Passive Type Research Articles

Passive and Active Exoskeleton Solutions: Sensors, Actuators, Applications, and Recent Trends

Recent advancements in exoskeleton technology, both passive and active, are driven by the need to enhance human capabilities across various industries as well as the need to provide increased safety for the human worker. This review paper examines the sensors, actuators, mechanisms, design, and applications of passive and active exoskeletons, providing an in-depth analysis of various exoskeleton technologies. The main scope of this paper is to examine the recent developments in the exoskeleton developments and their applications in different fields and identify research opportunities in this field. The paper examines the exoskeletons used in various industries as well as research-level prototypes of both active and passive types. Further, it examines the commonly used sensors and actuators with their advantages and disadvantages applicable to different types of exoskeletons. Communication protocols used in different exoskeletons are also discussed with the challenges faced.

Renewable Energy-Based Electric Drive with a Novel Control Technique for Smooth Power-Sharing

Energy management between different power sources, which are used to feed Electric vehicles (EVs) is one of the complex scenarios. Normally, power management is done based on the Electric vehicle load requirements. In this work, three different energy sources are considered, in that one is an active energy source and two are passive energy storage elements. The Photo Voltaic (PV) based energy source is considered an active element, on the other hand, the Battery sand supercapacitor (SCap) is treated as a passive type of element. To manage the power flow between two energy sources, a novel control technique is adopted by considering the speed and current of the electric motor as major input parameters known as the Measurement of the parameter-based controller (MPBC). The Measurement of a parameter-based controller is used to control the pulse signals of the Bidirectional converters connected at the battery and supercapacitor ends, and the required pulse signals can be generated by the Conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The main circuit is implemented with a novel hybrid controller which is used to provide controlled pulse signals to the bidirectional converters connected to the battery and supercapacitor. Finally, the MATLAB/Simulink model was developed with the novel hybrid controller and examined the performance at different load conditions of the motor by considering three different states of power delivered by the PV array.

Modification of Cu-Based Current Collectors and Their Application in High-Performance Zn Metal Anode: A Review

Zinc-based batteries (ZBBs) have proven to be tremendously plausible for large-scale electrochemical energy storage applications due to their merits of desirable safety, low-cost, and low environmental impact. Nevertheless, the zinc metal anodes in ZBBs still suffer from many issues, including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), corrosion, passivation, and other types of undesirable side reactions, which severely hinder practical application. The modification of Cu-based current collectors (CCs) has proven to be an efficient method to regulate zinc deposition and prevent dendritic growth, thereby improving the Coulombic efficiency (CE) and lifespan of batteries (e.g., up to 99.977% of CE over 6900 cycles after modification), which is an emerging research topic in recent years. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of the modification of copper-based CCs and their application in zinc metal anodes. The relationships between their modification strategies, nano-micro-structures, and electrochemical performance are systematically reviewed. Ultimately, their promising prospects for future development are also proposed. We hope that this review could contribute to the design of copper-based CCs for zinc-based batteries and facilitate their practical application.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СУТНОСТІ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ УЧАСНИКІВ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Tourism plays a significant role in the modern world, influencing the economy, cultural exchange, social sphere, nature conservation, etc. The study of tourism helps to reveal its impact and opportunities for improvement not only for tourists, but also for other participants in tourism activities, in particular for local communities. The research is based on the study of the essence of the tourist activity of the participants in tourist activity for a better understanding of the tourism role in modern society and its importance for socio-cultural exchange, economic development and nature conservation. The article analyzes various aspects of tourist activity, including socio-cultural and economic approaches, as well as the impact of tourist activity on nature and the environment. The author’s vision of the essence of “tourist activity” is presented, which is characterized from the standpoint of an economic approach, that is, as a component of economic activity. Examples of tourism types and tourist activities inherent in them are given. Tourist activity is characterized as a complex of active and passive types of activities that are formed depending on the choice of tourists and their needs. This gives every tourist the opportunity to find the type of recreation that best suits his preferences. The differences between the concepts of excursion, expedition and hike are defined, which consist in the purpose and nature of tourist activities, as well as in the way of their organization and duration. The importance of studying the impact of tourist activity on the nature and environment of the tourist participants is emphasized, and the need for the development of ecologically aware tourist practices and the encouragement of compliance with the rules of ecological behavior among tourists is emphasized. The results of the research will contribute to the deepening of knowledge about the essence of the tourist activity of the tourist participants and their role in modern society, which, in turn, can have an important impact on the further development of the tourism industry. The results of this study can be useful for the tourism industry development, as well as for the formulation of policies and strategies aimed at improving conditions for tourist participants and the tourism sector development in general.

