Passive Clamp Circuit Research Articles

Design of low‐stress ultrahigh‐gain dc–dc converter with coupled inductor

AbstractThe dc–dc converter plays a vital role in renewable energy power generation systems. To enhance the boost range and supply stable output voltage for the power grid, This paper propose an improved low‐stress ultrahigh‐gain dc–dc converter. First, a voltage multiplier cell is designed stemming from a three‐winding coupled inductor and a switched capacitor (SC), which can obtain ultrahigh voltage gain. In the improved voltage multiplier cell, the number of semiconductor devices is reduced, resulting in a decrease in capacitor voltage stress. Moreover, a passive clamp circuit uses the new SC, which can suppress oscillation peak voltage and absorb the leakage energy of the coupled winding. Furthermore, we deduce the operating mode of the proposed converter . Compared with other advanced topologies, the proposed topology outperforms boosting capacity, component stress, and efficiency. To stabilize the output voltage, the converter is closed‐loop controlled. Finally, experiments on the 180 W prototype have demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed topology.

Non-Isolated High Gain Interleaved DC–DC Converter with Voltage Multiplier and Switched Capacitor for Renewable Energy Systems

A novel non-isolated high-gain DC–DC converter for green energy employment is presented and analyzed. The proposed converter comprises a switched capacitor cell, passive clamp circuit, coupled inductors, and voltage multiplier unit. An interleaved boost converter (IBC) is placed on the input side of the proposed design. The voltage multiplier unit (VMU) with the secondary windings of the coupled inductors is located on the load side. It is used to accomplish interleaved power storage. The leakage energy of coupled inductor is recirculated to the load side, and the reverse recovery problem of diodes is effectively suppressed. As a result, a low-on-state resistance power switch with a low voltage rating is employed and minimizing conduction losses. The presented topology is suitable for sustainable energy applications due to its low operating duty cycle, high voltage conversion ratio, and higher efficiency. The output voltage causes substantially low voltage stress on semiconductor switches and passive elements. This proposed paper deals with simulation, parameter selection, experimental design, results and discussion. The simulation is verified using MATLAB/Simulink with a DC voltage of 30–517[Formula: see text]V. To validate the design analysis, a 1.5-kW experimental prototype is designed with a switching frequency of 10[Formula: see text]kHz and attained an efficiency of 96.07%.

Design and implementation of grid tied high step-up DC-DC converter with switched capacitor

In this paper, the design and implementation of a three-phase grid-connected inverter coupled with a high step-up DC-DC converter with a switched capacitor is demonstrated. In this converter two capacitors are utilized with a coupled inductor. The charging of capacitors takes place parallel and discharging in series during switch off and switch on time respectively. The energization of the coupled inductor provides the high voltage gain. The passive clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage energy of the inductor circuit. Therefore, the switch stress is reduced. This high gain converter is given DC input of 40 V and a high voltage 538 V obtained is supplied to the grid connected inverter which uses sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), to obtain 3phase line-neutral voltage of 415 V from inverter for grid synchronization. A high voltage gain of 13 and efficiency of 96% is obtained for different load and voltage variation. The modeling and the simulation are done using physical security information management (PSIM) software and all the results are presented in this paper.

Implementation of Non-Isolated High Gain Interleaved DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using ANN-Based MPPT Controller

A high conversion ratio DC-DC converter is crucial for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). A fuel cell-based non-isolated high gain integrated DC-DC converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The system comprises an interleaved boost converter (IBC) at the source end, a switched capacitor cell, coupled inductors, a passive clamp circuit, and a voltage multiplier circuit (VMC). Its significance is to achieve the voltage conversion gain of 12.33 at a conversion ratio of 0.45. The idea is to use a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to power electric vehicles through a high-gain DC-DC converter. The use of an ineffective MPPT can result in lower energy conversion efficiency. Thus, this system incorporates a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller based on a neural network, which relies on the radial basis function network (RBFN) algorithm to track the maximum power point of the PEMFC accurately. The comparative study of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) structure with the RBFN-based MPPT technique was evaluated with that of the fuzzy logic technique using the MATLAB/Simulink platform (R2021b (MATLAB 9.11)). A 1.5 kW experimental prototype is designed with a switching frequency of 10 kHz to validate the design analysis, and its pursuance is compared between RBFN and FLC-based controllers. This manuscript will be a significant contribution towards evidencing a sustainable environment.

