Passive Resistance Research Articles

Direction-dependent failure envelopes of sand-structure interfaces with snakeskin-inspired surfaces

Snakeskin-inspired surfaces generate direction-dependent interface strengths, with shearing in the cranial direction (i.e.; against the scales) generating greater strength than in the caudal one (i.e.; along the scales). This directionality is enabled by the transfer of load in friction and passive resistances. It is unclear if failure of these interfaces can be captured by models used for purely frictional interfaces. Interface shear tests complemented with particle image velocimetry (PIV) analyses were performed on snakeskin-inspired surfaces with different asperity geometries and on reference rough and smooth surfaces. The results of experiments performed at different initial effective stresses under constant normal stiffness boundary conditions show significant dilation-induced increases in effective stress. These increases were greater during cranial than caudal shearing, producing greater cranial strengths. These surfaces yielded nonlinear failure envelopes, with greater shear to effective stress ratios at smaller effective stresses, while the rough and smooth surfaces mobilized linear failure envelopes. The PIV analyses indicate that the snakeskin-inspired surfaces induce localized strains in the vicinity of the asperities, leading to wavy failure planes. The average shear strains are correlated with the mobilized shear strengths, with increases in effective stress leading to decreases in both strains and stress ratio.

Technology-Induced Stress and Employee Resistance in the Context of Digital Transformation and Identification of Countermeasures

In the face of increasing digitization, companies must make significant changes to their offerings and operations to remain competitive. This digital transformation of organizations includes a digital transformation of the workplace, which is often met with resistance from employees. While it is recognized that reducing employee resistance is crucial for organizations, there is a limited understanding of the antecedents of employee resistance in the context of digital transformation, different resistance behaviors, and potential countermeasures. Drawing on technostress and employee resistance theories, we address these research gaps. Results from two empirical studies support our central prediction that digital transformation of the workplace causes technostress, which in turn promotes passive and active resistance behaviors among employees. Additionally, we highlight that organizations can use digital literacy facilitation to reduce employee technostress and resistance.

The role of active and passive resistance in new technology adoption by final consumers: The case of 3D printing

The role of active and passive resistance in new technology adoption by final consumers: The case of 3D printing

Shear Resistance Evolution of Geogrid-Aggregate Interfaces under Direct Shear: Insights from 3D DEM Simulations

This paper presents a mesoscopic evaluation of the shear resistance evolution of geogrid-aggregate interfaces subjected to direct shear loading. A three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) model was developed based on experimental data. The tensile response of geogrid were simulated through a series of calibration tests. Aggregate with complex particle shapes were simulated to accurately capture the interlocking effect among aggregates based on the real particle surface. The individual shear resistance components were quantified based on particle displacement field and contact distribution characteristics. The influences of aperture-aggregate size ratio and geogrid stiffness on the shear resistance components are discussed. The results indicate that the peak value of shear resistance component follows a descending order from frictional resistance of aggregate, to passive resistance of transverse rib, and to geogrid-aggregate interface frictional resistance. During the shear process, the frictional resistance of aggregate becomes active first, followed by the geogrid-aggregate interface frictional resistance, and then the development of passive resistance of transverse ribs starts with a certain lag. Optimizing the geogrid-aggregate size ratio and utilizing geogrids with higher rib stiffness could enhance the passive resistance of transverse ribs but would not significantly affect the geogrid-aggregate interface frictional resistance and frictional resistance of aggregate.

Analysis of the Resistance of Elderly Individuals Living Alone in Utilizing Self-Checkout Systems in Supermarkets

Research on the rejection of technology among elderly people who are living alone is still scarce, so qualitative research methods are used to supplement the lack of exploratory research. The research was conducted in Harbin, which ranks middle in terms of economic development in China, and a total of 8 respondents were interviewed. The results of the interview showed that older people lack emotional support, instrumental support, and competence, and have subjective biases. Furthermore, active resistance encompasses factors limited usage opportunities, underdeveloped technology, unfavorable reputation, inefficiency, ambiguous equipment placement, minimal interaction, inadequate product information, and absence of instructional manuals. Conversely, passive resistance, aside from subjective biases, signifies the elderly’s pessimistic outlook on life, including world-weariness, low motivation, lack of initiative, insecurity, fear of technology, cognitive decline, and apprehension about disrupting others’ efficiency by using machinery. Additionally, this study highlights two significant findings: firstly, older individuals proficient in self-checkout technology are willing to accompany their less tech-savvy counterparts through automated aisles to alleviate feelings of isolation; secondly, older adults are wary of approaching employees and strangers, suspecting them of intending to sell products or perpetrate scams rather than provide technical assistance.

