Passive Harmonic Research Articles

Active and Passive Harmonics: Trading Frequencies of Index-Linked Products

Active and Passive Harmonics: Trading Frequencies of Index-Linked Products

Review on Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Harmonic RFID Systems.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has gained significant attention because it provides a highly versatile platform for identifying, tracking, and monitoring objects. An emerging trend in this technology is the use of nonlinear RFID, such as passive harmonic tags, which have been demonstrated to be effective against clutters, echoes, crosstalk, and other electromagnetic interferences. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advances and applications of passive harmonic RFIDs and integrated systems. A passive harmonic RFID exploits the frequency orthogonality of the transmitted (fundamental tone) and received (harmonics) radio-frequency (RF) signals to enable robust interrogation in noisy and cluttered environments, not possible with traditional passive linear RFIDs. This review article evaluates passive harmonic RFID systems in comparison to traditional systems and highlights their pros and cons. Several state-of-the-art chipless and chip-based harmonic RFIDs are presented, and their novel applications in identification, tracking, sensing, and biotelemetry are discussed. The review summarizes the key successes and challenges of passive harmonic RFID systems and provides insights into their future development, implementation, and optimization.

A Compact Wireless Passive Harmonic Sensor for Packaged Food Quality Monitoring

There is currently a need to monitor food products while preserving quality and safety during long-term storage. In this article, a compact low-cost quasi-chipless sensor for monitoring the quality of high-value food items, such as milk and meat products, is presented. The sensor utilizes a dual-band dual-polarized annular ring antenna with an integrated harmonic generator and sensor to receive, modulate, and retransmit the interrogator signal. The resonant frequency of the receiving mode of the antenna is sensitized to the parameter being sensed using a varactor—pH electrode-based transduction scheme. The received signal is doubled using a diode frequency doubler circuit to minimize the clutter from the environment before retransmission. One application of the sensor for monitoring pH is presented. The sensor was shown to be able to successfully monitor the milk souring process.

A Compact Wireless Passive Harmonic Sensor for Ammonia Sensing in Packaged Food

Sensing of volatile acidic/basic gases plays a significant role in the early detection of food spoilage. This letter presents a compact low-cost quasi-chipless sensor for monitoring of such gases. The sensor utilizes a dual-band annular ring antenna to receive, modulate, and retransmit an incoming interrogation signal at double the frequency and with an orthogonal polarization. The application of the sensor for monitoring ammonia is presented. The resonant frequency of the receiving mode of the antenna is sensitized to ammonia using a varactor-based transduction scheme utilizing a hydrogel-coated pH electrode pair. The sensor provides a linear response to the logarithm of the concentration of ammonia, a sensitivity of 2.3 MHz per unit log concentration and greater than 1-m range for a signal to noise of better than 30 dB.

Analysis of the Factors Having an Influence on the LC Passive Harmonic Filter Work Efficiency

This paper presents the electrical system factors having an influence on the work efficiency and performance of the LC passive harmonic filters (PHFs). Such filters are very often used in industries for the purpose of harmonics mitigation and reactive power compensation. Before their installation in the electrical system, many investigations should be performed in order to ensure their good design as well as work efficiency after connection. In this paper, the factors having an influence on the PHFs work efficiency and performance, such as the grid short-circuit power, primary grid voltage spectrum (voltage measured at the PCC before the filter connection), load reactive power and current characteristic harmonics, manufacturer filter parameters tolerance and filter-detuning phenomena are investigated. Most of the quoted factors are mentioned in the literature, but the novelty of this paper is that, based on the case study example of the single-tuned filter investigated in the laboratory, the influence of those factors on the filter work efficiency are demonstrated, and some solutions and recommendations are proposed. The studies are focused on the design of the single-tuned filter in the laboratory, and some simulation results are presented as well.

Recent Advances and Applications of Passive Harmonic RFID Systems: A Review

Harmonic Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have attracted significant interest over the last decade as it provides many benefits over the conventional RFID systems. Harmonic RFID is desired over conventional RFID systems due to reduced self-jamming, location accuracy from dual frequency, and higher phase noise immunity. In a harmonic RFID system, the tag receives instructions from the reader at an RF carrier frequency and replies back at the harmonic of the RF frequency. A nonlinear element consuming very low power at the tag is required to generate the harmonic carrier for the battery-less system. In this review article, a detailed contrast between conventional and harmonic RFID systems is presented. This is followed by different circuit design techniques to generate harmonics and integration techniques to form a fully operable passive harmonic RFID tag. Also, a wide range of applications, especially sensor integration with harmonic RFID’s, along with the future trends are presented.

Investigation on the Work Efficiency of the LC Passive Harmonic Filter Chosen Topologies

The use of passive harmonic filters (PHFs) in an electrical system is in most cases for the fundamental harmonic reactive power compensation and harmonics mitigation. In comparison to other filters applied to improve the power quality, such as the shunt active power filter or hybrid active power filter, their main advantages are the low investment costs and easy applicability in low-, medium-, and high-voltage electrical systems. However, their installation demands a deep analysis of the electrical system as well as a thorough knowledge of the topology to be installed. Their work efficiency is influenced by the parameters of the electrical system (grid, load, and filter itself) which must be well-known before installation. The aim of this paper is to present an investigation on the work efficiency of the LC passive harmonic filter chosen topologies. The PHFs are investigated in the frequency domain through their impedance versus frequency characteristics as well as in the time domain through an electrical system. A comparative study between filters is also considered. The investigations on the case examples of PHFs are based on simulations and some laboratory studies are also presented.

