Passive Music Therapy Research Articles

Music as a Language

The number of children in western countries diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS), a disease caused by chromosomal abnormalities, is still increasing. The resulting delayed cognitive development also leads to deficits in social functioning in children under 12. Active music therapy (MT), as a natural intervention to achieve therapeutic functions through improvisation, performance, and singing, has been proven to promote the socialization development of children with DS. To get a better idea of the extent of the promotion and exactly what aspects it has improved, I conducted literature reviews and interviews with a music therapist. The results suggest that active MT can stimulate the socialization development of children under 12 with DS in three aspects: language skills, social-emotional development, and prosocial behavior. Although the improvement effect of active MT is better than that of passive MT, it requires the client to have a basis of music theory, that is, it requires higher requirements on the client, so the treatment method should be selected according to the severity of the client's DS or a combination of the two. Hence, future research could be aimed at finding the simplest interventions with sufficient client engagement and verifying the continuation of the effect of active MT.

Effect of Selected Music Soundtracks on Cardiac Vagal Control and Complexity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of selected passive music therapy frequencies without vocals on selected cardio-vagal and complexity indices of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy youth, in terms of calming the human. 30 probands (15 male, averaged age: 19.7+/-1.4 years, BMI: 23.3+/-3.8 kg/m2) were examined during protocol (Silence baseline, Music 1 (20-1000 Hz), Silence 1, Music 2 (250-2000 Hz), Silence 2, Music 3 (1000-16000 Hz), and Silence 3). Evaluated HRV parameters in time, spectral, and geometrical domains represent indices of cardio-vagal and emotional regulation. Additionally, HRV complexity was calculated by approximate entropy and sample entropy (SampEn) and subjective characteristics of each phase by Likert scale. the distance between subsequent R-waves in the electrocardiogram (RR intervals [ms]) and SampEn were significantly higher during Music 3 compared to Silence 3 (p=0.015, p=0.021, respectively). Geometrical cardio-vagal index was significantly higher during Music 2 than during Silence 2 (p=0.006). In the subjective perception of the healthy youths evaluated statistically through a Likert scale, the phases of music were perceived significantly more pleasant than the silent phases (p<0.001, p=0.008, p=0.003, respectively). Our findings revealed a rise of cardio-vagal modulation and higher complexity assessed by short-term HRV indices suggesting positive relaxing effect music especially of higher frequency on human organism.

Research on the Effectiveness and Efficacy of the Music Therapy Methods in the Treatment of Depression

Due to the side effects or unsuitability of traditional therapies for some patient groups, there is a need for a new form of depression treatment. Therefore, society has turned its attention to music therapy, which has been shown to have significant effects in the treatment of mental illness and depression. This paper categorizes music therapy methods into active and passive music therapy methods for separate exploration and comparison. Active music therapy methods are further divided into improvisation, creative (composition), and re-creative. The effectiveness of passive music therapy methods in the treatment of depression mainly lies in improving patients sleep and promoting beneficial emotions. The effectiveness of active music therapy methods mainly includes the relief of physical pain, the increase of positive emotions, the relief of anxiety, and the increase of social interaction ability. The receptive therapy group reaches the peak of treatment effect faster, but the active therapy group has a higher peak effect.

Music Therapy During Basic Daily Care in Critically Ill Children: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial

