Surface Passivation Research Articles

Shallow-level defect passivation by 6H perovskite polytype for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells continues to increase. However, defects in perovskite materials are detrimental to their carrier dynamics and structural stability, ultimately limiting the photovoltaic characteristics and stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we report that 6H polytype perovskite effectively engineers defects at the interface with cubic polytype FAPbI3, which facilitates radiative recombination and improves the stability of the polycrystalline film. We particularly show the detrimental effects of shallow-level defect that originates from the formation of the most dominant iodide vacancy (VI+) in FAPbI3. Furthermore, additional surface passivation on top of the hetero-polytypic perovskite film results in an ultra-long carrier lifetime exceeding 18 μs, affords power conversion efficiencies of 24.13% for perovskite solar cells, 21.92% (certified power conversion efficiency: 21.44%) for a module, and long-term stability. The hetero-polytypic perovskite configuration may be considered as close to the ideal polycrystalline structure in terms of charge carrier dynamics and stability.

Surface Passivation of Carbon Dots for Tunable Biological Performance.

Recent investigations were shifted this trend toward exploring the biomedical applicability of CDs, relevant to chronic diseases. Herein, a systematic approach is demonstrated for studying the effect of variation in the surface passivation of CDs for tuning its optical character and biological performance. Alginate and pectin were successfully clustered oxygen-surface passivated CDs, while, chitin was used to nucleate nitrogen-surface passivated CDs. Pectin-treated with base (4.1 ± 1.8 nm) and chitin-treated acid (3.5 ± 1.7 nm) were ingrained the smallest O-surface passivated CDs and N-surface passivated CDs, respectively. However, N-surface passivated CDs were shown with the highest optical activity. CDs colloids prepared from alginate, pectin & chitin, resulted in reduction of tumor cell viability percentage to be 80.8%, 74.0% & 69.0% respectively. O-surface passivated CDs nucleated from alginate showed the highest anti-proliferative effects. Moreover, O-surface passivated CDs (from alginate) showed the supremacy in inhibition of inflammation, while, increasing of its concentration ten times resulted in significant increment in inhibition percent to be 28% & 42%, using 1 μg/mL & 10 μg/mL, respectively. In summarization, it could be decided that, compared to N-surface passivated CDs (from chitin), O-surface passivated CDs (from alginate) showed excellency in application as a concurrent anti-inflammatory/antitumor drug, to be applied as a potential therapeutical reagent for treatment of inflammation, in production of vaccines, immune-therapeutics, and immune-suppressive drugs.

Innovative surface passivation of CZTSSe thin films: Ammonium sulfide treatment with plasma etching

For CZTS(e) solar cells, the passivation of interfacial defects is crucial for effectively reducing carrier recombination at the interface. This study examined the combined impact of plasma etching and surface sulfuration on the passivation of interface defects in CZTSSe thin films. The results indicated that plasma etching could improve the surface quality of the thin films and passivate surface defects. The (NH4)2S vapor had a significant sulfuration effect on the surface of the CZTSSe thin films post-etching. The surface defects of the CZTSSe film were passivated by the sulfur element entering the film by sulfuration. Moreover, the bandgap of the CZTSSe thin films was improved. The efficiency of the solar cell device increased by 1.72 % with a plasma etching duration of 5 min and (NH4)2S vaporization treatment of 15 min. This study proposes a novel approach that employs surface passivation techniques to enhance the efficiency of CZTSSe thin film solar cells.

Mechanism investigation of food waste compost as a source of passivation agents for inhibiting pyrite oxidation