A non‐isolated single‐switch ultra‐high step‐up DC–DC converter with coupled inductor and low‐voltage stress on switch

AbstractThis paper presents a non‐isolated single‐switch ultra‐high step‐up (UHSU) DC–DC converter with a three‐winding coupled inductor (CI) which is utilized to achieve ultra‐high voltage gain with a small amount of duty cycle leading to low conduction losses of the power switch and higher efficiency. The voltage gain of the suggested UHSU converter is adjusted by two methods: the duty cycle of the power switch and the three‐winding CI turn ratio, therefore enhancing the design flexibility of the suggested converter. Due to the utilization of the passive clamp circuit in the structure of the proposed converter, it is possible to select a power switch with low voltage rated and small ON‐state resistance, further enhancing the converter efficiency. The operation modes are discussed in detail and to clarify the salient features of the proposed converter, a comparison with other configurations is provided. Finally, to accredit the performance of the proposed converter, a 150‐W laboratory archetype with an input and output voltage of 20 and 300 V, respectively, at 50 kHz switching frequency is fabricated.

Design and implementation a novel single switch high gain DC-DC converter based on coupled inductor with low-ripple input current

A novel high-gain and high-efficiency direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter is introduced in this paper. The presented converter is suitable for low-voltage renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC). The existence of series inductance with the input source ensures continuous and low-ramp input current, which is important for extracting maximum power from resources. Using coupled inductor technology and an intermediate capacitor in the suggested converter leads to a high gain voltage. In the presented topology for recovering energy from the leakage inductor, reducing voltage stress on the power switch, and so decreasing overall converter losses, a passive clamp circuit is used. The suitable operation range of duty cycle in the converter, besides the leakage inductor, decreases the problem of reverse recovery in diodes. The low value of the leakage inductor and the low volume and cost of the proposed converter are due to the low turn ratio of the coupled inductor. Details of the operation principles of the proposed converter have been discussed in this paper. The presented simulation and laboratory prototype results verify the theoretical analysis and performance of the suggested topology.

A Novel Non-Isolated Dual-Input Single-Output High Step-Up DC/DC Converter With Coupled Inductors

This paper proposes a novel non-isolated dual-input single-output high step-up DC/DC converter with coupled inductor (NI-DISO-CI) for the distributed sources. The coupled inductor along with the passive clamp circuits is employed to the NI-DISO-CI, which can achieve the high voltage conversion ratio without operating at an extremely duty cycle. The energy stored in leakage inductor is recycled by the passive clamp circuits, which can minimize the voltage spikes across power switches. Therefore, the power switches with low parasitic parameters can be selected. And the power switches can achieve the zero current switching (ZCS) performance by utilizing the leakage inductor from coupled inductor. The operating principle, steady-state analysis, design and performance of the NI-DISO-CI are described in detail. Finally, the experimental prototype with the switching frequency of 100 kHz and the power rating of 400W is built to verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

A Novel Three-Winding Coupled Inductor-Based High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Application

This paper presents a novel nonisolated high step-up dc-dc converter for renewable energy generation system. The converter combines a three-winding coupled inductor, voltage multiplier cells, and two power switches with simultaneous operation. Compared with existing high step-up converters, the proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain under a low number of turns ratio while avoiding a large duty cycle. Moreover, the passive clamp circuit recycles leakage inductor energy and reduces the voltage spike of switches. Continuity of input current and existence of a common ground between the input energy source and load make the converter suitable for renewable energy applications. Also, the proposed converter shares high voltage gain with low voltage stress on semiconductors (switches/diodes), improved compactness and high efficiency. The operating principles and steady-state analysis of the proposed converter are illustrated. Then the theoretical efficiency analysis, and performance comparison with other converters are discussed. Finally, a 200 W prototype with 380 V output voltage is established based on the design guidelines, and experimental results verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

SVPWM control strategy for Novel Interleaved High Gain DC converter fed 3-level NPC Inverter for Renewable Energy Applications