To assess whether music therapy is effective to reduce pain during daily personal hygiene care (DPHC), a procedure performed in all patients in a pediatric intensive care unit. Fifty critically ill children were enrolled in a crossover controlled clinical trial with random ordering of the intervention, i.e., passive music therapy, and standard conditions, and blind assessment of pain on film recordings. Primary outcome was variation of the Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability (FLACC) score (range 0 to 10) comparing before and during DPHC. Secondary outcomes were changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and mean arterial blood pressure, and administration of analgesic or sedative drugs during DPHC. Mixed-effects linear model analysis was used to assess effect size (95% CI). Median (Q25-Q75) age and weight of the patients were 3.5 (1.0, 7.6) years and 15.0 (10.0, 26.8) kg. Consecutive DPHC were assessed the 3rd (2, 5) and 4th days (3, 7) of hospitalization. In standard conditions, FLACC score was 0.0 (0.0, 3.0) at baseline and 3.0 (1.0, 5.5) during DPHC. With music therapy, these values were, respectively, 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) and 2.0 (0.5, 4.0). Rates of FLACC scores >4 during DPHC, which indicates severe pain, were 42% in standard conditions and 17% with music therapy (p=0.013). Mixed-effects model analysis found smaller increases in FLACC scores (-0.54 [-1.08 to -0.01]; p= 0.04) and heart rate (-9; [-14.53; -3.4]; p=0.001) with music therapy. Music therapy is effective to improve analgesia in critically ill children exposed to DPHC.

Terapi Musik terhadap Efikasi Diri pada Pasien Kanker

This study aims to determine music therapy intervention's role in cancer patient's self-efficacy. The research method used was a systematic review of several journals reporting music therapy's effects on cancer patients' self-efficacy. A total of 9 studies met the requirements for consideration, including 9 designs, namely quasi-experimental (3 studies), randomized control trials (2 studies), non-randomized control (1 study), and cross-sectional (1 study). The results showed 671 respondents from the nine studies analyzed in this systematic review. We found the effect of music therapy intervention on cancer patient's self-efficacy. In conclusion, this review provides strong evidence regarding the impact of music therapy, namely increasing self-education. Music therapy intervention can be carried out with active and passive music therapy, which affects patient self-efficacy, especially in cancer patients.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Self-Efficacy, Cancer Patients, Music Therapy

A randomized crossover study on the physiological arousal reducing effects of music in forensic psychiatry

Listening to music can have a calming effect on people, but the natural “consumption” of music is generally not used in a goal-oriented way to reduce physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate and skin conductance) and tension, and to enhance mood. X-System is designed to predict the innate neurophysiological response to pieces of music and influence the arousal levels of users. We hypothesized that listening to a preferred genre of music has beneficial physiological and psychological effects and that X-System had an effect over and above the use of preferred music genres. A small-scale study ( N = 38) was conducted in a medium secure forensic psychiatric facility to investigate the effects of passive music therapy on the arousal, tension, and mood of patients and their caregivers. Participants listened to a selection of songs of their preferred music genre for 2 days. On one of the 2 days, the music selection was played in an order established by X-System, with the aim to maximally reduce arousal, whereas on the other day the music selection was played in random order. In both conditions, physiological indices and self-reported tension decreased after listening to the preferred music. The hypothesized accelerated reduction in skin conductance for the X-System playlist was evident on visual inspection of the data, but the trend was non-significant ( p = .065). The use of personalized music in forensic psychiatry might be a relatively effective, inexpensive way to benefit patients and staff members, especially patients that are hesitant to engage in the more traditional therapies.

Rehabilitasi Sosial Pecandu Narkoba Melalui Terapi Musik dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia

Music therapy is the professional use of musical interventions and their elements in a therapeutic relationship to achieve specific goals. Rehabilitation of drug addicts through music therapy is one of the concepts of social rehabilitation by helping to recognize and accept different emotions, develop expressive abilities and self-awareness, increase self-confidence, and facilitate relaxation and reduce stress. The research method used in this research is field research. Based on research conducted by the author at the Way Huwi Narcotics Penitentiary, Lampung Province, using the concept of passive music therapy by only listening to music, the object of research tends to only reach the stage of feeling calm and not yet at the stage of changing mindset significantly to leave old habits and replace them with habits. While the activities carried out in the active music therapy process can include singing, songwriting, improvisation, and performing performances that have therapeutic elements so that the use of active music therapy tends to provide a maximum role rather than just listening. Based on the perspective of human rights, this rehabilitation is in line with the recognition of human rights in the 1945 Constitution which is contained in Article 28A, Article 28C paragraph 1 and then Article 28H paragraph 2.