Pyrite oxidation causes the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD), posing significant challenges in the management of sulfide tailings. Passivation agents such as humic acid have been tested to prevent pyrite oxidation. The potential of using humate rich food waste compost as a source of passivation agents to suppress pyrite oxidation was explored in this study. Batch leaching tests were conducted at room temperature, involved oxidatively leaching a pure pyrite and a pyrite-containing coal refuse sample, respectively, with and without adding the compost at acidic pH. The involved passivation mechanisms were investigated by solution leaching tests and spectroscopic (XPS) and microscopic (SEM) analysis of the pure pyrite sample and its leaching residues. Compared to the control, adding the compost led to the increases in solution pH, removal of the Fe2+/Fe3+ ions from the solutions by adsorption, and remarkable decreases (≥58 %) in sulfur concentration in both samples. Both SEM and XPS analysis indicated that a coating layer was successfully established on pyrite surface after being leached in the presence of the compost. The coating layer comprised a mixture of organic species (e.g., O-CO and N-H/C groups) and phosphate, potentially improving the likelihood of providing antioxidant protection over acidic pH. As a low-cost material, food waste compost can benefit the source control of AMD not only in terms of its surface passivation, but also its intrinsic alkalinity, metal immobilization, and low environmental risk.

Effect of pyrite on the treatment of chlorophenolic compounds with zero-valent iron-Fenton process under uncontrolled pH conditions: reaction mechanism and biodegradability

This current study explored the effect of pyrite on the treatment of chlorophenolic compounds (CP) by Fenton process with micron-sized zero-valent iron (ZVI) as the catalyst. The experiments were conducted in batch reactors with 100 mg L−1 CP, 0–0.02 M H2O2, and variable pyrite and ZVI doses (0–1 g L−1). Our findings show that while the reactor with 1 g L−1 ZVI as the only catalyst achieved only 10% CP removal efficiency due to rapid ZVI surface passivation and ZVI particle aggregation, the CP removal efficiency increased with increasing pyrite dose and reached 100% within couple of minutes in reactors with 0.8 g L−1 pyrite and 0.2 g L−1 ZVI. The CP removal was mainly driven by the oxidative treatment of CPs with some strong radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) while the adsorption onto the catalyst surface was only responsible for 10 to 25% of CP removals, depending on the type of CP studied. The positive impact of pyrite on CP removal by the ZVI/H2O2 system could be attributed to the ability of pyrite to (1) create an acidic environment for optimum Fenton process, (2) provide support material for ZVI to minimize ZVI particle agglomeration, and (3) stimulate iron redox cycling for improved surface site generation. Following oxidative Fenton treatment, the degradation intermediate products of CPs, including some aromatic compounds (benzoquinone, hydroquinone, etc.) and organic acids (e.g., acetic acid), became more biodegradable in comparison to their mother compounds. Overall, the treatment systems with a mixture of ZVI and pyrite as catalyst materials could offer a suitable cost-effective technology for the treatment of wastewater containing biologically non- or low-degradable toxic compounds such as chlorophenols.

SiC and Si detectors comparison for high carbon energy spectrometry

An innovative SiC Schottky junction and a traditional p-n Si surface barrier detector have been compared to detect carbon ions with MeVs kinetic energy. To this, a comparison was performed during Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) using 2–10 MeV carbon ion beams. The energy resolution and detection efficiency for RBS analysis using the two detectors and their detection electronics are presented.The detector parameters dependencies on the surface passivating layers, ion energy and current dependence, ion penetration depth, detection efficiency, energy resolution, and others are discussed.The comparison of RBS analysis with SiC and Si is investigated highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using SiC with respect to the traditional Si surface barrier detectors. The two detectors employed for proton, helium and carbon RBS spectrometry of different targets have been also compared on the base of the literature data.

Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Microporous Transport Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolyzer Anodes

In this work, ≈25 μm thin titanium microporous layers (MPLs) with ≈2 μm small pores and low surface roughness were coated and sintered on top of ≈260 μm thick commercial titanium-powder-sinter sheets with ≈16 μm pores, maintaining a porosity of ≈40% in both layers. Serving as porous transport layers (PTLs) on the anode side in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs), these pore-graded, two-layer sheets (“PTL/MPL”) are compared to single-layer PTLs in single-cell PEMWEs. The PTL/MPL samples prepared here give a 3–6 mΩ cm2 lower high-frequency resistance (HFR) compared to the as-received single-layer PTL, which is attributed to a partial reduction of the TiO2 surface passivation layer during the MPL sintering process. For ≈1 μm thin anodes with an iridium loading of ≈0.2 mgIr cm−2, the use of an MPL leads to a ≈24 mV improvement in HFR-free cell voltage at 6 A cm−2. As no such benefit is observed for ≈9 μm thick anodes with ≈2.0 mgIr cm−2, mass transport resistances within the PTL/MPL play a minor role. Possible reasons for the higher catalyst utilization in ultra-thin electrodes when using an MPL are discussed. Furthermore, an MPL provides superior mechanical membrane support, which is particularly relevant for thin membranes.

