Passive Strategies Research Articles

Influence of Substrate on Sb2Se3/CdS Heterojunction Thin Film Solar Cells and Evaluation of Their Performance by Dark J‐V Analysis

ABSTRACTA simple binary antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) absorber is evolving as an alternative photovoltaic material in thin film solar cells because of its unique properties and easy processing. Sb2Se3 thin films having good crystalline quality are grown via versatile thermal evaporation from pre‐synthesized near stoichiometric compound material on molybdenum‐coated soda lime glass (SLG) and borosilicate glass (BG) substrates. Following the systematic characterizations on the absorber films, substrate configured Sb2Se3/CdS heterojunction devices were fabricated and their photovoltaic characteristics have been studied using current density vs. voltage (J‐V), dark J‐V modeling, external quantum efficiency and capacitance vs. voltage measurements. The power conservation efficiency values of 4.88% and 5.04% were achieved for the devices fabricated on SLG and BG substrates, respectively with deficit in open circuit voltage. The obtained values are higher in comparison to the reported device efficiencies in substrate configured Sb2Se3 solar cells, in which the absorber is prepared through thermal evaporation. To understand the loss in open circuit voltage, a compact equivalent circuit model was considered and identified the contribution of different shunt leakage paths in the devices. In addition to that, the device fabricated on the SLG was stable with minimal changes in its photovoltaic performance for a period spanning over 200 days. The results obtained are encouraging with scope for improving the device performance through interface engineering and back surface passivation strategies.

To Act or Wait: The Impact of Disruption Duration Estimates on Manufacturer’s Response Strategies

In the event of a disruption at a primary supplier, the manufacturer’s sourcing and production operations are inevitably affected, necessitating a response strategy based on the estimated disruption duration. This paper derives the optimal production policy for each response strategy, aiming to minimize total costs over a planning horizon within a dynamic programming framework. We characterize these production policies across various model parameters, particularly focusing on the estimated disruption duration and initial inventory level. Our analysis identifies when the passive acceptance strategy and the backup strategy each hold an advantage, and how the cost benefits of each strategy vary with different model parameters. Additionally, we examine the consequences of overestimating or underestimating the disruption duration, providing insights into how the chosen response strategy and production policy, based on the estimated duration, diverge from the true optimal ones as the actual duration unfolds. We also highlight the cost implications of these discrepancies. Finally, in scenarios where the true duration follows a probabilistic distribution, our numerical experiments demonstrate how strategy selection and the cost of misestimation are influenced by the mean of the true disruption duration and the initial inventory level. These analyses offer decision-makers valuable guidance on when to act or wait in the face of disruptions.

Research on a Bridge Hybrid Isolation Control System Based on PID Active Control and Genetic Algorithm Optimization

A bridge hybrid isolation system, integrating both active and passive control strategies, is proposed and investigated to enhance seismic performance. The system is modeled as a two-layer structure, with the upper layer subjected to active control via a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller, and the lower layer employing a conventional passive base isolation system. The displacement response of the superstructure is minimized by the control forces generated by the PID controller, which also accounts for the reaction forces transmitted to the lower isolation layer. To optimize the controller’s performance, a genetic algorithm is implemented for real-time tuning of the PID parameters. Numerical simulations, conducted using the Newmark method, are employed to assess the influence of active control on the lower isolation system. The results reveal that, while active control increases the peak displacement of the superstructure to some extent, it significantly prolongs the structural period, thus enhancing the system’s overall seismic resilience and stability.

Long-term corrosion protection of reinforcing bars via a self-responsive coating incorporating ZrP functional fillers