Technical Overview and Evaluation of Heartune App: Mapping Music to Heartbeat for Recreational or Medical Purposes (Whitepaper)

This paper aims to verify the feasibility of utilizing the novel application Heartune as a supplemental treatment for Autism, Alzheimers, Depression/anxiety and developmental delays using passive music therapy. The studies and meta-analyses discussed within this whitepaper illustrate the ability of music therapy in general to benefit the wellbeing and behavioural tendencies of those diagnosed with the aforementioned illnesses, and hence the results obtained by this whitepaper justify the utilization of Heartune as a source for the supplemental treatment for over 100 million patients worldwide. Music therapy has been proven to help several children with developmental delays and Autism especially considering the behavioural changes caused by music therapy. Moreover, the therapy has led researchers to conclude that within the average duration of a song ~3 minutes, the user’s heartbeat can change up to 12%, indicating that the application can be utilised to change the heartbeat and hence the user's mood up to a certain extent. The concluding remarks do state that the application is complementary to the current treatment of the patients and does not in any manner propose a complete recovery from the given illness but proposes to reduce the impacts it has on the lives of the patients.

Музыкотерапия в комплексной нейрореабилитации детей с расстройством аутистического спектра

The article discusses the application of music and means of musical influence as part of neurorehabilitation of children with disturbances of cognitive, speech and emotional development. An overview of the results of modern scientific studies of the effectiveness of music therapy in the corrective process in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is presented. Music is widely used as an element of the sensory environment affecting the development of psychical functions and as a means of integrative therapeutic impact within active and passive music therapy. The effectiveness of the method for children of different age groups, as well as for parents and family members, is shown. The authors analyze their own experience of using music therapy in working with children with ASD and emphasize the importance of cooperation between psychotherapists, speech therapists, educators, music therapists for the development and implementation of interventions aimed at mastering speech skills, communication and social activity by children with ASD using music resources.

The effect of reflexology massage and passive music therapy intervention before burn dressing on pain, anxiety level and sleep quality

BackgroundThe pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders that burn patients experience due to burn dressing negatively affect their treatment process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of reflexology massage and passive music therapy intervention before burn dressing on pain, anxiety level and sleep quality. MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled trial. The study sample consisted of 36 patients who were hospitalized in the Burn Center of a University Hospital. After obtaining written consent, patients were enrolled to study according to inclusion criteria and then, divided into Reflexology Massage (n = 12), Reflexology Massage with Passive Music Therapy (n = 12) and Control (n = 12) groups using simple random allocation. In the experimental groups, in addition to standard care, interventions were performed for consecutive three days. Interventions were done before dressing for 40 min in the patient’s room. The control group received only standard care during this time. Severity of pain in three groups was measured using “Visual Analog Scale” twice a day (before dressing change and 2 h after dressing change). Severity of state anxiety and sleep quality in three groups was measured using “State Anxiety Scale” and “Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire” once a day (before dressing change). Severity of trait anxiety in three groups was measured using “Trait Anxiety Scale” for two times (before and after study). The drugs used by the patients for 3 days were recorded in the “Opioid and Analgesic Drug Form.” Data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square, Independent Samples T-test, One-Way ANOVA, Bonferroni, Paired Sample T-Test, Repeated Measures ANOVA tests were used. ResultsThe results showed no significant difference in severity of pain, anxiety, and sleep quality (p > 0,05) between the three groups on the first day. However, the mean pain scores showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the third (p < 0,05) and fourth (p < 0001) days after intervention. Anxiety scores also showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups on the fourth (p < 0001) day. Sleep quality of the experimental groups was higher than the control group on the fourth day (p < 00001). No significant difference using of opioid and analgesic drugs between the three groups (p > 0,05). ConclusionsOur results showed reflexology massage and passive music therapy before burn dressing reduced pain and anxiety level, and increased sleep quality.

