Passive Drool Research Articles

398 Identification of Varicella Zoster by Novel Salivary and Esophageal Muscle Tissue Assay in Patients With Achalasia: A Two Center Prospective Study

INTRODUCTION: Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) but the etiology of this neuronal damage is unknown. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an exclusively human neurotrophic alpha herpes virus that becomes latent in ganglionic neurons after initial infection. We tested the hypothesis that reactivation of latent VZV within esophageal enteric neurons initiates an inflammatory cascade that damages the innervation of the smooth muscle of the LES giving rise to achalasia. We aimed to determine whether VZV DNA, transcripts, and proteins are present in tissue and saliva of patients with achalasia and controls. METHODS: Fifteen patients with achalasia (60% Male, average age 60 years and BMI 28 kg/m2) diagnosed with high resolution manometry (7/15 with Type II Achalasia) who underwent surgical myotomy had prospective collection of saliva and LES muscle tissue with IRB approval. Salivary samples were collected by passive drool, DNA was extracted with the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, and VZV DNA was amplified with PCR. All methods examined the presence of transcripts (cDNA) and DNA encoding VZV open reading frames (ORFs) 29, 40, and 67. Immunofluorescence (IMF) was used to demonstrate the neuronal markers, beta-3 tubulin or peripherin simultaneously with the VZV late protein, gE. Antigen retrieval at 100°C in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) was employed. RESULTS: VZV DNA was detected in the saliva in 12/15 (80%) of achalasia cases (Table 1). Transcripts encoding at least one ORF were found in esophageal myotomy samples 12/15 (80%), while DNA was detected in 7/15 (47%). All 15 patients had active VZV infection by salivary VZV DNA and/or VZV transcription in esophageal tissue (Figure 1). Detection of transcripts was more sensitive and specific indicator of tissue infection than DNA. IMF revealed the presence of gE within the cell bodies of enteric neurons (when present) (Figure 2). VZV DNA was not detected in the saliva of 20 controls. CONCLUSION: Direct ex-vivo examination of saliva and tissue from patients with achalasia revealed the presence of active VZV infection of the esophagus. Transcripts encoding VZV gene products, and DNA, support actively replicating virus, not just latent VZV. Immunocytochemistry suggested that enteric neurons were the site of VZV infection. These findings support VZV is a potential esophageal pathogen that reactivates from latency in enteric neurons to give rise to achalasia, which may be a therapeutic target.

Influence of Sampling Conditions, Salivary Flow, and Total Protein Content in Uric Acid Measurements in Saliva.

Uric acid (UA) is the most abundant antioxidant compound in saliva and one of the most sensitive biomarkers for detecting changes in the oxidative status of the organism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of: (i) different methods of saliva sampling and (ii) the correction by salivary flow or total protein on UA concentrations in saliva. Paired saliva (collected by two different methods, passive drooling and using Salivette cotton rolls) and serum samples were obtained from 12 healthy men after the performance of two resistance training exercises of different level of effort that can produce different concentrations in UA in saliva. There were no significant differences between values of uric acid in saliva using Salivette and passive drool. Correlations between UA in serum and saliva and increases in UA in saliva after exercise were detected when saliva samples were obtained by passive drool and Salivette and were not corrected by salivary flow or total protein concentration. Therefore for UA measurements in saliva it would not be recommended to normalize the results by salivary flow or protein concentration. This study highlights the importance of choosing an adequate sampling method selection as well as the expression of results when analytes are measured in saliva.