The conventional coating of reinforcing bars exhibits inadequate anti-corrosion efficacy stemming from a non-specific, blind protection mechanism, poses a threat to the durability of concrete. We devised a novel self-responsive functional filler, L-arginine (LA) intercalated zirconium phosphate (LCZrP), synthesized via an intercalation reaction. This innovative filler was seamlessly integrated into an epoxy (EP) resin matrix, yielding a smart anticorrosive coating that harmoniously combines active and passive corrosion protection strategies. The integration of LCZrP within the coating matrix serves a trifecta of purposes: it extends the corrosion propagation path, effectively disperses nanofiller agglomeration, and enhances interfacial adhesion with the epoxy coating. Critically, the controlled release of corrosion inhibitors from the interlayer further fortifies the coating's resistance to corrosion, imparting a multi-layered protective shield. After enduring a 60-day immersion in a simulated concrete pore solution, the LCZrP/EP coating demonstrated exceptional durability, maintaining a low-frequency impedance modulus value consistently within the range of 4.27×1010 to 5.12×1010 Ω·cm2, marking a remarkable 34-fold enhancement over the performance of the epoxy coating alone. This breakthrough underscores the LCZrP/EP coating's potential as a groundbreaking solution for reinforcing bar protection in concrete, harnessing the complementary strengths of epoxy resin's physical barrier, the impermeability of two-dimensional lamellar structures, and the proactive release of corrosion inhibitors to forge a robust, multi-faceted passivation layer.

Sustainable Logistics: Synergizing Passive Design and PV–Battery Systems for Carbon Footprint Reduction

As more companies strive for net-zero emissions, mitigating indirect greenhouse gas emissions embedded in value chains—especially in logistics activities—has become a critical priority. In the European logistics sector, sustainability and energy efficiency are receiving growing attention, given the sector’s intersectional role in both transportation and construction. This transition toward low-carbon logistics design not only reduces carbon emissions but also yields financial benefits, including operational cost savings and new market opportunities. This study examines the impact of passive design strategies and low-carbon technologies in a Swedish logistics center, assessed using the low-carbon design criteria from the BREEAM International standard, version 6. The findings show that passive energy-efficient measures, such as the installation of 47 skylights for natural daylighting, reduced light power density in accordance with AHSHARE 90.1-2019 and the integration of free night flushing, contribute to a 23% reduction in total energy consumption. In addition, the integration of 600 PV panels and 480 batteries with a capacity of 268 ampere-hours and 13.5 kWh storage, operating at 50 volts, delivers a further 56% reduction in carbon emissions. By optimizing the interaction between passive design and active low-carbon technologies, this research presents a comprehensive feasibility analysis that promotes sustainable logistics practices while ensuring a future-proof, low-carbon operational model.

Live Survival Strategy to Grow Entrepreneurial Interest in the Perspective of Maqashid Asy-Syari'ah (On Deaf-Mute Disabilities UPT RSBRW - Pasuruan)

Difficulties for people with hearing and speech impairments in accessing formal employment because companies only open and look for workers in the physically & mentally healthy category, to increase productivity & effectiveness of employee performance. While getting a job is very important & fundamental for sustainability & continuity. One of the problems faced by people with hearing impairments is how to develop skills & knowledge according to their talents and interests, so that they are able to move independently in fulfilling and prospering their needs & desires without depending on the informal sector.This research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The researcher will describe survival strategies to foster interest in entrepreneurship for people with hearing and speech impairments according to field conditions with the aim of finding a comprehensive survival strategy formulation. From the results of data analysis in the field, it is clear that the concept of success in the presence of limitations / impairments is that there are 3 types of survival strategies used by people with hearing and speech impairments, namely: active strategy (having, independence, confidence, enthusiasm, optimism, perseverance), passive strategy (making savings in meeting needs: dharuriyat, hajiyat, tahsiniyat, and implementing rational consumption patterns/ mustahlik al-aqlani), network strategy (using available accessibility & building relationships with related agencies).

Phototheranostic LPP-QDs-IR-820 Nanocomposites for Specific NIR-II Imaging of Lymphatic and Photothermal Therapy of Cervical Tumors.

Precise theranostics of tumors is intricately linked to the early detection and monitoring of lymph nodes (LN) and metastases, making the targeted localization of LNs essential for tumor identification. However, designing LN-targeting probes remains a significant challenge due to issues such as lymphatic uptake, biocompatibility, and fluorescence stability. To address these challenges, near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence probes are developed through meticulous analysis of LN physiological structure and passive targeting strategy for LN detection and tumor therapy. An LPP-QDs-IR-820 nanocomposite (NCs) is engineered, comprising the IR-820 molecules and ultrabright PbS@CdS quantum dots (QDs), which are encapsulated within a liposome-SH-mPEG2000 polymer matrix. These NCs demonstrates remarkable lymphatic enrichment, facilitating real-time tracking of LN via electrostatic repulsion and extracellular matrix effects. Importantly, the NCs exhibit negligible in vivo toxicity and high biocompatibility. The intense NIR-II fluorescence emissions of IR-820 and PbS@CdS QDs confer upon the NCs a high NIR-II fluorescence quantum yield (6%). The cervical tumors and their deep microvessels are clearly observed via NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Moreover, the photothermal properties of IR-820 enable the NCs to achieve a photothermal conversion efficiency of 36.56%, leading to effective photothermal therapy in cervical tumor mice.