Sensitive and rapid determination of tetracycline antibiotic by carrot juice-derived carbon dots as a fluorescent probe.

The antibiotic tetracycline can be efficiently used as medicine for the deterrence of bacterial infections in humans, animals, and plants. However, the unprecedented use of tetracycline is of great concern owing to its low biodegradability, extensive usage, and adverse impacts on the environment and water quality. In this study, a sensitive spectrofluorometric method was proposed for the direct determination of tetracycline, based on biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). The synthesis of CDs was performed by adopting a green hydrothermal procedure from carrot juice without requiring surface passivation or outflowing any environmentally hazardous waste. X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy revealed amorphous spherical-shaped CDs that exhibited blue emission under blue illumination. The fabricated fluorescent probe directly detected tetracycline in the concentration range of 4.00 ×10-6 to 1.55 ×10-5mol L-1 with an LOD of 1.33 ×10-6mol L-1. The performance of the probe was assessed in a tap water sample, with recovery values between 80.70 and 103.60%. The method's greenness was evaluated using the Analytical Green metric approach (AGREE) and confirmed to be within the green range. The developed method is facile, rapid, cost-effective, and offers a wide linear range and satisfactory selectivity, making it potentially suitable for determining tetracycline in water applications.

Influence of anodic treatment of a copper-nickel alloy in a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and urea on the surface morphology and electrocatalytic behavior in the hydrogen evolution reaction

For the first time, we investigated the process of potentiostatic anodic treatment of the surface of a copper (≈55%)-nickel alloy in a eutectic mixture of urea and choline chloride (reline), which is a typical representative of a new generation of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents. The anodic behavior of the alloy in the used solvent was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and the nature of the electrochemical dissolution reactions of individual components of the alloy corresponding to several anodic current waves registered in voltammograms was determined. It was established that the anodic dissolution of the alloy occurs under conditions of salt surface passivation due to the formation of a layer of poorly soluble products of the electrode reaction. It was shown that under conditions of prolonged (150 min) potentiostatic polarization of the alloy in reline for various values of the electrode potential (in the range from 0.1 to 1.7 V relative to the Ag reference electrode), the chemical composition of the surface remained unchanged (i.e., there was no selective etching of individual components of the alloy), but an evolution of surface morphology patterns was observed, the specific type of which depended on the value of the applied potential. Anodic treatment of the Cu-Ni alloy in the reline solvent at any of the investigated anodic potentials led to an increase in the surface roughness coefficient, and electrochemical polishing did not occur. Analysis of kinetic data related to the hydrogen evolution reaction on the surfaces of reline-treated copper-nickel alloys in a 1 M NaOH aqueous solution showed a significant increase in exchange current density. This indicates enhancement of electrocatalytic activity compared to the untreated surface. The observed effect is likely associated with an increase in the true surface area of the alloy available for electrochemical reaction and an increase in the surface concentration of electrocatalytic sites resulting from the anodic dissolution of the alloy. The obtained results can be used in the development of highly efficient and relatively inexpensive electrocatalysts for hydrogen energy.

A scalable method for fabricating monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells based on low-cost industrial silicon bottom cells