The challenges of developing and optimising an assay to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D in saliva

Accurately detecting vitamin D deficiency (defined as concentration in blood of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), <20 ng/mL) is important for both clinicians and researchers. Drawing blood may be difficult in some populations, such as infants and children. We thus explored the development of a method to measure 25(OH)D concentrations in saliva, using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay. Using 25(OH)D3 standards spiked into synthetic saliva, we generated a standard curve with high correlation (r = 0.999, Pearson’s); the intra-assay and inter-assay variation were ≤3.2% and ≤13.2% (CV%), respectively. Passive collection of saliva via drooling into glass or polypropylene tubes yielded higher levels of 25(OH)D3 than chewing on a synthetic swab. Chewing gum for at least 4 min reduced saliva levels of 25(OH)D3. Differences in the levels of 25(OH)D3 in saliva between the passive drooling and stimulated swab-chewing methods were normalised by adjusting for measured levels of vitamin D binding protein in saliva. Freezing samples immediately, or after 24 h of refrigeration did not affect 25(OH)D3 levels. When saliva levels of 25(OH)D3 were averaged from samples collected daily for three consecutive days, for which an additional centrifugation step was performed after samples were defrosted (to remove mucin), there was a positive (but non-significant) correlation between 25(OH)D3 levels in saliva and serum (r = 0.57, p = 0.24, Pearson’s) with significant correlations (r ≥ 0.88, p < 0.05) observed after further adjusting for saliva flow rate. The time of day of the collection made little difference to 25(OH)D3 levels measured in saliva. In conclusion, we have developed an LC–MS/MS assay that accurately measures saliva 25(OH)D3 levels, which correlated with serum levels. However, for a measurement that correlates with serum 25(OH)D it may be necessary to average results from saliva collected on three consecutive days, and adjust for differences in saliva flow rate. This would increase costs, and combined with the processing requirements for samples, could limit the applicability of this assay to large cohort and field studies.

Muscle Energy and Salivary Cytokine Response During a 100 Mile Trail Run: A Case Study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of competing in a 100-mile ultramarathon on muscle fuel stores and cytokine production. METHODS: One experienced male runner (40 yrs, 76.3 kg, 177.8 cm) completed the 100.5-mile distance in 32.9 hrs. Measurements were collected pre-race, at each support crew accessible aid station (28.5, 41, 52, 66, and 80 miles), and post-race. Measures included saliva cytokine markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), muscle energy status, and body mass. Saliva was collected using a passive drool technique and samples were stored on dry ice until they could be sent out for analysis. Muscle energy status (MES) was determined by scanning the right rectus femoris with a portable ultrasound transducer. Scanned muscle images were uploaded to a cloud-based application where they were analyzed for MES, which is an arbitrary number assigned to the muscle based on predicted glycogen concentration. Caloric expenditure was predicted based off average pace and terrain. Caloric intake was monitored by a combination of self-reporting, product wrapper collection, and unconsumed fluid measurement. RESULTS: Caloric expenditure was estimated at 13,184 kcal (401 kcal/hr), while caloric intake was recorded at 5888.3 kcal (180 kcal/hr). Body mass declined 2.4% from pre to post-race, although it fluctuated throughout the race (76.3, 74.7, 74.1, 75.1, 75.9, 75.4, 74.5 kg; respectively). MES was reduced 57% from pre to post-race, but also fluctuated throughout the race (88.0, 34.4, 71.9, 25.1, 69.1, 70.9, 38.2). IL-6 levels correlated with MES values (R2= 0.6987). TNF-α values followed a similar pattern to IL-6; however, no correlation was found between TNF-α and MES. CONCLUSION: These data provide some interesting insights into potential MES plasticity and cytokine regulation during prolonged exercise. More specifically, fluctuating MES values observed during the current activity suggest that glycogenolysis and glycogenesis may occur throughout an ultra-event depending on terrain and intensity, even with a discrepancy between caloric intake and expenditure. Additionally, salivary IL-6 activity may be related to MES, suggesting that periods of low glycogen may increase physiological stress.

Saliva NMR metabolomics: Analytical issues in pediatric oral health research.