Forms of passive resistance to survive peer violence

Women in situations of violence develop forms of resistance to preserve physical and mental integrity. The aim was to capture forms of passive resistance used by women in situations of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). A qualitative and descriptive research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with women who experienced IPV. The results were systematized using the Collective Subject Discourse method and interpreted based on Comprehensive Sociology and Everyday Sociology through the sociological perspective of Michel Maffesoli. The collective subject, characterized by 12 women, expressed its subterranean centrality through three discourses constructed from individual narratives with the same core of meaning. The discourses reveal the resistance and overcoming of the collective subject, which used passive opposition and socio-affective support. The resistance strategies consisted of silencing, escape, avoidance, cynicism, and theatricality. It is concluded that the care provided to these women should be sensitive and coordinated with various knowledge and practices.

Design and Analysis of VARONE a Novel Passive Upper-Limb Exercising Device

Robots have been widely investigated for active and passive rehabilitation therapy of patients with upper limb disabilities. Nevertheless, the rehabilitation assessment process is often ignored or just qualitatively performed by the physiotherapist implementing chart-based ordinal scales or observation-based measures, which tend to rely on professional experience and lack quantitative analysis. In order to objectively quantify the upper limb rehabilitation progress, this paper presents a noVel pAssive wRist motiOn assessmeNt dEvice (VARONE) having three degrees of freedom (DoFs) based on the gimbal mechanical design. VARONE implements a mechanism of three revolute passive joints with controllable passive resistance. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor is used to quantify the wrist orientation and position, and an encoder module is implemented to obtain the arm positions. The proposed VARONE device can also be used in combination with the previously designed two-DoFs device NURSE (cassiNo-qUeretaro uppeR limb aSsistive dEvice) to perform multiple concurrent assessments and rehabilitation tasks. Analyses and experimental tests have been carried out to demonstrate the engineering feasibility of the intended applications of VARONE. The maximum value registered for the IMU sensor is 36.8 degrees, the minimum value registered is −32.3 degrees, and the torque range registered is around −80 and 80 Nmm. The implemented models include kinematics, statics (F.E.M.), and dynamics. Thirty healthy patients participated in an experimental validation. The experimental tests were developed with different goal-defined exercising paths that the participant had to follow.

Effect of non-metallic carbon content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys

The addition of carbon has been reported to improve the corrosion resistance of various alloys. However, few studies have investigated the effect of non-metallic elements on the corrosion behaviour of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs), which are among the most extensively developed alloys and potential alternatives to structural materials. Therefore, herein the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AlCoCrFeNiCx (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 in molar ratio) HEAs were studied in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The results show that adding carbon increased the carbide (Cr23C6) content and reduced the mean grain size. Further, increasing the carbon content improved the stability of the passive film and corrosion resistance of the AlCoCrFeNiCx HEAs. The corrosion resistance of AlCoCrFeNiC0.4 HEAs is optimal, and the passive current density is 2.57 μA/cm2, which is 0.16 times that of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs without carbon. The corrosion mechanisms of the AlCoCrFeNi HEAs with various carbon contents were also elucidated. The results of this study provide excellent theoretical guidance and experimental basis for the development and application of corrosion-resistant metallic materials.

A peacetime battleground: national symbols, patriotism and prestige in the French-occupied Rhineland, 1920–23

Abstract Tensions and violence were central to the French interwar occupation of the Rhineland. This article examines symbolic opposition and violence carried out by locals, as perceived by the French authorities, mainly involving attacks on flags, singing banned patriotic songs, or displaying German patriotic colours. Although rarer than physical violence, the ways in which French officials documented and responded to such incidents allow for an insight into the mindset of the French occupiers. The victorious but sensitive French were especially concerned with notions of prestige, dignity and authority, drawing on colonial ideas, and quick to punish attacks on symbols of French power. Even during the beginning of the organized ‘passive resistance’ campaign in 1923, French authorities were as concerned with songs and flags as with demonstrations and physical violence. French sensitivity around national symbols betrayed deeper insecurities and uncertainties regarding their role both in the occupied territory and the wider world.

