where error-prone, large-scale disease data are accompanied only by coarse or remotely-sensed covariate layers. Using the example of malaria, we tested our method's efficiency under several hypothetical scenarios of reported incidence in different combinations of imperfect detection and spatial complexity of the environmental variables. We provide a simple solution to a widespread problem in spatial epidemiology, combining latent process modelling and spatially autoregressive modelling. By using active sampling and passive case detection in a complementary way, we achieved the best-of-both-worlds, in effect, a formal calibration of spatially extensive, error-prone data by localised, high-quality data.

Semi-Active Vibration Control of a Non-Collocated Civil Structure Using Evolutionary-Based BELBIC

A buildings resilience to seismic activity can be increased by providing ways for the structure to dynamically counteract the effect of the Earth’s crust movements. This ability is fundamental in certain regions of the globe, where earthquakes are more frequent, and can be achieved using different strategies. State-of-the-art anti-seismic buildings have, embedded on their structure, mostly passive actuators such as base isolation, Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) and viscous dampers that can be used to reduce the effect of seismic or even wind induced vibrations. The main disadvantage of this type of building vibration reduction strategies concerns their inability to adapt their properties in accordance to both the excitation signal or structural behaviour. This adaption capability can be promoted by adding to the building active type actuators operating under a closed-loop. However, these systems are substantially larger than passive type solutions and require a considerable amount of energy that may not be available during a severe earthquake due to power grid failure. An intermediate solution between these two extremes is the introduction of semi-active actuators such as magneto–rheological dampers. The inclusion of magneto–rheological actuators is among one of the most promising semi-active techniques. However, the overall performance of this strategy depends on several aspects such as the actuators number and location within the structure and the vibration sensors network. It can be the case where the installation leads to a non-collocated system which presents additional challenges to control. This paper proposes to tackle the problem of controlling the vibration of a non-collocated three-storey building by means of a brain–emotional controller tuned using an evolutionary algorithm. This controller will be used to adjust the stiffness coefficient of a magneto–rheological actuator such that the building’s frame oscillation under earthquake excitation, is mitigated. The obtained results suggest that, using this control strategy, it is possible to reduce the building vibration to secure levels.