Structural–Parametric Synthesis of Path-Generating Mechanisms and Manipulators

This paper presents a structural–parametric synthesis of the four-link and Stephenson I, Stephenson II, and Stephenson III six-link path-generating mechanisms. The four-link path-generating mechanism is formed by connecting the output point and the base using an active closing kinematic chain (CKC) with two DOFs and a negative CKC of the type RR. The six-link path-generating mechanisms are formed by connecting the output point and the base by active, passive and negative CKCs. Active CKC has active kinematic pair, passive CKC has zero DOF, and negative CKC has a negative DOF. Active and negative CKCs impose geometrical constraints on the movement of the output point, and the geometric parameters of their links are determined by least-square approximation. Geometric parameters of the passive CKC are varied to satisfy the geometrical constraints of the active and negative CKCs. The CKCs of the active, passive and negative types, connecting the output point and the base, are the structural modules from which the different types of the path-generating mechanisms are synthesized. Numerical examples of the parametric synthesis of the four-link and six-link path-generating mechanisms are presented.

Условия психологического сопровождения профессионального саморазвития студентов педагогического вуза

The article addresses the issue of professional self-awareness and self-development among future educators, emphasizing the necessity of organizing psychological support during their university education. It provides a classification of existing strategies for professional self-development, justifying their division into two orientations: constructive (active) and non-constructive (passive) types. The authors present and analyze the results of an empirical study of professional self-development strategies among students of a pedagogical university. Additionally, a program for psychological support of professional self-development is proposed and described, comprising educational, corrective-developmental, and consulting blocks. The goals, objectives, and methods employed in working with students are outlined. The article highlights the main content components and key implementation aspects of the support program. In conclusion, results of the program’s validation are presented, empirically substantiating and demonstrating its effectiveness.

잠재프로파일 분석(LPA)을 활용한 유치원 교사의 교사-유아 상호작용 유형 및 예측요인

Objectives The purposes of this study are to explore latent profiles of kindergarten teachers with teacher-children interaction (T-CI) and to analyse the relationship between teachers' personal factors and T-CI profiles. Methods The survey for data collection was conducted from January 10 to January 31, 2024, targeting 409 teachers working at kindergartens in the metropolitan area. We composed T-CI of kindergarten teacher into emotional, verbal, and behavioral interaction, and analyzed latent profiles according to their T-CI level. The types of T-CI profiles derived from the latent profile analysis were identified, and a multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the effect of kindergarten teachers' personal factors on the T-CI profiles. Results The results revealed that we classified four T-CI profiles: the ‘passive interaction type’, which had very low levels of emotional, verbal, and behavioral interaction related to T-CI, was 5.62% of all kindergarten teachers, the ‘non-verbal interaction type’, which had relatively low emotional, verbal, and behavioral interaction levels, was 43.03% of all, the ‘affective interaction-centered type’, which had average level of each competence, was 26.41% of all, the ‘proactive interaction type’, which had relatively high level of each competence, was 24.94% of all. As a result of analyzing the effect of the teacher's personal factors on the T-CI profile, it was found that the teacher's age, education, and experience had a significant effect on the T-CI profile. Conclusions Based on the results, this study suggests that there are various groups according to the level of T-CI within the kindergarten teacher group, rather than considering the kindergarten teacher as the ‘cohort group’ in relation to T-CI. We also suggest that customized approach considering the profile characteristics related to T-CI is required.