Coping Strategies and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Study of Spouses of Men with Heavy Drinking in India

Background. Despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in India (33%), there are persistently low rates of disclosure and help-seeking amongst survivors. The aim of this study was to explore both coping strategies employed by survivors and the perceived barriers and facilitators to seeking support from informal and formal resource networks. Methods. We conducted semistructured, in-depth qualitative interviews with thirty-five women survivors of IPV in Goa, India, in secure, private locations, utilizing flipcharts and vignettes to elicit deeper insights into efficacies of support resources. The data were transcribed, translated, and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Results. The most common coping mechanisms cited by survivors involved passive resistance, such as self-distraction, keeping quiet during violent outbursts, and leaving the home temporarily. Generally, survivors sought support from informal support networks (the natal family, in-laws, neighbors/community members, and close friends) before approaching formal support structures (medical/legal professionals, professors, police, and nongovernment organizations). In fact, informal structures were often facilitators of formal help-seeking. Survivors sought help at various stages of their marital relationship. Primary deterrents to help-seeking included the normalization of IPV by survivors and providers alike, resulting in the stigmatization of disclosing experiences of IPV and ostracism of survivors and close relatives; another barrier was a general lack of awareness of existing support resources. Conclusion. Our findings reveal that there are numerous barriers to help-seeking and shortcomings of support resources. Survivors’ evaluations of support resources reveal that robust, community-level, and meso-level structural changes are required to promote help-seeking behaviors, including the destigmatization of IPV amongst providers and broader society and raising awareness of available support resources.

Influence of competitive attitude and self-efficacy on task motivation in vocational high school students: the moderating role of competitive environment in the context of 'Lying Flat' culture.

In recent years, "lying flat" has emerged as a significant term in contemporary discourse, referring to the phenomenon where modern young people choose passive resistance due to a lack of motivation when facing various situations. These trends have the potential to diminish the future learning enthusiasm and holistic development of vocational high school students, thus impacting their competitiveness in the future job market. This study employs a motivational model for vocational high school students based on self-efficacy theory and person-environment fit theory to explore whether the competitive atmosphere moderates the impact of self-efficacy and competitive attitudes on task motivation. Using a secondary data research approach, the study analyzed a sample of 944 Taiwanese vocational high school students from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) dataset with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that self-efficacy and competitive attitudes positively influence task motivation. Additionally, self-efficacy not only enhances competitive attitudes but also indirectly influences task motivation through the mediation of competitive attitudes. The study also revealed that the moderating effect of the competitive environment was not statistically significant in the overall sample. Further multiple-group comparisons between male and female vocational high school students showed no significant differences in most paths, but gender differences emerged in the positive moderating effect of the competitive environment on the influence of competitive attitudes on task motivation. These findings suggest that in cultivating task motivation among vocational high school students, interventions should be tailored to accommodate the differing responses of male and female students. For female students, providing more opportunities for teamwork and utilizing collaborative approaches to cope with the competitive environment may enhance task motivation. Conversely, for male students, enhancing self-efficacy and stimulating intrinsic competitive attitudes may be more effective. Addressing these differences could potentially reduce the occurrence of the "lying flat" phenomenon among vocational high school students in the future.

СЕЛЬСКИЕ ШКОЛЫ И ИНДЕЙСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ШТАТЕ ЮКАТАН (МЕКСИКА) В 1930-Е ГГ.

In the early 1930s, the cultural policy of Mexico in relation to the rural population was finally adopted and the main instruments for the consolidation of the post-revolutionary state were determined. The first priority in post-revolutionary Mexico was to carry out a large-scale education reform among the rural Indigenous population. The article considers the key points of the rural schools project in Mexico in the 1930s and the characteristics of its practical implementation in the state of Yucatan. The study of the issue was made possible due to the wide involvement of the archival materials that constitute the fund of the “Department of Rural Schools” of the Historical Archives in the Ministry of Public Education of Mexico, in particular, the methodological works written for missionary teachers, the reports of school inspectors and rural schools directors. The analysis of the office documents from the Mexican Ministry of Public Education demonstrated a discrepancy between the expectations of the education reform as part of the strategy for the integration of the indigenous population, and its practical results. The study of the educational policies of the post-revolutionary Mexican government in the state of Yucatan made it possible to conclude on the passive resistance of the rural population to the new socio-cultural elements in the country, as well as to understand the specifics of the interaction between the different levels of government in the region in the field of education policy.