The high-gain DC converter is a crucial step in the conversion process for raising the voltage from PV panels to the desired voltage level in renewable energy applications. This article proposes a three-phase grid connected PV system with a novel interleaved high gain DC converter fed 3-level Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) Inverter. The novel high-gain DC converter consists of an interleaved boost converter (IBC) at its input side, a switched capacitor cell, a passive clamp circuit, and a voltage multiplier unit (VMU). The interleaved arrangement eliminates the input current ripple, and the VMU is utilized to improve the overall voltage gain besides the reverse recovery problem of diodes. The proposed converter is operated at a duty cycle D = 0.6 and a high voltage conversion ratio of 17.5 which is ideal for sustainable energy applications. This paper uses the proposed converter for a grid-connected solar PV system with an NPC inverter controlled using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique. The SVPWM strategic approach is a prevalent modulation technique for NPC inverter due to its extensibility in choosing the ideal voltage vectors. It uses an active filter, which is more dependable, dynamically better behaved, and capable of operating accurately under distorted grid voltages under varying load conditions. The proposed grid-associated PV system with a novel interleaved converter and 3-level NPC inverter is employed in Matlab/SimPower System and experimentally verified. Power loss and efficiency calculations were performed on the DC converter side, and the efficiency was 96.07%. NPC inverters have a THD of 22.2%. Results from simulations and experiments indicate that the suggested topology can efficiently extricate the maximal amount of power from PV modules and inject energy into the grid system with excellent steady-state and dynamic performance.

An Interleaved High Step-Up DC/DC Converter-Based Three-Winding Coupled Inductors With Symmetrical Structure

This paper proposes an interleaved high step-up converter based on three-winding coupled inductor (TW-CI) with symmetrical structure. By utilizing the TW-CI along with a voltage multiplier cell, the proposed converter achieves high power transfer ability as well as minimized voltage stress across power switches and diodes. The converter has significantly improved the voltage gain by integrating two TW-CIs with the passive clamp circuit. The leakage inductor energy of the TW-CI is recycled to improve the voltage gain and efficiency while facilitating the soft switching condition for the power switches. Additionally, the voltage stress across the power switches is decreased with the help of the clamping capacitors. Therefore, low-voltage-rated semiconductors with small on-resistance can be chosen which reduce conduction losses and improve the overall performance. Moreover, two series-connected capacitors of the primary side are introduced, which effectively balance the voltage between the power switches and the capacitors during steady and dynamic states. Finally, a 400W experimental prototype with 24V-400V is built to is verify the accuracy of proposed converter.

A high step‐up DC‐DC converter based on three‐winding coupled inductor and voltage multiplier for renewable energy applications

AbstractA high step‐up DC‐DC converter for renewable energy applications is proposed. Based on a three‐winding coupled inductor and two voltage multiplier cells, the proposed converter obtains a high voltage conversion ratio. Through the passive clamp circuit, the voltage stress of the main switch is suppressed and the leakage energy of the coupled inductor is recycled. This leads to utilize a low on‐state power resistance and low voltage‐rating power switch that decreases the conduction losses. Meanwhile, the current stress of the diodes is minimized and the reverse recovery problem is alleviated. Thus, high efficiency can be achieved. Under continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), different operating principles and the mathematical derivations of the proposed converter are described in detail. To validate the feasibility of the proposed converter, a 320 W prototype with 25–38 V input voltage and 400 V output voltage is implemented. The measured maximum and full load efficiencies are 95.83 % and 94.96 %, respectively.

A dual switches high step‐up DC–DC converter with low voltage stresses across switches

AbstractA dual switches high step‐up DC–DC converter with coupled inductor (CI) and voltage multiplier cell (VMC) is proposed in this paper. The gate pulses of the switches are synchronized with each other. During ON state of the switches, the CIs are charged in parallel through the input power source and during OFF state of the switches, they are discharged to the output in series. The energy of the leakage inductances is recycled by the passive clamp circuit. The passive clamp circuit for one of the metaloxidesemiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFETs) is integrated with the VMC. In such a case, the clamp circuit participates in voltage gain extension which facilitates the utilization of lower number of the components, as well. Meanwhile, the MOSFETs and diodes are turned ON and turned OFF with zero current switching (ZCS) performance which reduces the switching losses. Through the dual switches concept and implementation of the CI VMC, the advantages such as high voltage gain, low voltage stresses across switches and distributed current stresses between MOSFETs are achieved. The steady‐state analysis of the proposed converter is provided which is followed by a comparison with some published converters. Finally, a 300 W 25V to 400 V laboratory prototype is fabricated and tested to verify the performances.