The Effect of Music on Heart Rate Variability (Review)

Abstract Music therapy and the use of music in medical practice have now become rapidly advancing and promising areas of non-invasive alternative medicine. However, the opinions of physicians and therapists on the implementation of this complementary therapy, especially in the process of treating the patient, are constantly different. In addition, the effect of music and individual methodological procedures are not uniform and defined in detail. Therefore, this review study summarizes the results and conclusions of some selected high-quality publications over the last decade and makes suggestions for improvement and further research. It focuses mainly on the evaluation of changes in heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in connection with the application of music in the process of passive music therapy.

Musicoterapia Hospitalaria: Impacto del rock and roll en la unidad pediátrica de trasplantes del Hospital Universitario La Paz

En esta investigación analizamos las respuestas de los pacientes pediátricos ante la clásica forma musical del rock and roll. Es un estudio de tres meses con 20 pacientes de la Unidad de Trasplantes del HULP. El trabajo se desarrolló con dos grupos. Uno recibiendo únicamente musicoterapia pasiva y otro, donde además se incluye la participación activa usando una maraca. Los resultados se han obtenido en una única sesión individual con cada paciente. Los instrumentos principales han sido la guitarra, la voz y una maraca. Los resultados muestran que el R&amp;R produce una activación corporal y un aumento de la concentración que se incrementa con la participación activa de una maraca. La interacción del paciente con maraca (participación activa) produce un aumento de las mejoras físicas y neurológicas con respecto a la escucha pasiva en la mayoría de las mediciones. Palabras clave: Musicoterapia, trasplantes, rock and roll, maraca, mejoras físicas y neurológicas.

Современные зарубежные нейрокогнитивные подходы к использованию музыкообогащенной среды в реабилитации афазических расстройств и деменций альцгеймеровского типа

This paper presents an analysis of current foreign trends in neurocognitive rehabilitation of cognitive disorders in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and neuropsychological rehabilitation of the most common form of vascular cognitive disorders (VCD) - aphasia. Two approaches to the restoration of higher mental functions (HMF), based on a different understanding of the neuroplasticity mechanisms, are described. The description presents non-invasive and functional methods of direct stimulation of HMF. Various methods of transcranial brain stimulation and Intensive Language-Action Therapy (ILAT) are reviewed and analyzed. The data of experimental studies present the application of these methods to the restoration of Broca's aphasia. The paper also considers an approach to neurorehabilitation based on the methodology of "workaround" recovery of HMF using sensory-enriched environment. The article describes and analyzes the theoretical foundations of Music Intonation Therapy (MIT), Thérapie mélodique est rythmée) (TMR), palliative MIT, Music Therapy (MT). The paper carries out an analytical review of the implementation of abovementioned methods in aphasics. Also, programs and neurocognitive correction methods in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are considered. The paper describes the possibilities of using active and passive MT, STAM-DEM Therapy, and Multimodal Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (MCET) in AD. The study presents the data of systematic and meta-analytical reviews on their use in MCI. The paper describes the methodology of "musical" neuropsychological diagnostics in dementia.

The Effect of Music Therapy on Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults

Music creates and fosters connection and interrelationships between individuals and encourages social interaction. Indeed, community-based interventions are a powerful way to engage older people. This presentation will provide an overview of music therapy and the impact it can have on the cognitive functioning of older people. Examples of music therapy interventions in the community can be found in nursing homes, hospitals, or communities. Differences in receptive (passive) music therapy and active music therapy will be discussed along with the impact these therapies may have on individuals experiencing cognitive decline. Moreover, studies of music therapy combined with other activities, such as exercise or art will be discussed. This research will be presented within the context of the recommendations put forth by the Global Council on Brain Health aimed at adults aged 50+.