HARDWARE Implementation of Step-Switched SVCs to Correct Power factor and Mitigate Harmonics for Large DC Variable Loads

The objective of this paper is to develop and implement a complete system for reactive power compensation in railways or high DC power consuming industries. Very high current harmonics are generated, when AC supply is converted to DC to run DC machines, e.g., railway locomotives. Generally, for such applications, static VAr compensators (SVC) are used in combination with passive harmonics filters for mitigating different orders of harmonics. By default, such systems take power factor to high leading side, which must be corrected. To achieve acceptable results, manufacturers switch large inductors and feed chopped voltage waveform to achieve required inductive reactive power to compensate the leading reacting power present at any time in the SVC. This is done at high voltage using thyristors or GTOs, i.e., 11 kV or 33 kV. It is technically a complicated, very expensive technology and needs highly skilled engineers to run and maintain such system. Looking at those problems, better, reliable and technically superior solution is developed to give desired results at much reduced cost. A hardware prototype is developed for 433 V, three phase, 20 A load to obtain satisfactory experimental results.

Diplexer-Based Fully Passive Harmonic Transponder for Sub-6-GHz 5G-Compatible IoT Applications

A novel diplexer-based fully passive transponder is presented in this paper, which targets sub-6-GHz 5G-compatible internet-of-things applications. To alleviate the antenna design restrictions of traditional transponder with two separate antennas, a new architecture has been proposed with the introduction of a diplexer, which allows transponder to simply employ a dual-band antenna. In this paper, a dual-band circularly polarized omnidirectional spiral slot antenna, with enhanced bandwidth and gain performance, is designed as the transponder Tx/Rx antenna. Besides the new architecture, a diode selection criterion is proposed as well. Analytical models are derived, showing relationships between the diode’s SPICE parameters and the conversion efficiency or conversion loss (CL) of such diode-based transponders. With help of the analysis, transponder designers can easily identify diodes to implement transponders with better performance. Under the guidance of the criterion, low-barrier diode SMS7630 is chosen for verification. Measured CL results of the transponder circuitry part show a noticeable improvement over the state-of-the-art works. The complete prototype was tested with radar’s transmitting power of 25 dBm, and it presents a maximum read-out distance up to 7 m when the operating fundamental frequency is 3.5 GHz.

Temperature Measurement Using Passive Harmonics during High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Exposures in Porcine Tissue

Temperature Measurement Using Passive Harmonics during High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Exposures in Porcine Tissue

Designing Passive Harmonic Filter of Electric Propulsion System on Tanker Ship

Harmonic is a frequency defect that have some negative effect to the electrical network system. In a ship, electrical network system are interconnected to each other to another electrical consumer device. The effect will impact all the device that connected to the electrical network system. This can be reducing the consumer devices reliability. This research analyzed and simulate the effect of harmonic when there is no harmonic filter condition and with a passive harmonic filter for each operating condition on this ship. This research also includes the comparison diagram between no filter and with a passive harmonic filter condition, and some simulation report from the software. The research results were VTHD value are need to be comply with the classification standards and rules. Passive harmonic filter can reduce the VTHD value by reducing a specific harmonic order and the impact from reducing specific harmonic order can reduce the other harmonic order. Besides that, passive harmonic filter also can gain a higher power factor (PF) value

Analysis, Comparison and Study on Mitigation of Harmonics by using Active and Passive Harmonics Filters by using MATLAB Simulation

In this Paper Harmonics Distortion problems counter many of the conventional rules of Electric power system design and operation that consider only the fundamental frequency. The engineer is faced with unfamiliar phenomena that require their unfamiliar tools to analyse, study and unfamiliar equipment to solve. This paper is basically concerned with the Analysis and Study of Harmonics generated and Destroyed by Power Electronic Converters. The investigation and analysis of harmonics has been carried out using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to evaluate the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the converters with and without filters. MATLAB/SIMULINK have been employed for their presenting the simulation results because it is well established and recognized simulation software for the power system. Next, the designing of Passive Filter (Single tuned), is carried out after a literature review and have been applied to the converters for harmonics mitigation. In the future, we would proceed to work on Active as well as Passive (combination types) Filters for Harmonics Mitigation. The harmonic distortion solution chosen was to design a passive filter to decrease the distortion by shifting the resonance point of the network. This Paper includes the method to design the passive filter and its impact on efficiency and energy usage.