폭력적ㆍ치명적 공격에 대한 경찰 물리력 행사 연구

Since November 24, 2019, the police force regulations, “Rules on Standards and Methods of Using Police”, have been in effect. According to this rule, police determine that the act to be reported is ‘cooperative control’ at the ‘compliance’ stage, ‘contact control’ at the ‘passive resistance’ stage, ‘low-risk physical force’ at the ‘active resistance’ stage, and ‘medium-risk physical force’ at the ‘violent attack’ stage, ‘high-risk physical force’ is being used at the ‘fatal attack’ stage. The use of physical force by front-line police officers is active when the behavior of the person being reported is in the ‘compliance’, ‘passive resistance’, and ‘active resistance’ stages. However, it is not possible to be active when using ‘medium-risk physical force’ at the violent attack stage or ‘high-risk physical force’ at the fatal attack stage. The reasons why police officers on the front lines hesitate to use physical force in the event of a violent or fatal attack by a person to be reported are the criminal, civil, and administrative responsibilities they will experience after using physical force, and the「Police Officers Execution of Duties Act」and 「Rules on Standards and Methods of Exercise of Police Force」. This study was analyzed using a literature research method, and interview data from fellow police officers while working as a team leader at the police box was used as supplementary material. We presented a realistic plan for front-line police officers to actively use physical force in the event of violent or fatal attacks. As improvement measures, it was proposed to expand the reasons for reduction of sentences due to performance of police duties, revise the「Police Officers Execution of Duties Act」and 「Rules on Standards and Methods of Exercise of Police Force」, and improve the police baton, which is a police equipment.

Resistance and Gender in an EFL Classroom Interaction: A Critical Discourse Analysis

A classroom is not only a place for female learners’ learning and growth but also a place for enacting their knowledge, power, positioning, and resistance in their classroom interaction. As important social members, these learners bring the society-approved discourses that restrict their gendered roles in their classroom participation. Female learners, dominated by their social-historical-cognitive selves, mostly do not try to initiate a conversation or participate in that as they have to contest the status quo of male learners who particularly dominate the conversation process. Hence, they have to struggle to negotiate their position and identity by resisting the ‘boy discourses’ that delimit their equal participation. This study focuses on the reproduction of resistance and the struggle for achieving the equality dynamics of the female learners to participate in classroom discourses. Six female learners and two teachers were the research participants at a private university in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Kumaravadivelue’s (1999) critical classroom discourse analysis (CCDA), van Dijk’s (2003; 2016) socio-cognitive and Wodak’s (2009) historical-cognitive model and Braun and Clerk’s (2006) thematic analysis approach had been used here as an analytical framework and for data analysis tool. Structured focus group interviews and classroom observation were the tools used for generating data that gave the impression that female learners use both active and passive resistance that happens due to the existing micro and macro factors surrounding them. Moreover, their historical, social, and cognitive positioning and struggle for negotiating power and identity gave them the insight that the classroom served both as a learning and growing space for them. This study contributes to the budding research on female learners’ being and becoming an identity in a powerful classroom interaction that can infl uence them beyond the classroom.

The expression of passive aggression in family conflicts in selected American plays

The article presents sample forms of expression of passive aggressiveness in family conflicts in selected American plays. It briefly describes the notion of passive aggression, dating back to post-war era and originally used to denote passive resistance against superiors. The linguistic expression of passive aggression relies mostly on indirectness as a means of avoiding confrontation, hurting the other person subtly though with a clear intention. Frameworks from the fields of pragmatics and pragmastylistics, such as the concept of face, implicature, theories of (im) politeness or turn-taking facilitate the understanding of how passive-aggressive utterances are constructed and expressed and provide implicit characterization cues that help the reader infer the character participating in conflict.

Sheet Pile Failure Caused by Scouring and Sand Mining at Padang River Bank

Ground movement occurred on the banks of the river in Padang which has been protected by steel sheetpile which borders the Factory property. Indications of ground movement are detected through visual observations. It was also reported that the day before the incident there had been continuous rain until the next day. Based on the results of the technical drilling, it appears that the soil density becomes lower after 10m depth. There is a layer of sandy silt with a soft to medium consistency at a depth of about 18m to 26m. With soil conditions that are dominated by sandy soil, the risk of scouring due to river flow is one of the things that needs to be considered. Landslides occur gradually because changes in river flow patterns gradually changed due to internal and external factors. Internal factors are caused by the flow and behavior of the river itself, while external factors are the activity of mining of sand material around the riverbanks. Along with the swift river flow, especially during flood water conditions, the layers of soil material move and are washed away by the flow of water so that there is a gap between the sheetpile and the original soil. These conditions cause the passive resistance of the sheet pile to gradually decrease and to experience deformation due to the pushing of the soil material that has experienced a movement. Important findings in the investigation is that the very soft clay layer underneath the sandy layers was not detected prior to the investigation.