Saliva metabolome is a promising diagnostic tool concerning oral and systemic diseases. We aimed at establishing a suitable protocol for saliva collection and gauging the relative impacts of gender, dentition stage, and caries on the saliva metabolome of a small children cohort. A nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics cross-sectional study of children saliva (n=38) compared the effects of: (a) stimulation and unstimulation conditions, and (b) collection through passive drool and using an absorbing device. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate such effects and those related to gender, dentition stage and caries. No significant differences were found between unstimulated and stimulated saliva, and the former was used for subsequent studies. Swab collection induced significant changes in sample composition, indicating passive drool as preferential. The impacts of gender and dentition stage were not significant compared to that of caries, which induced variations in the levels of 21 metabolites. These comprised amino acids and monosaccharides observed for the first time to our knowledge regarding children caries, suggesting protein hydrolysis and deglycosylation. Unstimulated passive drool saliva metabolome may carry a caries signature.

The influence of mindfulness and social support on stress reactivity during pregnancy.

Exaggerated stress reactivity can lead to negative health outcomes, which can be especially harmful during important periods of development such as pregnancy. Therefore, studies are needed to examine potential protective factors associated with lower perceived stress reactivity and lower cortisol awakening response (CAR) during pregnancy. The current cross-sectional study examined whether low-income women (n=152) with higher mindfulness (attentiveness and awareness of the present moment) and more perceived social support had lower levels of perceived stress reactivity and a lower CAR during pregnancy. Women completed self-report measures of mindfulness (Mindful Attention Awareness Scale), social support (Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Scale), and perceived stress reactivity (Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale) during their first trimester of pregnancy and collected saliva using the passive drool procedure at home (at awakening and at 30min after awakening). Results showed that women with greater mindfulness and greater perceived social support had significantly lower perceived stress reactivity, but not a lower CAR. These results provide preliminary support for mindfulness and social support as potential protective factors of perceived stress reactivity and have implications for experimental studies aimed at improving pregnant women's mindfulness and social support for reducing their stress reactivity and potentially improving health outcomes.

Identification of a novel salivary biomarker miR-143-3p for periodontal diagnosis: A proof of concept study.

Though the use of salivary miRNAs as potential biomarkers has been reported in few diseases/conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and oral cancer, there are no reported studies on their utility in periodontal diagnostics. Thus, the aim of the present study was to profile salivary miRNAs and identify the most suitable salivary miRNA biomarker in chronic periodontitis. In this study, we have explored the potential application of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology for profiling miRNAs in two unstimulated saliva samples collected by passive drool method from a patient diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis and a healthy control. Subsequently, the validation of most highly expressed known miRNA in periodontitis was performed in saliva samples collected from an independent set of 16 chronic periodontitis patients and 16 periodontally healthy controls using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Target gene prediction and pathway mapping were performed using bioinformatic tools. NGS analysis identified 40 upregulated and 40 downregulated known miRNAs in chronic periodontitis compared to healthy controls, of which miR-143-3p was the most highly expressed miRNA in periodontitis (Read count - 227630; fold change - 5.82). Validation using qRT-PCR showed significant upregulation of miR-143-3p expression in the test group compared with controls (P<0.05). K-RAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) gene was predicted as the target gene for miR-143-3p in humans. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathway mapping revealed the involvement of K-RAS in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. The application of NGS for miRNA expression profiling can be considered a valuable tool in detection of novel biomarkers in periodontal diagnostics. Also, the results of the study points to the potential utility of miR143-3p as a novel salivary biomarker for chronic periodontitis.

Use of Removable Orthodontic Appliance: Does it influence The Salivary Components?

Introduction: Saliva plays a key role in the oral cavity health. It contains many defense elements and is considered a cornerstone in the oral metabolism. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary concentrations of calcium, glucose, total protein, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in patients undergoing removable orthodontic appliances treatment. Methods: Ninety saliva samples were collected from thirty subjects ranging in age from 8 to 11 years. An initial sample was attained before starting treatment with removable orthodontic appliances; a second sample 1 month after treatment and a third sample was obtained three months following treatment. The saliva was collected from each patient in pre-labeled sterile containers using the passive drool method. Results: Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were significantly increased in patients undergoing removable orthodontic treatment after as compared to before treatment. There was also an increase in the calcium, glucose and total protein concentrations but the differences were insignificant. Conclusion: Removable orthodontic treatment changes the oral fluid contents, promotes an increase in the levels of salivary lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes after one month of treatment with increased values after three months. These oral changes emphasize the importance of maintaining proper oral hygiene measures during treatment.