Design and analysis of PV fed high-voltage gain DC-DC converter using PI and NN controllers

The entire globe is now focused on generating power using solar photovoltaic (SPV) cells. The SPV is generating the DC power, by using power converters to satisfy the load requirement. In this article, a modified High-Voltage DC-DC converter was explained. The main intention of the modified converter is to decrease the reverse recovery currents and voltage stress across the switch, similarly, it generates high voltage at the converter output. The modified converter contains mainly-one diode, two capacitors, and Coupled Inductor (CI). When the converter switch comes under active state two capacitors are discharged in series, similarly when the converter switch under inactive state those two capacitors are charged in parallel through the coupled inductor (CI) energy so, to get a high voltage at the converter output side. To reuse the leakage-inductor (LI) energy of the CI with the help of a passive clamp circuit for reducing the voltage stress across the switch, similarly switch has less resistance so conduction losses also decreased. In this manner, the converter efficiency was improved and the diode recovery problem also solved. For the converter duty cycle controlling, Proportional-Integral (PI) and Neural Network (NN) controllers were used. The performance and analysis of the modified converter were described in detail with the help of both controllers. Here, 48 V is doubled to 400 V. By modifying the converter's parameters, its behavior is evaluated. In this converter, voltage spikes and reverse recovery currents should be minimal. The converter's switching pulse can be adjusted by PI or NN. The entire system was designed in MATLAB/ Simulink tool.

An interleaved non‐isolated high gain soft switching DC–DC converter with small input current ripple

AbstractThis article suggests a non‐isolated high step‐up interleaved DC–DC topology for renewable energy applications. Two three‐winding coupled‐inductors along with two voltage multiplier cells are used to enhance the voltage gain significantly. One interesting aspect of this new topology is that high duty cycles are not required to achieve high voltage gains; this is done by adjusting the turn ratio of the coupled inductors. Moreover, the presented interleaved converter enjoys not only having less current stress due to the interleaving structure, but also showing 16% increase in voltage gain compared to the best similar boost topologies. Additional elements are designed for the purpose of soft switching and gain increase, which have little effect on the cost, weight and size of the proposed converter. Interestingly, the voltage stresses both on the switching devices and passive elements are much less than the output voltage. Furthermore, the coupled inductor's leakage inductance energy is recovered by employing a passive clamp circuit to minimize stresses across the semiconductors; therefore, efficiency is improved. The suggested converter is analyzed in the steady state, and a 400 W experimental setup was implemented; the outcomes verify the practicality of the proposed boost converter in accordance with the analysis.

A Single Switch High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Based on Tri-Winding Coupled Inductor for Renewable Energy Applications

This article introduces a novel nonisolated single-switch high step-up DC-DC converter using a tri-winding coupled inductor (TWCL) for renewable energy applications such as PV systems. Also, the voltage multiplier cell (VMC) is used to attain a high voltage gain. The used VMC acts as a passive clamp circuit and reduces the voltage stress across the power switch. So, a low voltage-rated power switch can be used in the presented converter. The suggested topology uses only one power switch with low on-state resistance (RDS-ON), which leads to a simple control circuit and decreases the conduction losses. Highefficiency, operating with low duty cycle, low peak voltage over semiconductor elements, low turns ratio, the number of the coupled inductor, and high voltage conversion ratio are the significant benefits of the recommended DC-DC converter. To show the achievement of the presented structure, operational mode principles, steady-state, efficiency calculations, and comparison results are provided. Finally, a 120 W experimental prototype with 200 V output voltage and 50 kHz switching frequency is built to prove the usefulness of the suggested high step-up converter. The efficiency is measured 92.11% at rated power.

A High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Switched-Capacitor and Coupled-Inductor Techniques

This article proposes a high step-up dc–dc converter with single switch, which combines a multiplier voltage cell, two winding coupled inductor, and switched capacitor. The converter attained high voltage gain by the boost cell consisting of two winding coupled inductor and switched capacitor. A passive clamp circuit consisting of diode and capacitor can reduce the voltage spike of switch <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> and recover leakage inductance energy. Therefore, the power switch with low <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> -state resistance can be used, which will reduce the conduction losses of the switch <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> . The main properties of the suggested converter are high voltage gain with low turn ratio <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> at reasonable duty cycle <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</i> , and high efficiency. The operation modes and steady-state analysis are presented. Moreover, the stress of the components, theoretical efficiency analysis, and comparison with other dc–dc converters are analyzed and presented, respectively. Finally, a 200 W prototype construct in the laboratory based on the design guidelines verifies the validity of the suggested converter.

