Passion Scale Research Articles

The Influence of Passion and Empowerment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Teachers in Assumption University Mediated by Organizational Commitment

The present research aims to explore the direct and indirect influence of passion and empowerment on organizational citizenship behavior of Teachers in Assumption University of Thailand mediated by organizational commitment. The sample comprises of 124 teachers teaching in the University and the Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, adapted by Podsakoff and Mackenzie (1990), Passion Scale, developed by Vallerand et al. in 2003, School Participant Empowerment Scale (SPES) developed by Short and Rinehart (1992) and Organizational Commitment Scale which was modified from the original scale of Allen and Meyer (1991) by Meyer, Allen, and Smith (1993) were employed. The path model with the dependent variable organizational citizenship behavior and the independent variables passion, and empowerment and the mediating variable organizational commitment was tested using regression analysis. There are relationships between passion for teaching, teacher empowerment, and organizational commitment on the organizational citizenship behavior of teachers in Assumption University, Thailand. The teachers have high level of organizational citizenship behavior, suggesting that they exhibit behaviors of discretionary nature that are not part of their formal role requirements, but which promote the effective functioning of the University.

Application of the Passionate Attachment Model to Recreational Use of MDMA/Ecstasy

Those who are not addicted to ecstasy, but who use it persistently over time, could be viewed as having a “passionate attachment” to a highly valued activity. To evaluate the associations of obsessive and harmonious passion with psychological and behavioral aspects of ecstasy consumption, we recruited a community sample of ecstasy users to complete a modified version of the Passion Scale (Vallerand et al. 2003) and other questionnaires assessing their substance use history, self-efficacy to refuse ecstasy, and use of ecstasy to cope with worries and problems. Both Obsessive and Harmonious passion scores were negatively correlated with self-efficacy to refuse ecstasy and positively correlated with using ecstasy to cope with worries and problems. The findings also provided partial support for our hypotheses that scores on the Obsessive Passion subscale would be associated with number of times participants had used ecstasy, the frequency of use, and the typical number of pills consumed. Participants agreed more strongly with statements indicative of Harmonious Passion to consume ecstasy, but Harmonious subscale scores were not associated with several measures of consumption. As a supplemental measure, the modified questionnaire could provide a more comprehensive picture of the psychology of one’s ecstasy use.

Development and validation of an inventory to assess conflict in sport teams: the Group Conflict Questionnaire

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a conceptually and psychometrically sound conflict questionnaire for sport. The development process involved 3 phases: (a) a qualitative phase, (b) a content and factorial validity phase and (c) a construct validity phase. A total of 50 items were generated and sent to 6 experts to determine content validity. Through this process, 25 items were retained and administered to a sample of athletes (n = 437) to determine factorial validity. Based on these results, a second sample (n = 305) was administered the 14-item version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire along with the Group Environment Questionnaire, the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Passion Scale to test convergent, discriminant and known-group difference validity. Cross-validation from both samples via confirmatory factor analysis yielded moderate-to-acceptable model fit, thus supporting factorial validity for the 14-item version. Additionally, initial support for convergent validity and known-group difference validity and partial support for discriminant validity were found. A sport-specific conflict questionnaire is now available for researchers to utilise. Results and research implications are discussed.

The Effect of The Elderly's Passion on Positive Emotion and Coping with Stress in Dancing Activities

This study is designed to examine the effect of the elderly"s passion on positive emotion and coping with stresses in dancing activities. For this study, the subjects were conducted on total 250 persons aged 55 years and older who live in a metropolitan city, 2013. The questionnaire survey with 3 scales(Passion scale, CES-D scale, Stress scale) was also given to them. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistic, factor analysis, reliability analysis and multiple regression using SPSS 20.0 program. As the results, First, the analysis of correlation between passion(Harmonious and Obsessive passion) and positive emotion, coping with stresses (Internal-feeling control, Social support and External-feeling control) showed that there was static correlation between them. Second, In the regression, the elderly"s passion in dancing activities was significantly related to positive emotion and coping with stresses. In conclusion, the elderly"s passion(Harmonious and Obsessive passion) positively contribute to positive emotion and coping with stresses(Internal-feeling control, Social support, External-feeling control and Wishful thinking coping) through their link with activities.