Reduction of Harmonics by Using Active and Passive Harmonics Filters

Reduction of Harmonics by Using Active and Passive Harmonics Filters

Analysis and Study of Harmonics Reduction by Using Passive Harmonics Filter

Analysis and Study of Harmonics Reduction by Using Passive Harmonics Filter

Vector Passive Harmonic Mode-locking Fiber Laser Based on Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Interacting with Fiber Taper

I propose a vector passive harmonic mode-locked fiber laser based on topological insulator Bi2Se3 interacting with a fiber taper with a diameter of 7 μm. The particles of topological insulator are deposited uniformly onto the fiber taper with light pressure effect. By incorporating the fabricated saturable absorber into an Er-doped fiber laser cavity, stable mode-locked fiber is obtained. Due to the intense evanescent field of the fiber taper, strong confinement of light enhances the nonlinearity of the laser cavity, and passive harmonic mode-locking is performed. I observe a maximum harmonic mode-locking of 356th, corresponding to a frequency of 3.57 GHz. The pulse duration is 824 fs, and the full width at half maximum of the spectrum is about 8.2 nm. The polarization dependent loss of the saturable absorber is ~ 2.5 dB in the wavelength range of the C band. As the cavity contains no other polarization dependent device, the mode-locked laser is functioning in the vector state. The harmonic order vs pump power is investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the highest frequency mode-locked fiber laser based on Bi2Se3. Experimental results indicate that the topological insulator Bi2Se3 functioning with a thin fiber taper is effective for vector harmonic mode-locking.

Optimal selection of harmonic filter branch parameters using PSO and differential evolution algorithm

Passive and Resonant Harmonic Filters (RHF) are the effective devices installed in distribution systems for reducing distortions caused by nonlinear loads by means of creating a low impedance path. Achieving both harmonic reduction and filter performance is complicated and contradictory. To attain optimum filter performance, a compromise is to be made between these two conflicting goals. Optimal selection of filter parameters reduces supply current harmonics and improves filter performance. This paper examines Passive Harmonic Filter and RHF for three-phase rectifier system acting as a nonlinear load. It seeks to find optimal values of filter branch parameters to diminish harmonics using Evolutionary Algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution. Also, it improves system power factor. The detailed simulation results using MATLAB are presented to support the performance of the proposed optimized filters. The actual measurement of the harmonic levels from the hardware implementation validates the superiority of the optimized filter over conventional filter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Different Design Approaches of Shunt Passive Harmonic Filters Based on IEEE Std. 519-1992 and IEEE Std. 18-2002

Most of the equipment found in the modern electrical installations can be considered as harmonic sources. Harmonic pollution causes serious problems to all electrical users. Many solutions are used to limit the problems related to harmonics and other power quality disturbances. The most used approach is to use shunt passive filters due to their simplicity, economical cost and their various frequency response characteristics. This article presents an application of FORTRAN Feasible Sequential Quadratic Programming package (FFSQP), in which it is implemented to deal with the constrained optimization of conflicting goals which allow the appropriate calculation of optimal shunt passive filter parameters. The article includes different optimization criteria depending on the designer concerns. Furtherer more, a mathematical model of a single tuned shunt filter on economical basis is demonstrated to select the size of its parameters with minimum total cost, providing improvement of the load power factor and complying with the IEEE standard 18-2002 limits. This article presents some promising patents for assessment of the optimal design for harmonic passive filter of multi-constraint and multi-objective functions.

Research on the Hybrid Active Power Filter

Passive power filter (PF) has problems that source impedance may strongly affect the filtering characteristics and cause system resonance in power system applications. Hybrid active power filter (HAPF) can improve the performance of passive filter and realize harmonics restraint and reactive power compensation in big power situation. In this paper, the principle of HAPF is analyzed, the model of HAPF is established, and the simulation results are discussed.

Frequency domain tracking of passive vessel harmonics.

This paper presents a method for passive acoustic detection and tracking of small vessels in noisy, shallow water marine environments. Passive spectra of boats include broadband noise as well as tones that are harmonics of the engine speed and shaft/propeller rotation. Past work suggests that the location in frequency and the relative amplitudes of these harmonics can be used to determine specific characteristics of the vessel such as the number of blades on the propeller and engine type/speed. However, the low signal to noise ratio of quiet targets and Doppler shifts incurred because of source and receiver motion complicate the identification of these tones in the lofargram. To address this issue, a combined detection and tracking approach is proposed in which intermittent and wandering harmonic content is tracked with a multi-dimensional Kalman filter. Results from recorded passive signatures from several classes of vessels in marine and freshwater environments in the Pacific Northwest are presented and discussed.

Passive Harmonic Filter Planning in a Power System With Considering Probabilistic Constraints

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents a new method for planning single-tuned passive harmonic filters to control harmonic voltage distortion throughout a power system. In the problem, the probabilistic characteristics of the harmonic source currents and network harmonic impedances in the filter planning are taken into account. The objective is to minimize the total filter installation cost, while the harmonic voltage limits and filter component constraints are satisfied with predetermined confidence levels. To obtain the optimal size of each filter component of the planning problem, the proposed procedure is first to find the candidate filter buses based on the sensitivity analysis. Next, the formulated probability-constrained problem is transformed into a deterministic nonlinear programming problem and is solved by a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer. The proposed solution procedure is tested with an actual distribution network and is verified by the conventional deterministic approach and by the Monte Carlo simulation. Numerical experiences show that the proposed method yields favorable results compared with the other two approaches. </para>