Isomeric diammonium passivation for perovskite-organic tandem solar cells.

In recent years, perovskite has been widely adopted in series-connected monolithic tandem solar cells (TSCs) to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit of single-junction solar cells. Perovskite/organic TSCs, comprising a wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cell (pero-SC) as the front cell and a narrow-bandgap organic solar cell (OSC) as the rear cell, have recently drawn attention owing to the good stability and potential high power conversion efficiency (PCE)1,2,3,4. However, WBG pero-SCs usually exhibit higher voltage losses than regular pero-SCs, which limits the performance of TSCs5,6. One of the major obstacles comes from interfacial recombination at the perovskite/C60 interface, and it is important to develop effective surface passivation strategies to pursue higher PCE of perovskite/organic TSCs7. Here we exploit a new surface passivator cyclohexane 1,4-diammonium diiodide (CyDAI2), which naturally contains two isomeric structures with ammonium groups on the same or opposite sides of the hexane ring (denoted as cis-CyDAI2 and trans-CyDAI2, respectively), and the two isomers demonstrate completely different surface interaction behaviors. The cis-CyDAI2 passivation treatment reduces the Quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS)-open circuit voltage (Voc) mismatch of the WBG pero-SCs with a bandgap of 1.88 eV and enhanced its Voc to 1.36 V. Combining the cis-CyDAI2 treated perovskite and the organic active layer with a narrow-bandgap of 1.24 eV, the constructed monolithic perovskite/organic TSC demonstrates a PCE of 26.4% (certified as 25.7%).

An Overview of the Effects of Passive Solar Strategies on Thermal Comfort

The paper presents the impact of passive solar strategies on residential buildings concerning the thermal comfort factor. This study focuses on passive solar design elements like orientation, shading, and thermal mass to offer improved energy efficiency and occupant comfort. With a global natural gas crisis looming, interest in alternative heating and cooling is surging. With the growing concern of reducing the energy use by buildings while maintaining proper thermal comfort, both in cold and hot climates, the interest shifts to passive solar strategies. In this view, 547 publications have been analysed to reveal knowledge gaps and trends in the research. The bibliographic and thematic analysis techniques identified some approaches to passive solar design but no dominant method. Further, the study found under-researched areas within themes that appeared established. The authors have finally concluded with calls for further research and collaboration across institutions and nations to address these gaps and develop effective passive solar strategies. These findings contribute to sustainable architecture by pointing out the pros of applying passive solar strategies to reduce heating and cooling loads. In this respect, this was an original approach since it brought both quantitative and qualitative data together to measure thermal comfort. This is further underpinned by raising the need for energy-efficient building designs as measures toward mitigating climate change impacts.

Accumbal Dopamine Responses Are Distinct between Female Rats with Active and Passive Coping Strategies.

There is a gap in existing knowledge of stress-triggered neurochemical and behavioral adaptations in females. This study was designed to explore the short-term consequences of a single social defeat (SD) on accumbal dopamine (DA) dynamics and related behaviors in female Wistar rats. During the SD procedure, rats demonstrated different stress-handling strategies, which were defined as active and passive coping. The "active" subjects expressed a significantly higher level of activity directed toward handling stress experience, while the "passive" ones showed an escalated freezing pattern. Remarkably, these opposite behavioral manifestations were negatively correlated. Twenty-four hours following the SD exposure, decreased immobility latency in the Porsolt test and cognitive augmentation in the new object recognition evaluation were evident, along with an increase in electrically evoked mesolimbic DA release in passive coping rats. Rats exhibiting an active pattern of responses showed insignificant changes in immobility and cognitive performance as well as in evoked mesolimbic DA response. Furthermore, the dynamics of the decline and recovery of DA efflux under the depletion protocol were significantly altered in the passive but not active female rats. Taken together, these data suggest that female rats with a passive coping strategy are more susceptible to developing behavioral and neurochemical alterations within 24 h after stress exposure. This observation may represent both maladaptive and protective responses of an organism on a short timescale.