Tandem solar cells composed of perovskite and silicon (PVSK/Si TSCs) exhibit significant potential for improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and reducing the levelized cost of electricity. Currently, most tandem cells demonstrating high efficiencies utilize costly float zone (FZ) silicon wafers, which pose limitations for large-scale production due to their high expense. This study presents a scalable approach for manufacturing perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells using industrial silicon bottom cells. We employ a double-layer intrinsic amorphous silicon passivation layer to enhance the carrier lifetime of the bottom silicon cell. Additionally, we introduce a novel indium oxide doped with transition metals (IMO) transparent electrode to enhance near-infrared (NIR) light absorption. To achieve silicon bottom cells with a polished front surface, we utilize a cost-effective and time-saving saw damage etching process. The perovskite absorber is then deposited on the polished surface using slot-die coating. Furthermore, we coat the perovskite absorber with a mixed solution of FAI and mF-PEAI via slot-die coating to eliminate excess PbI2 on the surface and passivate surface defects. Through the integration of top and bottom sub-cells, we obtained a PCE exceeding 24.22 % from a 5 cm × 5 cm TSCs device (with an aperture area of 3.8 cm × 3.8 cm) and a PCE of 28.68 % from a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm TSCs device (with an aperture area of 1 cm × 1 cm).

Azimuth correction for passive surface wave dispersion based on polarization analysis

SUMMARY Passive surface wave methods have found extensive application in near-surface investigation due to their benefits of low costs, non-invasiveness and high accuracy. Linear arrays are usually adopted in urban environments for their convenience and efficiency. However, the distribution of noise sources in densely populated urban areas varies rapidly in time and space, making it challenging to estimate accurate dispersion spectra using a linear array. To solve this problem, we propose a polarization analysis-based azimuthal correction method. We first obtain the azimuth of each segment by calculating the correlation coefficient of three-component ambient noise data. The normalized correlation coefficient is then applied for quality control to select reliable segments. For selected segments, the overestimated velocity caused by directional sources are corrected to obtain accurate dispersion spectra. A synthetic test is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of our method. Compared with the dispersion spectra obtained without any correction, the dispersion spectra obtained following the suggested scheme are more consistent with the theoretical dispersion curves. Two real-world examples at crossroads show the superiority of the proposed technique in obtaining higher resolution dispersion energy and more accurate phase velocities. In addition, our approach can attenuate the artefacts and improve the dispersion measurements.

Enhancing efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells: The role of dual-site binding ligands

Despite the rapid progress in efficiency, PSCs encounter substantial challenges regarding durability and scalability. Inverted p-i-n PSCs provide enhanced long-term operating stability over the conventional n-i-p structures but lag in PCE (Park and Zhu, 2020 [3]). This limitation is mainly due to the interface between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and charge transport materials, where energy band misalignment and energy level pinning hinder PCE. Furthermore, surface defects exacerbate these constraints. In the endeavor to improve performance of PSCs, surface passivation is crucial for reducing nonradiative recombination at the interface. A recent study by Chen et al., published in the journal Science, introduces an innovative interface passivation strategy for p-i-n PSCs that could set a new benchmark for efficiency and stability (Chen et al., 2024 [4]). This commentary assesses the potential impact of dual-site-binding ligands on PSCs and anticipates their transformative effect on the field.

An Overview of Electron Transport Layer Materials and Structures for Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells

The electron transport layer (ETL) has gained significant attention recently for its essential role in facilitating charge extraction, transportation, and reducing recombination in photovoltaic cells. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with ETLs have achieved remarkable efficiencies exceeding 19%, and indoor OPVs have reached a peak efficiency of 29.4% under 3000 LX illumination. Despite these accomplishments, the difficulties in choosing appropriate ETLs for contact alignment have constrained device performance. This review comprehensively overviews the latest advancements in ETL materials used in conventional and inverted OPVs. Additionally, it investigates the evolution of dopant materials, emphasizing the need for improved electron mobility, energy level alignment, and surface passivation treatment of the buffer layer and absorber layers in OPVs. Continual studies of transport materials and the potential utilization of doping or multilayer ETLs are suggested as inevitable research toward achieving higher power conversion efficiency and stability in OPV technology. Additionally, identifying optimal ETL materials capable of synergistic interactions remains crucial for sustained progress in renewable energy technology.

Effectiveness of Daytime Radiative Sky Cooling in Constructions

In this paper, we have carefully studied the scientific literature dealing with the use of passive radiative surfaces within the construction industry. The aim of this paper is to highlight technologies and materials for daylight radiative cooling under study today—or already on the market—and to report their main characteristics, performance and, where possible, costs. Following a review of the available scientific literature, the advantages and limitations of such an option were highlighted, seeking to capture opportunities and future lines of research development. This review also provides the physical laws that evaluate the energy balance of passive radiative surfaces as well as the criteria to quantify all the terms of these equations.