Bidirectional tuned liquid dampers for stabilizing floating offshore wind turbine substructures

Tuned sloshing dampers have long been used to stabilize tall and thin buildings and are now being applied to marine structures. In this study, the effectiveness of two new passive control devices at stabilizing floating offshore wind turbine substructures was investigated: the bidirectional tuned liquid damper and bidirectional tuned liquid column damper. Numerical simulations were performed to consider the sloshing effect on the passive control devices and the pitch-induced external moment brought about by wave action. The effects of adding baffles and orifices to the passive control devices were explored to optimize the geometric design. The results showed that the optimal combination of substructure geometry and passive control device type could reduce the pitch motion by 20%–40%.

A passive single-cylindrical neutron spectrometer for photoneutron spectrometry in 10 MV Elekta Precise Linac head

Measuring the neutron spectrum on the Linac head using a passive type neutron detector is relatively easier than an active type detector because it does not require the involvement of operators who work in a high radiation area. Neutron spectrum measurements with passive foil activation neutron detectors in a single-moderator are more practical and easier than multi-foil techniques. This technique is quite simple, easy to make, low cost, and the measurement time is relatively short. This spectrometer is designed by placing seven passive Au detectors at varying depths in a single-cylindrical moderator. The response function for each detector is calculated by MCNPX 2.7 program and used ENDF7 as a nuclear data library. Detector foil activity was measured using a gamma spectrometer, and the neutron spectrum was obtained using the unfolding technique using the UMG 3.3 program. The results of measuring the neutron spectrum measurements have been carried out at a position 10 cm below the head of the Elekta Precise 10 MV Linac was 2.73 × 105 n/cm2·s, where the fast neutron from these results are 4% higher when compared to the simulation results using PHITS.

Low complexity beamforming design in reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted communication systems

Due to the possibility of blockage during communication, the communication quality may be poor. Therefore, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) technology can effectively solve this problem. In order to increase the capacity of RIS-assisted wireless communication systems, joint optimization of beamforming design is crucial. However, the complexity of the optimization algorithm increases with the increase in the number of base station antennas and RIS elements deployed. Therefore, we propose a joint low-complexity optimization beamforming design based on fractional programming (FP) to address this issue. Specifically, we first use perfect channel state information to maximize the system's sum rate, as this problem is non-convex, we decompose the original problem into three sub-problems, and then introduce appropriate auxiliary variables. We derive optimal closed-form solutions for active and passive beamforming types, respectively. As the optimal solution obtained leads to higher computational complexity with an increase in the number of base station antennas and RIS elements, we reduce the computational complexity of obtaining the optimal solution based on the Woodbury transformation and scalar transformation. The proposed algorithm is also extended to the case where there is channel state information error. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has certain advantages over other algorithms.

FUNCTIONAL CROWN LENGTHENING AS A PRE-RESTORATIVE PROCEDURE IN THE AESTHETIC ZONE

Introduction: Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure to increase the height of the clinical crown for aesthetic and restorative purposes, or combination. The indications include treatment of subgingival caries and altered passive eruption. Functional crown lengthening for restorative purposes in the esthetic zone should consider the concept of biologic width and the ideal proportion of the dentogingival complex. Case: A 39-year-old male patient was referred from the Department of Conservative Dentistry, RSGM UGM Prof. Soedomo to expose the maxillary anterior teeth crowns for full crown and veneer restorations. Clinical examination showed 11, 12, and 12 post root canal treatment with 3-4 mm remaining crowns. Teeth 13, 21, 22, and 23 appear short, excessive gingival display of 3 mm, with a diagnosis of altered passive eruption type 1B. Treatment: Functional crown lengthening was performed by gingivectomy followed by flap elevation, ostectomy, and osteoplasty. A fenestration was found at the apical of 22 and treated with regenerative procedure. Full crowns and veneers insertion was done 3 months after surgery. Crown lengthening as a pre-restorative procedure is a multidisciplinary treatment that considers the need for restoration by re-establishing the biologic width, to prevent inflammation and bone loss. In addition, adequate post- surgical tissue healing time prior to restoration is necessary to avoid gingival margin rebound and to assure long-term success of the restoration. Conclusionn : Functional crown lengthening as a pre-restorative procedure in the esthetic zone can gives satisfactory and stable results, with careful examination and correct surgical procedure.