Influence of Exercise Time of Day on Salivary Melatonin Responses.

Sleep deprivation negatively affects cognition, pain, mood, metabolism, and immunity, which can reduce athletic performance. Melatonin facilitates sleepiness and may be affected by the proximity of exercise to sleep. To evaluate the influence of exercise time of day on salivary melatonin (s-melatonin) responses. Twelve regularly exercising men (age 20.75 [0.62]y, height 1.75 [0.04]m, mass 73.63 [10.43]kg, and maximal oxygen consumption 57.72 [6.11]mL/kg/min) participated in a randomized, crossover design. Subjects completed 3 protocols-morning exercise (09:00h), afternoon exercise (16:00h), and no exercise (CON)-at least 5 d apart. Exercise sessions consisted of 30min of steady-state running at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. Saliva was collected via passive drool at 20:00, 22:00, and 03:00h following all sessions. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant time (P = .001) and condition (P = .026) effects for melatonin. Levels of s-melatonin were significantly increased at 03:00h compared with 20:00 and 22:00h for all conditions. Post hoc analyses revealed that s-melatonin at 22:00 h was significantly higher after morning exercise (16.5 [7.5]pg/mL) compared with afternoon exercise (13.7 [6.1]pg/mL) sessions (P = .03), whereas neither exercise condition significantly differed from the control (P > .05). It appears that exercising in the afternoon may blunt melatonin secretion compared with morning exercise. If sleep is an issue, morning exercise may be preferable to afternoon exercise.

Aerobic exercise increases cortisol awakening response in older adults

Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests aerobic exercise may dampen age-related decline in cognitive performance. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and reactivity may be a mechanism by which aerobic exercise benefits cognitive performance, and reduces perceived stress. This investigation was completed as an ancillary investigation of the Brain in Motion (BIM) study, a 6-month supervised aerobic exercise intervention. Participants were generally healthy and screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria for the parent study. Thirty-eight participants were recruited (Mean age = 65.0 [SD = 5.1]; 60% female) and the final longitudinal sample was 32 participants. Participants provided a passive drool sample at: waking, 15, 30, and 45 min post-waking to assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-waking to assess daily area under the curve for cortisol. Salivary cortisol was quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The exercise intervention increased CAR but no differences were observed in daily AUC. In addition, larger increases in CAR were positively associated with greater decreases in subjective stress. Thus, aerobic exercise improved the CAR in otherwise healthy, but sedentary older adults and greater improvements in CAR were associated with greater reductions in perceived stress.

Effect of Denture Base Reinforcement Using Light Cured E- Glass Fibers on the Level of Salivary Immunoglobulin A.

BACKGROUND:A gap still exists between in vitro and clinical studies concerning the biocompatibility of the material in the oral environment and their potential to cause immunological undesirable side effects. The uses of glass fibres to improve the mechanical properties of acrylic resin denture base polymers are well documented in vitro.AIM:The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of denture base reinforcement using light-cured E- glass fibres mesh on the level of salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) in patients wearing complete dentures.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Fourteen completely edentulous patients, in need of complete dentures, participated in the study. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 7) according to the treatment protocol. In the first group, patients received conventional heat-cured acrylic resin dentures. In the second group, the mandibular dentures were reinforced using light cured resin impregnated E glass fibres mesh. In both groups, salivary samples were collected using passive drool technique. The level IgA was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique at different time intervals. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey`s post-hoc test and independent t-test. The significant level was set at P ≤ 0.05.RESULTS:Acrylic resin dentures and reinforced ones demonstrated an increase in the mean values of IgA level at the end of the follow-up intervals. And this increase was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Although, the reinforced dentures revealed higher mean values, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05)CONCLUSIONS:Within the limitations of the present study, the following could be concluded: (1) the insertion of complete dentures induced changes in the level of IgA; and (2) denture base reinforcement using light cured resin impregnated E-glass fibres mesh had a similar effect to that of heat cured acrylic resin on the level of IgA.