Enhanced surface acoustic wave microfluidic performance through FDTS self-assembled monolayers on [formula omitted]

Microfluidics technology has been extensively applied in biochemical analysis and medical diagnostics, where precise and efficient control of microfluids is crucial. However, existing passive microfluidic control methods (e.g., microchannels) and active strategies (e.g., optical, thermal, magnetic field, and electrokinetic manipulation) are often hindered by complex device structures and operational uncertainties. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) microfluidic manipulation offers a promising alternative, providing flexible and efficient digital microfluidic control through the modulation of input signals. Nevertheless, the intrinsic hydrophilicity of substrates such as LiNbO3 results in inefficient microfluidic driving and jetting, primarily due to high surface tension. In this study, we employed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to coat LiNbO3 substrates with 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), creating hydrophobic surfaces with a contact angle of approximately 120°. In comparison to commercially available Glaco hydrophobic coatings, which reduce SAW amplitude by approximately threefold and increase substrate temperature by up to 1.5 times, FDTS SAMs exhibit negligible impact on SAW properties. Furthermore, when compared to untreated SAW devices, FDTS SAMs-coated devices demonstrated a sixfold increase in droplet driving speed under low power input (e.g., 0.5 W), enabling faster and more precise liquid jetting at velocities reaching 5 m/s. This work highlights the potential of FDTS SAMs in enhancing the performance of SAW-driven microfluidic devices, particularly in applications requiring high-efficiency droplet manipulation.

Intelligent vibration control of tensile cable based on deep reinforcement learning

Vibration of tensile cables commonly occurs in the engineering structures such as cable-stayed bridges, which may have negative effect on the driving comfort and safety, and further lead to the fatigue problems of the structure. This paper proposes a semi-active control strategy based on deep reinforcement learning and magneto-rheological (MR) damper, for the vibration control of tensile cables, and the corresponding algorithm have been developed. Through the interaction with the cable-damper system, the intelligent agent can evaluate every possible control parameter and achieve an effective control policy. Then, according to the real-time vibration state, the agent would determine an action current for the MR damper and thus change the damping coefficient of the damper, further make influences on the vibrating cable. Basically, the proposed strategy realizes the model-free semi-active control of cable vibrations. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-active control strategy, a scale model test has been conducted, where the test cases of passive and semi-active control strategies are carried out and compared. Results show that, the semi-active control shows a prior performance in vibration reduction compared to the passive control strategy, with regard to the vibration profile, the vibration energy, as well as the energy dissipation of MR damper.

An Eco-Friendly Passivation Strategy of Resveratrol for Highly Efficient and Antioxidative Perovskite Solar Cells.

The stability of perovskite solar cells is closely related to the defects in perovskite crystals, and a large number of crystal defects are caused by the solution method. In this study, resveratrol (RES), a green natural antioxidant abundant in knotweed and grape leaves, is introduced into perovskite films to passivate the defect. RES achieves defect passivation by interacting with uncoordinated Pb2+ in perovskite films. The defect formation energy of VPb and PbI on the surface of perovskite thin films is increased by RES doping, as calculated by density functional theory. The results show that the quality of the perovskite film is significantly improved, and the energy level structure of the device is optimized, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device is increased from 21.62% to 23.44%. RES can hinder the degradation of perovskite structures by O2 - free radicals, and the device retained 88% of its initial PCE after over 1000 h in pure oxygen environment. The device retains 91% of the initial PCE after >1000 h at 25°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity. This work provides an idea for the use of natural and environmentally friendly additives to improve the efficiency and stability of devices.

Climate-Responsive Architectural Design: Analyzing and Adapting to Diverse Climates in U.S. Cities

The energy consumption challenge within the built environment is growing in urgency, underscoring an imperative for climate-responsive design solutions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the climatic characteristics of 12 U.S. cities, with a parametric platform, categorized under different Köppen climate classifications, with the aim of informing effective passive design strategies. Upon meticulously assessing the efficacy of various passive strategies tailored to distinct climate zones, this paper distills actionable guidance for deploying architectural methods that embody climate-responsive design principles. Theoretical models are developed to correlate climatic variables with specific passive design interventions. The research contributes to the theoretical discourse on passive design by advocation for a data-driven, climate-responsive design guidance that aligns with contemporary sustainability goals.