Trajectory analysis of circulating tumor cells through contorted deterministic lateral displacement array for unruptured trapping: a simulation study

During the multistage process of cancer spread, fragments of cells branch out from the primitive tumor tissue and scatter throughout the body by blood flow stream or lymph, which are termed as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), regarded as an important biomarker for early cancer diagnosis. Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is one of the most efficient passive type particle isolation techniques which functions on asymmetrical laminar flow diversion around the placed microposts forming an array, based on the critical dimeter of the device. In this simulation study, complete trajectory analysis of CTCs and WBCs has been performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software with respect to the angular orientation of sample inlet channel. A simulated model of an asymmetric DLD array-based microfluidic device with latest empirical expression for critical diameter has been presented with optimized sample inlet orientation so as to maintain perfect separation efficiency of CTCs along with arrangement for unruptured trapping of CTCs and WBCs. The approximate CTC isolation efficiency was obtained above 95% for sample inlet inclinations up to 0.5°, and further tilt showed reduction in efficiency. Migration angle of CTC trajectory for the modeled device was obtained around 15° for both the sample inlet orientations leading to least intermingling of CTCs and WBCs. A smaller number of CTC–WBC interaction points was observed for clockwise sample inlet tilt compared to the anticlockwise displacement reducing possibilities of cell rupture. The shear rate around central microposts was found to be higher as well in clockwise sample inlet orientation. This simulation study establishes that sample inlet clockwise tilting of maximum around 0.5°–0.7° leads to better CTC isolation and provides better chances of unruptured trapping of cells at the designated outlets. The results of this study provide an approach toward further optimization of DLD devices' functioning and, thus, could help fabricate better DLD-based microfluidic devices for efficient trapping of CTCs.

Treatment of excessive gingival display using conventional esthetic crown lengthening versus computer guided esthetic crown lengthening: (a randomized clinical trial)

BackgroundSurgical guides have been proposed in an attempt to reach more predictable outcomes for esthetic crown lengthening. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of esthetic crown lengthening using 3D-printed surgical guides in the management of excessive gingival display due to altered passive eruption type 1B.Materials and methodsSixteen patients diagnosed with altered passive eruption type 1B, were divided into two groups. In the control group, the procedure was carried out conventionally, and in the study group, a dual surgical guide was used. The parameters of wound healing (swelling, color, probing depth, bleeding index, and plaque index), pain scores, gingival margin stability, and operating time were assessed at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in terms of wound healing, pain scores, and gingival margin stability between both groups at different time intervals (P = 1), however, there was a statistical difference between both groups in terms of operating time with the study group being significantly lower (P < 0.001).ConclusionDigitally assisted esthetic crown lengthening helps shorten the operating time and reduces the possibility of human errors during the measurements. This will be useful in helping practitioners achieve better results.Practical implicationsThe conventional method remains to be the gold standard. However, shorter operating time and lower margins for errors will help reduce costs as the chair side time is reduced as well as the possibility for a second surgery is lower. This will improve patient satisfaction as well.

DEVELOPMENT OF OBSTACLE BYPASSING METHOD OF ECO-AGROROBOT

In this paper, the movement of a laboratory model of a wheeled eco-acrorobot equipped with photovoltaic panels and performing agricultural work is investigated. Having an active role of eco-agrorobot within the framework of the smart village project the linear movement, maneuverability and capability to bypass the obstacles encountered during the movement of the eco-acrorobot are being investigated. The eco-agrorobot is powered by solar panels installed on it. Eco-agrorobot is supposed to be driven by two asynchronous electric motors controlled by a frequency converter installed on front gears. The rear wheels are "royal" (passive) type and do not create traction force. The movement of the eco-agrorobot is controlled by the software. The eco-agrorobot performs agricultural work by moving along a predetermined trajectory in the field previously set to its memory. The ability of the eco-agrorobot to bypass the obstacles encountered during its movement is achieved via two leading wheels controlled by obstacle detectors installed on the robot. The algorithm of maneuvering and bypassing obstacles by the eco-agrorobot was developed, the calculation of the parameters of the solar panels and the selection of other devices were applied. In the presented laboratory model of the eco-agrorobot, the linear movement and maneuverability of the eco-agrorobot is achieved via two DC motors controlled by four ultrasonic sensors installed on the robot. The robot's trajectory is determined by processing the incoming signals through the Arduino microprocessor. Keywords: frequency control, regulated electric drive, wheeled robot, ultrasonic sensor, solar panel, smart village.