Development of a Reliable Method for Assessing Coca Alkaloids in Oral Fluid by HPLC-MS-MS.

A reliable method based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the assessment of coca alkaloids/metabolites [cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), cocaethylene (CE), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), tropococaine (TRO), transcinnamoylcocaine (trCIN), cuscohygrine (CUS) and hygrine (HYG)] in oral fluid samples from cocaine abusers and from coca leaves consumers (coca leaves chewers and coca tea drinkers). Oral fluid samples were collected by the passive drool technique (spitting), and after centrifugation the supernatant was treated for protein removal by adding acidified acetonitrile. The developed method was fully validated according to the international criteria and good results have been obtained (intraday and inter-day precisions were lower than ±20%, intraday and inter day accuracy was within the 75-116% range, and LODs/LOQs was lower and close to cut-off values for COC and BE). The proposed method has been successfully applied to oral fluid samples from cocaine abusers, and also from coca leave chewers and coca tea drinkers. CUS and HYG were only found in oral fluid from people who chewed coca leaves and drank coca tea and were not detected in cocaine abusers. Both CUS and HYG could be good markers in oral fluid for distinguishing people who consume coca leaves legally (coca leave chewers and coca tea drinkers) from those who consume illegal cocaine.

Cigarette Smoking Modulation of Saliva Microbial Composition and Cytokine Levels.

Tobacco use has been implicated as an immunomodulator in the oral cavity and contributes to the development of oral cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking on bacterial diversity and host responses compared to healthy nonsmoking controls. Saliva samples were collected from eighteen smokers and sixteen nonsmoking individuals by passive drool. The 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the salivary microbiome by using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Cytokine and chemokine expression analyses were performed to evaluate the host response. Significant differences in cytokine and chemokine expression levels of MDC, IL-10, IL-5, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), insulin, and leptin were observed between smokers and nonsmokers. Taxonomic analyses revealed differences between the two groups, and some bacterial genera associated with the smokers group had correlations with hormones and cytokines identified as statistically different between smokers and nonsmokers. These factors have been associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the oral cavity. The data obtained may aid in the identification of the interactions between the salivary microbiome, host inflammatory responses, and metabolism in smokers.

Impact of Saliva Collection and Processing Methods on Aspartate Aminotransferase, Creatin Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Activities.

We aimed to investigate the impact of saliva collection and processing methods on AST, CK and LDH. Saliva was collected from 17 healthy participants by a passive drool. Each saliva sample was distributed into 3 aliquots: not treated, centrifuged, and passed through cotton. Centrifugation improved the precision of assays and produced lower values of AST and CK. The use of cotton resulted in decreased levels of LDH. This data stress the importance of the standardization of sample processing to measure enzymes in saliva.

Measuring Cortisol in the Classroom with School-Aged Children—A Systematic Review and Recommendations

The collection of salivary cortisol has been chosen as one of the least intrusive, easiest to collect, analyze, and store methods of obtaining information on physiological changes. It is, however, not clear what the best practice is when collecting salivary cortisol from children within the school setting. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the feasibility of cortisol collection in schools for future research and to make recommendations for best practice. The review included 25 peer-reviewed articles from seven databases. The hypotheses of the included studies vary, but they all use cortisol as a diurnal, baseline, or acute measure, or to measure the effect of an intervention. Two methods of salivary cortisol collection were preferred by most of the research, i.e., passive drool or cotton Salivettes. The review has concluded that cortisol is a physiological marker that can be successfully measured in school-based research. However, there are discrepancies across studies when evaluating the collection guidelines, protocols, and instructions to participants as well as transparency of the success rate of obtaining all samples. Recommendations are made for future research to address and avoid such discrepancies and improve cross-study comparisons by implementing standard protocol guidelines.