Electrospun fibrillary scaffold for electrochemical cell biomarkers detection

A novel scaffold for in situ electrochemical detection of cell biomarkers was developed using electrospun nanofibers and commercial adhesive polymeric membranes. The electrochemical sensing of cell biomarkers requires the cultivation of the cells on/near the (bio)sensor surface in a manner to preserve an appropriate electroactive available surface and to avoid the surface passivation and sensor damage. This can be achieved by employing biocompatible nanofiber meshes that allow the cells to have a normal behavior and do not alter the electrochemical detection. For a better mechanical stability and ease of handling, nylon 6/6 nanofibers were collected on commercial polymeric membranes, at an optimal fiber density, obtaining a double-layered platform. To demonstrate the functionality of the fabricated scaffold, the screening of cellular stress has been achieved integrating melanoma B16-F10 cells and the (bio)sensor components on the transducer whereas the melanin exocytosis was successfully quantified using a commercial electrode. Either directly on the surface of the (bio)sensor or spatially detached from it, the integration of cell cultures in biosensing platforms based on electrospun nanofibers represents a powerful bioanalytical tool able to provide real-time information about the biomarker release, enzyme activity or inhibition, and monitoring of various cellular events.Graphical

Influence of SMAP soil moisture retrieval assimilation on runoff estimation across South Asia

This study was designed to characterize and quantify the influence of surface soil moisture assimilation on estimated runoff (surface flow and baseflow) and hydraulically-routed streamflow across three large river basins in South Asia that are at risk of impending water stress. Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) surface soil moisture retrievals were assimilated into the Noah-MP land surface model. The gridded runoff was hydraulically routed to obtain volumetric streamflow values for a river network using a runoff routing module (Hydrological Modeling and Analysis Platform, HyMAP). The open loop (OL, model-only) and data assimilated (DA, includes soil moisture retrieval assimilation) Noah-MP runoff estimates highlighted the improvements in estimated total runoff across irrigated areas. Soil moisture assimilation impacted baseflow more relative to surface runoff. The HyMAP-based OL and DA streamflow generally underestimated the streamflow at upstream stations and overestimated the streamflow at downstream stations within the Indus basin due to missing physics related to reservoir operations. For stations located in the Ganges–Brahmaputra basins, the OL and DA estimation performance varied. The OL and DA results showed that the assimilation of soil moisture retrievals improves gridded runoff and volumetric streamflow across irrigated areas. Considerable relative change in streamflow (>70% increase in magnitude relative to OL) is noted after assimilation across the highly irrigated lower Indus basin and high precipitation regions in Bangladesh. Improving the modeling system’s representativeness of ground conditions via inclusion of water management information could improve large-scale streamflow modeling across South Asia.

Anisotropic Icephobic Mechanisms of Textured Surface: Barrier or Accelerator?

Icing has been seen as an economic and safety hazard due to its threats to aviation, power generation, offshore platforms, etc., where passive icephobic surfaces with a surface texturing design have the potential to address this problem. However, the intrinsic icephobic principles associated with the surface textures, energy, elasticity, and hybrid effects are still unclear. To explore the anisotropic wettability, ice nucleation, and ice detaching behaviors, a series of textured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based coatings with various texture orientations were proposed through a simple stamping method with surface functionalization. The anisotropic hydrophobic/icephobic phenomena and mechanisms were discovered from wettability evaluation, experimentally studied by icing/deicing experiments, and finally verified by microscopic numerical simulations. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA analysis) was used to analyze the effect of surface textures on hydrophobic/icephobic properties, which assisted in understanding anisotropic phenomena. Typical anisotropic ice nucleation and growth on the textured coatings were clarified using in situ environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) characterization. The ice/coating interfacial stress responses were studied by numerical stimulation at the microscopic level, further verifying the localized, amplified, and propagated stress at the ice/coating interface. The theoretical anisotropic responses, barrier effect, and accelerating effect were verified to interpret the anisotropic wettability and icephobicity, depending on the specific surface conditions. This study revealed the basics of the anisotropic icephobic mechanisms of textured icephobic surfaces, further facilitating the R&D of passive icephobic surfaces.