Analysis and Design of Efficient Interleaved Bidirectional Converter With Winding Cross Coupled Inductors

This article presents a nonisolated bidirectional converter (BDC) with high voltage conversion ratio. The structure of winding-cross-coupled-inductors (WCCIs) is developed in the two-phase interleaved BDC to achieve the excellent features of current-ripple-cancellation, current sharing, and high voltage-gain. Furthermore, the proposed topology uses two active and passive clamp circuits to recover the coupled inductors’ leakage energy and to maintain the overall efficiency at a high level providing zero voltage switching (ZVS) in boost mode. A rearrangement is applied to high-voltage-side switches to avoid the interference of clamp circuits operation in boost and buck modes. Detailed analysis and design methodology of the proposed converter are provided and a high gain 500 W, 48 V/380 V prototype is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed converter. Peak efficiencies of 96% and 94.3% are measured for boost and buck modes, respectively.

Effective Leakage Energy Recycling in High Gain DC-DC Converter With Coupled Inductor

A high voltage gain single switch DC-DC converter with efficient leakage energy recovery is presented in this brief. Effective leakage energy recycling is an important requirement in this class of converters with coupled inductors to overcome the high voltage stress across semiconductor devices. The proposed converter effectively recycles the leakage energy of the coupled inductor through a passive clamp circuit to the load. Hence, the efficiency of the converter is improved considerably. The proposed converter has the lowest switch voltage stress among other similar topologies, thereby making it feasible to select a low rating switch for the same boost gain. The converter has a lower sum of diode voltage stress and improved reverse recovery performance of the output side diode as well. The converter performance has been evaluated on the basis of different factors like efficiency, switch voltage stress, diode voltage stress, etc. The proposed converter performance is compared with that for various competitive topologies and is observed to be performing better. The effect of leakage inductance variation is studied on the gain of the converter. The proposed concept is verified via simulation and experimental prototype.

Analysis and implementation of an interleaved high step‐up converter with reduced voltage stress an interleaved high step‐up DC‐DC converter with ZVS

AbstractA new symmetrical structure of the interleaved converter type is proposed in this paper to obtain high voltage gain. The proposed converter delivers a very high voltage ratio using the coupled inductor technique and switched capacitor, and all this happens at a moderate duty cycle. Furthermore, the MOSFETs have low voltage stresses. Therefore, MOSFETs with low conductivity resistance can be used to reduce the conduction losses. The input current has a small ripple because the input side uses the interleaved operation. Furthermore, zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) is obtained for MOSFETs, and the problem of reverse‐recovery for diodes is confined. Moreover, the passive clamp circuit recycles the energy of the leakage inductances which avoids high voltage spikes across the switches. Performance of the proposed converter along with the small‐signal analysis is discussed in detail. Finally, a laboratory prototype is developed with 30 V input and 400 V output to verify the proposed converter.

Presenting of the Magnetic Coupling-Based Transformer-Less High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications

This study presents a new high step-up converter based on the voltage multiplier cell and coupled inductor for renewable energy applications such as fuel cell and photovoltaic power systems. This converter achieves a high voltage conversion ratio using a coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cell (VMC). The voltage multiplier cell acts as a passive clamp circuit and reduces the maximum voltage across the power switch. The suggested topology has only one power switch in its structure, which leads to low cost and volume. The other benefits of the proposed structure are low components count, low input current ripple, low voltage stress throughout the semiconductors, high efficiency, zero-current switching (ZCS), and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of diodes. Besides, due to the soft-switching condition of the diodes, the reverse recovery problem can be decreased. To show the effectiveness of the suggested topology, operation survey, steady-state analysis, and efficiency calculation are provided. Additionally, the comparison study with other similar converters illustrates the superiority of the proposed structure. Finally, an experimental prototype with 150 W rated power, 50 kHz switching frequency, and 24 V input voltage is implemented to prove the mathematical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed DC-DC converter.