Innovative Thinking of Inducing Passive Resistance Training and Demonstration of Abnormal Muscle Strength Techniques for Stroke Intervention

Innovative Thinking of Inducing Passive Resistance Training and Demonstration of Abnormal Muscle Strength Techniques for Stroke Intervention

Mechanical Integrity and In vitro Degradation Behavior of Mg–Zn–Ca Biodegradable Alloy Prepared by Different Casting Technologies

Mg–Zn–Ca alloys have been widely used as biodegradable orthopedic and cardiovascular scaffolds because of their non-cytotoxicity, remarkable biodegradability, good biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties similar to human bone. However, degradation causes poor corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. In this study, Mg-6%Zn-0.6%Ca alloys were produced using three distinct methodologies: casting, casting via the ultrasonic vibration process (USV), and casting via the mechanical vibration process (MV). Surface characterization, mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance of the as-cast (untreated) and treated species were studied. The morphology and microstructure showed that the grain size of the as-cast, MV and USV specimens all had average grain sizes of about 191, 93 and 82 µm, respectively. The ultrasonic vibration treated specimen has the greatest degree of grain refinement. Mechanical tests showed that microstructure refinement promotes the mechanical characteristics of Mg alloy, such as compression, ultimate tensile strength as well as elongation. It was observed that the USV-treated sample has exceptional mechanical properties (Compressive strength 360.64 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 178.41 MPa and Elongation 3.45%). Corrosion tests revealed that the USV-treated specimen exhibited uniform corrosion and low corrosion rate due to uniform compact fine grains with higher oxide concentration of about 42.82 wt%. The results of electrochemical analyses revealed that the average corrosion rate obtained from Potentiodynamic polarization curves of the as-cast, MV and USV specimens was about 5.3144, 4.5311 and 4.1087 mm/year, respectively and the passive film resistance (Rf) that was obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) model of the USV, MV-treated samples and as-cast sample was 457 Ω, 430 Ω and 204 Ω, respectively. The results of immersion tests revealed that the USV-treated sample lost less weight and exhibits a relatively low degradation rate than the as-cast and MV-treated samples. After two weeks the weight of the as-cast, MV and USV samples decreased by about 18.6%, 18.5%, 16.8%., and the degradation rates were 7.304, 7.097 and 6.78 mm/y, respectively, and then gradually declining over the course of the immersion period.

Realisation of the principle of normalisation in the adoption of ICTs in a women's prison: A Finnish qualitative study

Digitalisation offers prisons versatile opportunities to promote the rehabilitation of incarcerated people during their imprisonment, on their return to society, and in communicating with relatives and service providers such as social welfare and health care services, housing services, and employment services. This study focuses on the Hämeenlinna prison, which is Finland's first closed women's prison using personal in-cell laptops for each incarcerated person. We ask (1) how is the principle of normalisation realised in the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a women's prison and (2) how do cultural factors hinder the adoption of ICTs in prison. Research material was collected through ethnographic fieldwork and research interviews (22 prison employees and 15 incarcerated women). According to the results, the use of ICTs diversified and enhanced internal communication in the prison and offered a new tool for interacting in prison. The prison offered a limited opportunity for video-mediated motherhood, and efforts were made to respond to women's multi-problematic service needs in prison, and through utilising various digital services. However, the study shows that the realisation of the principle of normalisation in the adoption of ICT in a women's prison poses many challenges. Furthermore, security-oriented thinking and passive resistance appeared as key cultural factors that slow down the adoption of ICTs and new practices. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the adoption of ICTs and the construction of a new prison culture that utilises technology is a long-term process that requires a change in practices, culture and policies that emphasise security.

The suspect's statement in interaction: Responding to ‘formulations’ in the investigative interview

This study explores suspects' responses to ‘formulations’ – retellings by police officers of what the suspect has said – in investigative interviews. It involves a data set of 73 audio recordings of interviews with suspects in Norway. Police investigators regularly ‘formulate’ the gist of the suspect's statement, preserving what is relevant and transforming a lay narrative into one that is legally adequate. This study focuses on response preference and forms of resistance in suspects' responses to such formulations. When police officers propose a formulation of what has been said, suspects may either confirm or disconfirm it, or do neither. The analysis shows that (1) preferred responses may take form either as minimal yes responses or repetitional responses, which confirm the candidate understanding; and (2) non-preferred responses come in two formats: as active resistance in that they explicitly reject or challenge a formulation, or as passive resistance which withholds acceptance, leading police officers to pursue an answer and seek for confirmation. By focusing on the way in which formulations function in interaction and how suspects may challenge them, the analysis explores how suspects may assert their right to ‘own’ and retain control over their story and how it is developed and transformed during the interview.