Biomarkers and components of the interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™ v2.0) for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Cortisol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA‐S), and Insulin‐like Growth Factor (IGF1)

Dementia cases are on the rise among our aging global population, and thus there is increasing urgency to identify efficacious interventions for preserving or ameliorating cognitive decline. Physical exercise, cognitive training and combined physical and cognitive interventions have been found to slow the decline of cognitive abilities in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) but the biological mechanisms underlying these changes need further clarification. This quasi‐experimental within‐subjects design compared changes in biomarkers during two‐week exposures to components of the interactive physical and cognitive exercise system (iPACES™). Participants were evaluated over eight weeks at two‐week intervals. Biomarker levels of Cortisol, IGF1 and DHEAS were assessed at each evaluation through saliva (passive drool collection). Each saliva sample was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Additionally, each sample was analyzed using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay to normalize protein concentration. Cognitive outcomes were also assessed, focusing on executive function via Stroop, Trails, and Flanker tests. This pilot study enrolled 14 older adults, 13 of which met criteria for MCI (MoCA&lt;26), with ten study completers. Paired t‐tests revealed significant (ps&lt;.05) cognitive improvements in Stroop and Flanker from baseline during all active component conditions (e.g., pedaler, game, and iPACES™), but not during placebo. Biomarkers did not change significantly during placebo or pedaler conditions, but during the game intervention, DHEAS declined significantly (p=.04), and during iPACES™ intervention, DHEAS declined further and IGF1 declined significantly (p=.05), consistent with prior research (McTiernan, et al., 2005; Yuichiro, et al., 2010). Furthermore, the changes (from baseline to the end of the 8‐week trial) for cognition were moderately correlated with biomarker changes (r's ranging from −.22 to −.48), suggesting a link between neurobiological mechanisms and cognitive outcomes. Further research is needed to replicate and extend this pilot research; in particular, it would be useful to compare such interventions in a randomized controlled trial.Support or Funding InformationNational Institute on Aging STTR Grant #R41AG053120 and Union College Undergraduate Research GrantThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Menstrual phase and the vascular response to acute resistance exercise

Aerobic exercise has a favorable effect on systemic vascular function, reducing both central (large elastic artery) and peripheral (smaller muscular artery) stiffness. The effects of resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness are more complex. Acute RE increases central artery stiffness while decreasing peripheral stiffness. To date, the majority of studies have been performed in predominantly male participants. To examine the effect of acute RE on central and peripheral arterial stiffnesses in women, a secondary purpose was to explore the influence of cyclic changes in estrogen status across the menstrual cycle on the arterial response to acute RE. 18 healthy women [28 ± 7years, body mass index (BMI) 22.6 ± 2.9kg/m2] completed an acute RE bout during the early follicular and the early luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Salivary 17β-Estradiol concentration was measured during each phase, using a passive drool technique. Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) was obtained from the carotid-femoral and carotid-radial pulse sites to measure central and peripheral stiffness, respectively, using applanation tonometry. PWV was measured at rest, immediately, 10, 20, and 30min post-RE. 17β-Estradiol concentration was significantly lower in the early follicular vs. the early luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (1.78 ± 0.51 vs. 2.40 ± 0.26pg/ml, p = 0.01). Central PWV significantly increased (p < 0.05) and peripheral PWV significantly decreased (p < 0.05) post-RE in both the early follicular and early luteal phases. No phase-by-time interaction was detected for either vascular segment (p > 0.05). Women experience increases in central arterial stiffness and reductions in peripheral arterial stiffness following acute RE. Menstrual cycle phase may not influence changes in arterial stiffness in response to acute RE.

Tacrolimus Concentration in Saliva of Kidney Transplant Recipients: Factors Influencing the Relationship with Whole Blood Concentrations.