LCA comparativo en distintos escenarios del edificio NZEB El Salvador, estimación de CO2 para el desempeño térmico

The recent IPCC 2023 report reiterates that humansare responsible for global warming over the past 200 years, causing a rise temperature of 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels, as well as an increase in energy demand, which can be avoided with mitigation options, reducing its use in all sectors, especially in the building sector. One of the options is the design based on the NZEB concept, as it has been the case of the laboratory built on the UCA campus, using passive and active energy efficiency strategies, studying the interaction between construction systems and energy savings. One of the NZEB El Salvador project research objectives, was to study the thermal performance of different construction scenarios, therefore, the present work presents the results of the Life-cycle assessment(LCA) in three proposals for popular construction systems in El Salvador, regulated by the national regulatory framework, comparing them with the baseline of its current operation, through 3 iterative calculation tools: structural, thermal and carbon footprint estimation, managing to find importantfindings on how vernacular systems meet the NZEB standard. ILIA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura, No. 01, 2024: 160-166.

THE HOUSING UNITS OF THE POSITIVE CLIMATE NEIGHBORHOOD PEDRA BRANCA SC/BR

In response to the global climate crisis, urgent measures are required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in alignment with the goals of the Paris Agreement. As energy consumption accounts for 36% of total emissions, and buildings contribute significantly to both direct and indirect emissions, it is crucial to enhance the energy efficiency and self-sufficiency of buildings. This article conducts a case study to evaluate the formal structure, spatial layout, and sustainable strategies employed in residential units within the Pedra Branca neighborhood (Santa Catarina, Brazil), using the methodology developed by Brandão and Schneider. The findings indicate that the housing units predominantly consist of three bedrooms, along with two to four bathrooms. The analysis revealed partial integration between the kitchen and service areas, with full integration being less common. Corridor layouts were found to make the greatest contribution to sustainability and internal space quality. Although some configurations did not directly support cross-ventilation, there was a clear focus on environmental comfort and the use of passive design strategies. This study highlights the potential of such configurations to improve energy performance and contribute to the development of climate-positive neighborhoods.

Effects of Perforated Plates on Shock Structure Alteration for NACA0012 Cascade Configurations

To alleviate the shock boundary layer interaction adverse effects, various active or passive flow control strategies have been investigated in the literature. This research sheds light on the behavior of perforated plates as passive flow control techniques applied to NACA0012 airfoils in cascade configurations. Two identical perforated plates with shallow cavities underneath are accommodated on the upper and lower surfaces of each airfoil in the cascade arrangement. Six different cascade arrangements, including a baseline configuration with no control applied, are additively manufactured, with different perforated plate orifice sizes in the range of 0.5–1.2 mm. A high-speed wind tunnel with Schlieren optical diagnosis and wall static pressure taps is used to investigate the changes in the shock waves pattern triggered by the perforated plates. Steady 3D density-based numerical simulations in Ansys FLUENT are conducted for further analysis and validation. In the cascade configuration, the perforated plates alter the shock structure, and the strong normal shock wave is replaced by a weaker X-type shock structure. Eventually, a 1% penalty in overall total pressure loss is induced by the perforated plates because of the negative loss balance between the reduced shock losses and the enhanced viscous losses. Further studies on perforated plate geometrical features are needed to improve this outcome in a cascade arrangement.

Analyzing Passive Design Retrofits using Pareto Front Optimization to Reduce Operational Carbon in Commercial Laboratory Spaces

Buildings are one of the leading sources of carbon emissions in the world. Most of the carbon emissions are released during the operation phase of the building. It is essential for buildings to provide thermal and visual comfort for the users. In the case of existing buildings, it is necessary to offer retrofit solutions so that the operational carbon emissions can be reduced without compromising on the other essential factors. In this study a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) of passive design strategies was conducted for a commercial laboratory in India situated in a moderate climate zone. The design variables considered for the study are wall and roof insulation, glazing material, window-wall ratio (WWR), depth of shading device and the number of shading devices used. The objective functions are: 1. reduced energy use intensity and operational carbon emissions, 2. increased thermal comfort hours and 3. increased daylight autonomy. Rhinoceros and grasshopper software along with Ladybug and Honeybee plug-ins were used for the study which resulted in 1296 iterations. MOO technique namely Pareto front optimization was used to optimize the objective functions. Out of 1296 solutions (excluding base case), 72 solutions were non-dominated. Two methods are described in the study to identify the recommendations for retrofit. The first method describes a Heuristic method of selection using Design Explorer recommending 5 good solutions. In the second method a factor is evolved to identify the 5 best solutions in sequential order. The overall study recommends the use of EPS insulation for the RCC roof, WWR of 20% on all sides, 3 horizontal shading devices of depth 0.75 m for all window openings. When compared with the base case scenario, this solution minimizes the EUI by 3.7%, maximizes average TCH by 106.6% and maximizes average DA by 66.9%. The overall operational carbon emissions are reduced by 7095.6 kgCO2.