Investigating the effect of O2 plasma treatment on the operational characteristics of Schottky-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT

This study investigates the effect of O2 plasma treatment on the physical and electrical properties of the surface region in Schottky-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). We demonstrate that O2 plasma treatment significantly reduces the gate leakage current and enhances the on/off ratio by three orders of magnitude compared to devices without treatment. The O2 plasma treatment removes organic chemical residue and forms Ga–O bonds on the AlGaN surface beneath the gate metal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the treatment effectively forms a Ga–O compound oxide layer, which provides surface passivation. Furthermore, atomic force microscope analysis reveals a 50% reduction in surface roughness after the O2 plasma treatment. Using O2 plasma oxidation treatment caused a shift in the threshold voltage (VTH ) of Schottky-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT. Initially measured at −5.26 V, the VTH value shifted to +0.5 V. Furthermore, we also employ TCAD simulation to assist in the process developed during the manufacturing process. It is worth noting that the drain current decreases as the Ga–O compound oxide layer increases. This is due to effectively depleted the polarization charges at the AlGaN/GaN interfaces during E-mode operation when reducing the thickness of the AlGaN layer beneath the gate metal. Our results demonstrate the importance of O2 plasma surface treatment in achieving optimal device performance. This study systematically discusses the effect of O2 plasma on AlGaN/GaN surface properties and the formation of Ga–O bonding. It offers insights into developing high-performance Schottky-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT.

Exploring the Potential of Linear π-Bridge Structures in a D-π-A Organic Photosensitizer for Improved Open-Circuit Voltage.

We present the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel metal-free photosensitizers based on D-π-A structures featuring tri-arylamine as an electron donor, cyanoacrylic acid as an anchoring group, and substituted derivative π-bridges including 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene, benzo[b]thiophene, or naphtho [1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene. The aim of the current research is to unravel the relationship between chemical structure and photovoltaic performance in solar cell applications by investigating the properties of these organic sensitizers. The newly developed photosensitizers displayed variations in HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and photovoltaic performances due to their distinct π-bridge structures and exhibited diverse spectral responses ranging from 343 to 490 nm. The t-shaped and short linear photosensitizers demonstrated interesting behaviors in dye-sensitized solar cells, such as the effect of the molecular size in electron recombination. The study showed that a t-shaped photosensitizer with a bulky structure reduced electron recombination, while short linear photosensitizers with a smaller molecular size resulted in a higher open-circuit voltage value and enhanced photovoltaic performance. Impedance analysis further supported the findings, highlighting the influence of dye loading and I3- ion surface passivation on the overall performance of solar cells. The molecular design methodology proposed in this study enables promising photovoltaic performance in solar cells, addressing the demand for highly efficient, metal-free organic photosensitizers.

Ion exchange-assisted surface passivation toward highly stable red-emitting fluoride phosphors for light-emitting diodes

A facile and environmentally friendly ion exchange-assisted surface passivation (IASP) strategy is presented for synthesizing red emitting Mn4+-activated fluoride phosphors. A substantial, pristine Mn4+-free shell layer, applied as a coating to Mn4+ doped potassium fluorosilicate K2SiF6:Mn4+ (KSFM) phosphors, enhances both water resistance and luminescence efficiency. The stability test of fluoride in water at ambient temperature and boiling water demonstrates that IASP-treated KSFM phosphors are highly water resistant. Furthermore, both the negative thermal temperature (NTQ) fitting results and the photoluminescence (PL) decay confirm that the IASP process effectively passivates surface defects, leading to enhanced luminescence performance. The maximum internal quantum yield (QYi) of the IASP-KSFM phosphor is 94.24%. A white LED realized a high color rendering index (CRI) of 93.09 and luminous efficiency (LE) of 149.48 lm/W. This work presented a novel technique for the development of stable fluoride phosphors and has the potential to increase the use of KSFM phosphors in plant supplementary lighting systems and white light-emitting diodes.