한국어의 피동과 비피동

The purpose of this paper is to classify the types of Korean passive sentences using the main characteristics of passive voice. To achieve this goal, we conducted a review of cross-linguistic research on passive voice and identified four key characteristics. These characteristics were then used to classify Korean passive sentences, with a detailed description of the characteristics and differences of each type. As a result, we identified Types I and II as prototypical passive sentences and Types III and IV as non-prototypical passive sentences. Additionally, we confirmed the existence of non-passive sentences among those previously discussed as passive sentences. Through this discussion, we examined the characteristics and reality of Korean passive sentences more closely. Furthermore, our understanding of Korean passive sentences was expanded by employing a prototypical approach to describe various types of passive sentences as a continuum.

Features of virtual reality impact effectiveness of VR pain alleviation therapeutics in pediatric burn patients: A randomized clinical trial.

Key features of virtual reality (VR) that impact the effectiveness of pain reduction remain unknown. We hypothesized that specific features of the VR experience significantly impact VR's effectiveness in reducing pain during pediatric burn dressing care. Our randomized controlled trial included children 6 to 17 years (inclusive) who were treated in the outpatient clinic of an American Burn Association-verified pediatric burn center. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to active VR (playing the VR), passive VR (immersed in the same VR environment without interactions), or standard-of-care. On a scale from 0 to 100, participants rated overall pain (primary outcome) and features of the VR experience (game realism, fun, and engagement). Path analysis assessed the interrelationships among these VR key features and their impact on self-reported pain scores. From December 2016 to January 2019, a total of 412 patients were screened for eligibility, and 90 were randomly assigned (31 in the active VR group, 30 in the passive VR group, and 29 in the standard-of-care group). The current study only included those in the VR groups. The difference in median scores of VR features was not statistically significant between the active (realism, 77.5 [IQR: 50-100]; fun, 100 [IQR: 81-100]; engagement, 90 [IQR: 70-100]) and passive (realism, 72 [IQR: 29-99]; fun, 93.5 [IQR: 68-100]; engagement, 95 [IQR: 50-100]) VR distraction types. VR engagement had a significant direct (-0.39) and total (-0.44) effect on self-reported pain score (p<0.05). Key VR features significantly impact its effectiveness in pain reduction. The path model suggested an analgesic mechanism beyond distraction. Differences in VR feature scores partly explain active VR's more significant analgesic effect than passive VR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04544631.

Spin-selective transport in edge-passivated zigzag magnesium dichloride nanoribbons: Towards bipolar spin diode and spin rectification devices

In the present work, we investigate the electronic, magnetic, and spin transport properties of zigzag MgCl2 (ZMgCl2) nanoribbons with different types of edge passivation using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function techniques. Our findings reveal that the ZMgCl2 nanoribbon with Cl edges (ClαClα) and Mg edges (MgMg) exhibits distinct properties depending on the type of passivation. Passivation with O and F on ClαClα edges transforms the nanoribbon into a magnetic semiconductor. Passivation with H and F on MgMg edges results in a semiconductor behavior, B passivation leads to a half-metal behavior, and O passivation to a magnetic semiconductor. Additionally, our transport simulations demonstrate that the ClαClα-F nanoribbon operates as a single spin filter under bias voltage. For the MgMg-B nanoribbon, the behavior varies depending on the magnetic configuration of the electrodes. In the parallel configuration, MgMg-B also functions as a single spin filter, whereas in the antiparallel configuration, it operates as a dual spin filter device. Overall, our results highlight the remarkable potential of two-dimensional MgCl2 for spintronics applications, emphasizing the influence of edge passivation on the electronic and transport properties of nanoribbons.