Optimising building performance for a resilient Future: A Multi-Objective approach to Net Zero energy strategies

The escalating impacts of climate change on urban environments underscore the imperative for energy-efficient buildings. As the building sector constitutes approximately 40% of global energy consumption, the implementation of NZE designs is critical for emission reduction. This study utilised Building Performance Optimisation methodologies alongside a multi-stage optimisation framework to evaluate energy consumption, Life cycle cost and carbon emissions under various climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) in three Algerian cities—Constantine (semi-arid), Algiers (Mediterranean), and Ghardaïa (arid).The results revealed that the integration of passive, active, and renewable energy strategies significantly curtailed energy consumption and CO2 emissions across different climatic contexts. Specifically, passive measures achieved reductions in energy use ranging from 39% in Ghardaïa to 15% in Constantine. Active systems, including high-efficiency HVAC technologies, resulted in energy savings of 59% in Ghardaïa, 52% in Algiers, and 47% in Constantine. Furthermore, renewable energy sources, with a focus on solar photovoltaics, contributed additional reductions: 44% in Algiers, 26% in Ghardaïa, and 20% in Constantine. The multi-stage optimisation approach also enhanced computational efficiency, significantly reducing simulation time and facilitating the rapid identification of optimal strategies.These findings highlight the efficacy of integrating a range of energy strategies to achieve NZE. Nevertheless, while these systems demonstrate robust performance under current conditions, their effectiveness diminishes under future climate scenarios, underscoring the necessity for adaptive and resilient design approaches. Ongoing optimisation and innovation will be essential to maintaining the efficacy of NZE strategies in the face of extreme future climate conditions.

Inertial amplification as a performance enhancement method for snap-through vibration energy harvester

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in exploiting the bistable behavior of snap-through systems to harvest energy from vibration sources. The efficient operation of any bistable VEH depends on its ability to exhibit large-amplitude interwell motion. Under weak ambient excitation, bistable VEH performs marginally because of the confinement of motion to a single well. Frequency up-conversion, multi-stability, and adaptive techniques are some of the performance enhancement strategies suggested for bistable-VEH. Considering the VEH's space constraints, the above designs are hard to implement in practical cases. This study introduces an inertial amplification mechanism (IAM) as a simple passive strategy to enhance the performance of a snap-through VEH, a concept not explored in previous studies. The addition of IAM increases the effective mass without increasing the physical mass and thereby enhances energy harvesting, especially from weak ambient excitation sources. The dynamics and performance of the enhanced snap-through VEH are investigated analytically and numerically under harmonic and random excitations. The harmonic balance method (HBM) derives the frequency-amplitude relationship, which shows a hardening behavior and an increase in bandwidth. The effective potential method provides a closed-form expression for the joint probability density function (Joint PDF), which is governed by the Fokker-Planck equation. The joint PDF shows a transition from bimodal to unimodal with an increase in the value of the geometrical parameter. The stochastic averaging method is employed to obtain the stationary probability density function, which defines the long-term dynamics of the VEH. The effects of noise intensity, mass ratio, and inertial amplifier angle on the dynamics are investigated. Finally, the performance of the proposed VEH is compared with a conventional snap-through VEH, an equivalent linear VEH, and a multistable VEH under harmonic and random excitation conditions. The findings suggest that the snap-through VEH with the IAM has advantages over the linear and multistable nonlinear VEH in terms of extracting energy from low-intensity harmonic and random excitation sources. This simple augmentation strategy preserves the original system's bistability, eliminating the need for the complex design of a multistable VEH.