The objective of this study was to examine the association between tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids and in whole blood and to investigate the various factors that influence this relationship. Forty-six adult kidney transplant recipients were included in the study. Study A (ten patients) included the collection of several paired oral fluid samples by passive drool over a 12-h post-dose period. Study B (36 patients) included the collection of oral fluids pre-dose and at 2h after the tacrolimus dose under three conditions: un-stimulated, after stimulation with a tart candy, and after mouth rinsing. The tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids was measured by a specially developed sensitive and specific liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. A salivary transferrin concentration of >1mg/dL was used as a cut-off value for oral fluid blood contamination. Rinsing the oral cavity before sampling proved to provide the most suitable sampling strategy giving a correlation coefficient value of 0.71 (p=0.001) between the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids and the tacrolimus concentration in whole blood at trough. Mean and 95% confidence interval of tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids at the pre-dose concentration for samples collected after mouth rinsing was 584 (436, 782) pg/mL. The ratio of the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids to the tacrolimus concentration in whole blood (*100) was 11% (95% confidence interval 9-13) for all sampling times. Oral fluid pH or weight of a saliva sample did not influence the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids. Tacrolimus distribution into oral fluids exhibited a delay with a pronounced counter-clockwise hysteresis with respect to the time after dose. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids is related to the tacrolimus concentration in whole blood and tacrolimus plasma-binding proteins including albumin and cholesterol. An optimal sampling strategy for the determination of the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids was established. Measuring the tacrolimus concentration in oral fluids appears to be a feasible and non-invasive method for predicting the concentration of tacrolimus in whole blood.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study.

IntroductionSaliva is vital for oral health and helps to maintain oral homeostasis. It may show qualitative and quantitative variations owing to any changes in the systemic health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease and the individuals may be at higher risk for oral health problems.ObjectiveThe study was aimed to estimate the levels of various salivary components among diabetic and nondiabetic children with similar caries status and also to analyze possible association between caries status and possible caries determinants in the saliva of diabetic children.Materials and methodsA total of 70 children in the age group of 6 to 13 years with minimal dental caries (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT/dmft >1 and <5)) were selected. Group I comprised of type I diabetic children and on medication for diabetes and group II included healthy nondiabetic children. Salivary samples were collected from the participants by passive drool method and estimation of all salivary parameters was done using autoanalyzer.ResultsStatistical analyses were done using Student’s t-test and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). There was a highly significant difference in mean glucose value between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) did not show any significant difference between the two groups. There was also a statistically significant difference in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, which was found to be higher in diabetics.ConclusionAn elevation in the levels of salivary glucose and AP was evident in diabetic children, which can be a risk marker for dental caries. There was no correlation in the levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and s-IgA levels among diabetic and healthy children.Clinical significanceThe salivary factors evaluated in the study may prove to be useful measures of caries experience in diabetic children.How to cite this article: Uppu K, Sahana S, Madu GP, Vasa AAK, Nalluri S, Raghavendra KJ. Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):71-78.

P.1.c.003 - Comparing the broad socio-cognitive profile of youth with Williams syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests aerobic exercise may dampen age-related decline in cognitive performance. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and reactivity may be a mechanism by which aerobic exercise benefits cognitive performance, and reduces perceived stress. This investigation was completed as an ancillary investigation of the Brain in Motion (BIM) study, a 6-month supervised aerobic exercise intervention. Participants were generally healthy and screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria for the parent study. Thirty-eight participants were recruited (Mean age = 65.0 [SD = 5.1]; 60% female) and the final longitudinal sample was 32 participants. Participants provided a passive drool sample at: waking, 15, 30, and 45 min post-waking to assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-waking to assess daily area under the curve for cortisol. Salivary cortisol was quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The exercise intervention increased CAR but no differences were observed in daily AUC. In addition, larger increases in CAR were positively associated with greater decreases in subjective stress. Thus, aerobic exercise improved the CAR in otherwise healthy, but sedentary older adults and greater improvements in CAR were associated with greater reductions in perceived stress.