Incisor torque expression characteristics in two passive self-ligating brackets placed at different heights. A finite element investigation

ObjectiveThis study investigated torque expression in maxillary incisors using two passive self-ligating bracket types (Damon Q and Pitts 21) placed at different heights using the Finite element method. Materials and methodsTwo passive self-ligating brackets, Damon Q (Ormco, USA) and Pitts 21 (OC Orthodontics, USA) were 3D modeled using micro-computed tomography. Damon Q (0.022ˮ x 0.028″ slot size) and Pitts 21 (0.021ˮ x 0.021″ slot size) brackets were placed on a maxillary central incisor at predetermined vertical heights. Arch wires of size 0.019ˮ x 0.025″ stainless steel (Damon Q) and 0.020ˮ x 0.020” Titanium Molybdenum (Pitts 21) were placed in the bracket slots. ResultsPitts 21 brackets showed higher torquing moments at all bonding heights as compared to Damon Q brackets. The minimum torquing moment was 9.03Nmm at 5 mm for Damon Q and the maximum torquing moment was 14.92Nmm for Pitts 21 at a bracket bonding height of 8 mm. Total deformation for Pitts 21 at a height of 5 mm from the incisal edge was 0.61 × 10−6mm as compared to that of Damon Q which was 0.41 × 10−6mm. Lowest Von Mises stress values were at 27.07 MPa in Damon Q brackets at a bracket height of 5 mm from the incisal edge. Highest Von Mises stress values were 36.80 MPa for Pitts 21 brackets at a bracket height of 8 mm from the incisal edge. ConclusionPitts 21 brackets exhibited superior torquing characteristics compared to Damon Q. Total deformation in Pitts 21 was higher than Damon Q at all tested bracket bonding heights.

Matematičko modelovanje i simulacija sistema za oslanjanje vozila u poprečnoj ravni

Introduction/purpose: The study of vehicle suspension is a challenge for researchers in the field of vehicles regarding the impact of the suspension system on vehicle performances such as ride comfort, road holding, and working space. This paper presents the simulation of the Land Rover Defender 110 vehicle in the roll plane (half vehicle) in Simulink/MATLAB. The obtained results were compared with the results obtained in the ADAMS/CAR software package of the Land Rover Defender 110 simulation model previously experimentally validated. The Defender 110 vehicle has a dependent suspension system in both axles and a passive suspension type with four degrees of freedom (4 DOF). Methods: The equations of the system can be solved mathematically with a scheme in Simulink/MATLAB while half-vehicle modeling has been done in ADAMS/CAR. Results: The comparison of the vehicle characteristics obtained by the two simulation methods was done for three different scenarios, and it was noticed that there is a good correlation between them. Conclusion: It was concluded that the Defender 110 vehicle simulation model in Simulink/MATLAB is validated. The validated model can be used to perform suspension system optimization in future work.

Application of a Microeconomic Approach for Explanation of Citizen Participation in Open Government

The digital economy and the sharing economy have changed the role citizens may acquire in society. Citizens can perform at least two roles from the open government perspective: on the one hand, they can be passive users/demanders of information and, on the other hand, they can provide or produce the information in an active manner. The objective of this paper is to offer a theoretical model to explain citizens’ incentives to participate in open government projects. Which is the opportunity cost of participation for the citizen? Which are the drivers of the preferences for the social good? This model is based on the utility function and consumption theory. We complement the theoretical framework with an exploratory–descriptive analysis based on a case study’s primary data about citizen participation. In democracy projects where citizens actively collaborate and could earn monetary gains or become entrepreneurs, the opportunity cost of participation is lower than in a passive type and the amount of the social good depends on the preferences. Preferences for social goods are related to community experiences and e-government and they also affect the decision to participate. Very few studies in the field of open government have pretended to explain citizens’ participation by using microeconomic foundations.