Measurement Invariance of the Passion Scale Across Three Samples: An ESEM Approach

Sport and exercise psychology researchers rely on the Passion Scale to assess levels of harmonious and obsessive passion for many different types of activities (Vallerand, 2010). However, this practice assumes that items from the Passion Scale are interpreted with the same meaning across all activity types. Using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), we tested this assumption by examining the invariance of scores from the Passion Scale across groups of recreational athletes/exercisers (N = 562), competitive athletes (N = 438), and sports fans (N = 256). We found that the ESEM analysis fit the data better than the more common independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) approach and yielded lower correlations between harmonious and obsessive passion factors. Using ESEM, we found evidence of configural, weak, and partial strong invariance across the three groups. Evidence of partial strong invariance provides tentative support for comparing levels of harmonious and obsessive passion across activities.

Further Validation of the Coach Identity Prominence Scale

This study was designed to examine select psychometric properties of the Coach Identity Prominence Scale (CIPS), including the reliability, factorial validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. Coaches (N = 338) who averaged 37 (SD = 12.27) years of age, had a mean of 13 (SD = 9.90) years of coaching experience, and were currently coaching 46 different sports, served as the participants in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire that included four sections: Demographics, identity prominence (CIPS; Pope & Hall, 2014), motivation (Coach Motivation Questionnaire [CMQ]; McLean, Mallet, & Newcombe, 2012), and passion (The Passion Scale; Vallerand et al., 2003). The findings provided support for the various types of reliability and validity tested in the present study, with only partial support for discriminant validity. The CIPS may therefore serve as a viable option for researchers interested in further understanding the identity or psychological processes of coach.

Adaptation and Initial Validation of the Passion Scale in a Portuguese Sample

Passion is defined as a strong inclination to engage in an activity that people like, that they find important, and in which they invest time and energy. As no specific measure to assess levels of passion in the workplace in Portugal is available, the aim of this study was to adapt the Passion scale into Portuguese and validate it. The scale was translated from English into Portuguese using the forward-backward translation method and administered to a sample of 551 Portuguese workers. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to test the replicability of the scale. The results confirmed the expected two-factor structure: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. However, the initial criterion of the replication of the factorial structure based on item factor loadings was not fulfilled. Criterion-related validity was tested by correlations with passion and job satisfaction. Regarding internal consistency, adequate alpha coefficients were obtained for both factors.

Passionate workers: A Spanish adaptation of the Passion Scale

Passion is defined as a strong inclination toward an activity the people like, that they find important, and in which they invest time and energy, like working. The aim of this study is to present evidence of the validity of the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out in a heterogeneous sample of 432 Spanish workers. The results confirmed the expected two-factor structure of passion in the workplace: obsessive passion and harmonious passion. A strong and positive correlation between harmonious passion and job satisfaction was observed, which is considered as an indicator of the positive nature of passion. Future research should investigate more extensively its construct validity with other organizational variables.

Three-Factor Model of Employee Passion: An Empirical Study in the Indian Context

Although the passion that people demonstrate at work would appear to be a topic of considerable interest and importance to organizational scholars and practitioners, the extant literature scarcely discusses the construct of it without further investigation. The study of Vallerand et al. (2003) pertaining to the area of passion has made profound theoretical contribution confirming the precepts of positive psychology (Seligman, 2002). However, the behavioural outcomes such as working on holidays, or out-of-work outcomes such as constantly thinking about work when not at work (work rumination) sharing a nomological network with the construct, has not been examined by them, as argued by Perrewe et al., (2014). Further, the comprehensive work shown by Zigarmi et al. (2011) in defining the Work Passion (WP) construct suffers from methodological lacunae. Given that the extant literature on work passion calls for further examination, the pertinent study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of Passion scales based on the model proposed by Zigarmi et al. (2011). Four dimensions of a process model constituting work cognition, work affect, job wellbeing, and work intention along with work rumination as an integral part of work passion were examined. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of corporate professionals heralding spectrum of industries to validate the passion scale. The principal component analysis was performed which extracted four factors (work cognition, work affect, job well-being & work rumination) out of five factors to validate the construct. However, in order to confirm the validity of the scale, the structural equation modeling analysis was adopted which further indicated that the three-factor structure of work passion (work cognition, work affect, and work rumination) was the best fit model in comparison to the four-factor models. Incidentally, the emergence of work rumination as an important dimension of WP construct has confirmed the dualistic nature of the passion construct as stated by Vallerand et al. (2003) through its dualistic status as positive and negative work rumination. The triadic nature of WP can be prospective as well as retrospective in nature; where people tend to think about issues that have occurred in the past or anticipatively ruminate about issues and demands that may arise at work (Cropley & Zijlstra, 2011). The intriguing nature of the present study suggesting cognitions (work cognition), affects (work affects), and behaviours (work rumination) to be preceding the formation of dualistic status of passion (harmonious and obsessive passion) provides a good basis for future investigation.