Patient Perspectives on Active vs. Passive Music Therapy for Cancer in the Inpatient Setting: A Qualitative Analysis

ContextMusic therapy (MT) is a nonpharmacologic therapy where licensed therapists provide active (e.g., singing, playing songs) or passive (e.g., listening) music-based interventions. Both active and passive MT are effective techniques for treating cancer-related symptoms. However, the influence of active vs. passive MT techniques on patient-reported perceptions and experiences of care have yet to be explored. ObjectivesTo understand how active and passive MT is perceived and experienced by patients with cancer. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of semistructured interviews collected as part of a quality improvement study (n = 20) with patients in the inpatient setting who had received active or passive MT within the past 24 hours. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. ResultsFour themes emerged: 1) Different articulations of benefit for recipients of active vs. passive MT; 2) patient choice as a form of empowerment; 3) changed perception of hospital experience; and 4) differing recommendations for future MT. Recipients of active MT emphasized the session's interactive elements, finding the sessions stimulating by providing opportunities for joyous social interaction not centered on their diagnosis. Passive MT recipients focused on the calming therapeutic effect of the session, easing anxieties through focus and reflection on the music itself. ConclusionThis analysis builds on current MT literature by providing insights specifically from oncology patients treated in the inpatient setting. Patients experience active and passive MT in different ways and perceived unique benefits for coping with cancer from each technique. Our findings can inform development of specific MT for symptom control in hospital settings.

Music Therapy in Adults With COPD.

Music therapy, as a non-drug therapy, is widely used in patients with COPD. However, the effects of music therapy on dyspnea, anxiety, depression and other physiological parameters has not been elucidated. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of passive music therapy (listening to music) and mixed music (combination of listening and singing) in adults with COPD. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wanfang Data up to June 26, 2019. All randomized controlled trials that compared music with usual care or other non-musical types of intervention in subjects with COPD were included in the study. The risk of bias for randomized controlled trials was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Outcomes included dyspnea, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and quality of life, as well as physiological parameters (eg, blood pressure and breathing frequency). After initial screening of 216 potentially relevant records, 59 studies were eligible, and 12 studies with 812 participates met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. Analysis showed that music therapy had a significant effect in relieving dyspnea (mean difference: -0.69, 95% CI -0.80 to -0.58, P < .001) and anxiety (standardized mean difference: -1.87, 95% CI -2.72 to -1.02, P < .001) in adults with COPD. Compared with the control group, music had no statistically significant effect on depression or St George Respiratory Questionnaire score. However, when it came to improving sleep quality, music reduced the total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (P < .001). In addition, the pooled results showed that there was a significant improvement in systolic blood pressure (mean difference: -7.45, 95% CI -10.95 to -3.96, P < .001) and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference: -4.07, 95% CI -7.03 to -1.12, P = .007) in the music group compared to the control. Music therapy is effective in reducing dyspnea and anxiety in subjects with COPD. Additionally, music therapy may also improve sleep quality and physiological parameters of subjects with COPD. However, our conclusions need to be supported further by larger and longer well-designed trials.

Music Therapy as an Important Element in Shaping Communication Competences in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The article concerns the problem of improving the communication of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder using music therapy methods. While we are witnessing the progress of research work on the language capabilities of these people, knowledge about their communication is still not sufficient. It is common ground that communication at both the language and non-language level is disturbed in these children. Music therapy can have a very positive effect on people with ASD, due to its calming and relaxing but also activating effects, depending on the type of music used. Considering the often occurring auditory hypersensitivity in these people, one should carefully select the musical material and gradually accustom them to this type of therapy, starting with sound habituation and passive music therapy. It is difficult not to notice similarities that combine music therapy with other methods that support multimodal development of children such as the Good Start Method, some elements of drama using elements of rhythm, movement and sound, logorythmics. The variety of therapeutic methods allows selection of the one that is most appropriate for a given person. Music therapy classes can have a positive impact on the psychomotor development process of a child with ASD.

The comparison between pulmonary rehabilitation with music therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation alone on respiratory drive, cortisol level and asthma control in patients hospitalized with asthma exacerbation

Introduction Much emphasis is being placed on the role of music therapy as an easy-to-use, noninvasive and relatively cheap method of asthma treatment. The objective of this interventional double-blinded randomized controlled trial was to assess whether music therapy, as a complementary modality to pulmonary rehabilitation, can help to improve respiratory drive, asthma control and quality of life in patients with asthma exacerbation. Methods Hospitalized patients with asthma exacerbation enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to experimental (music therapy) or control (popular science program) group. Both groups during hospitalization received standard pharmacotherapy accompanied by respiratory physiotherapy. Respiratory drive, asthma control, quality of life and serum cortisol in all participants were assessed at the beginning and at the end of their hospitalizations. Results The experimental group consisted of 39 asthmatics and 34 subjects with asthma were assigned to the control group. During the hospitalization, the levels of the inspiratory occlusion pressure for the first 0.1 s of inspiration (P0.1) decreased (p = 0.004) and the maximum P0.1 increased (p = 0.041) only in the experimental group. The serum cortisol level decreased in both groups (p = 0.001). The changes in asthma control and quality of life did not reach significant levels in either subject group. Conclusion Passive music therapy and its effects on the mental state of patients seem to improve the efficiency of the respiratory system. The results of this experimental study demonstrate that a complementary music therapy has beneficial effects on the treatment of asthma exacerbations in adults.

Association Between Music Therapy Techniques and Patient-Reported Moderate to Severe Fatigue in Hospitalized Adults With Cancer.

Cancer-related fatigue is a prevalent, debilitating symptom that contributes to increased health care utilization among hospitalized patients. Music therapy is a nonpharmacological intervention that uses active (eg, singing, selecting songs) and passive (eg, listening) techniques. Preliminary evidence from small trials suggests a potential benefit for cancer-related fatigue in the inpatient setting; however, it remains unclear which techniques are most effective. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was performed to compare cancer-related fatigue before and after active or passive music therapy. Cancer-related fatigue was captured via the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale fatigue item. Patients were asked to provide postsession free-text comments. A total of 436 patients (mean [standard deviation] age, 62.2 [13.4] years; n = 284 [65.1%] women; n = 294 [67.4%] white; active music therapy n = 360 [82.6%]; passive music therapy n = 76 [17.4%]) with a range of primary malignancies participated. Active music therapy was associated with a 0.88-point greater reduction in cancer-related fatigue (95% CI, 0.26 to 1.51; P = .006; Cohen's D, 0.52) at postsession as compared with passive music therapy when restricting the analysis to patients who rated their baseline cancer-related fatigue as moderate to severe (ie, ≥ 4; n = 236 [54.1%]). Free-text responses confirmed higher frequencies of words describing positive affect/emotion among active music therapy participants. In a large sample of inpatient adults with diverse cancer disease types, active music therapy was associated with greater reduction in cancer-related fatigue and increased reporting of positive affect/emotions compared with passive music therapy. Additional research is warranted to determine the specific efficacy and underlying mechanisms of music therapy on cancer-related fatigue.

Effects of passive music therapy on anxiety and vital signs in lung cancer patients undergoing peripherally inserted central catheter placement procedure.

To evaluate the effects of passive music therapy on anxiety and vital signs among lung cancer patients at their first peripherally inserted central catheter placement procedure in China. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in the cancer center of a hospital in Chengdu from May to December 2017. A total of 304 lung cancer patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 152) and control (n = 152) group, respectively. The control group only received standard care, while the experimental group received standard care and passive music therapy during peripherally inserted central catheter placement (30-45 min) and after catheterization, until discharged from the hospital (twice a day, 30 min once). Measures include anxiety and vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate). Repetitive measurement and analysis of variance showed that the patients in experimental group had a statistically significant decrease in anxiety, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate over time compared to the control group, but no significant difference was identified in systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate. Passive music therapy can efficiently relieve the anxiety of lung cancer patients during peripherally inserted central catheter placement. It also can lower the patient's diastolic blood pressure and slow down the heart rate. So, music therapy benefits patients with peripherally inserted central catheter.