Relationship Between Passion and Motivation for Gaming in Players of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games

Passion represents one of the factors involved in online video gaming. However, it remains unclear how passion affects the way gamers are involved in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between passions and motivations for online game playing. A total of 410 MMORPG players completed an online questionnaire including motives for gaming and the Passion Scale. Results indicated that passionate gamers were interested in relating with others through the game and exhibited a high degree of interest in discovery of the game, gaining leadership and prestige but little interest in escape from reality. However, some differences were observed with respect to the role of the two types of passion in the different types of motivation. Specifically, harmonious passion (HP) predicted higher levels of exploration, socialization, and achievement, in that order, while obsessive passion (OP) predicted higher levels of dissociation, achievement, and socialization. The present findings suggest that HP and OP predict different ways of engaging in MMORPGs and confirm that passion is a useful construct to help understand different motivational patterns demonstrated by MMORPG players.

The Mediating Role of Passion in the Relationship of Exercise Motivational Regulations with Exercise Dependence Symptoms

The present study examined the mediating role of obsessive passion in the relationship of introjected regulation to exercise with exercise dependence symptoms. A cross-sectional design was used. Questionnaires were administered in the context of private fitness centers and were completed before initiation of that day’s exercise activities. Using non-probability sampling, 549 regular Greek exercise participants, men and women (approximately 70 % response rate), aged 18 to 61 years, completed the questionnaires. The Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (Symons-Downs et al. 2004) was used to measure exercise dependence symptoms; the Passion Scale (Vallerand et al. 2003) was used to measure harmonious and obsessive passion for exercise; and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (Markland and Tobin 2004) was used to measure types of behavioral regulations in exercise. Obsessive passion mediated the relationship between introjected regulation and exercise dependence symptoms (CFI = 0.91–0.95, RMSEA = 0.05-06). The present findings provided cross-sectional support to the mediating role of obsessive passion in the relationship of introjected regulation to exercise with exercise dependence symptoms.

Adaptation and Initial Validation of the Passion Scale in a Portuguese Sample

espanolLa pasion se define como una fuerte tendencia hacia una actividad que las personas gustan, que consideran importante y en la que estan dispuestas a invertir tiempo y energia. Dada la falta de instrumentos especificos para medir niveles de pasion en el trabajo en Portugal, el objetivo de este estudio es adaptar y validar la version portuguesa de la Escala de Pasion. Tras la traduccion del ingles al portugues mediante el metodo forward-backward, la escala fue aplicada a 551 trabajadores portugueses. Mediante analisis factoriales exploratorios se comprobo la replicabilidad de la escala. Los resultados confirmaron la estructura bifactorial esperada: pasion armoniosa y pasion obsesiva; no obstante, no se cumplio el criterio basico de replicacion de la estructura factorial, basado en las cargas factoriales de los items. La validez de criterio fue comprobada a traves de correlaciones entre pasion y satisfaccion en el trabajo y, en relacion a la consistencia interna, se obtuvieron adecuados indices de fiabilidad para ambos factores. EnglishPassion is defined as a strong inclination to engage in an activity that people like, that they find important, and in which they invest time and energy. As no specific measure to assess levels of passion in the workplace in Portugal is available, the aim of this study was to adapt the Passion scale into Portuguese and validate it. The scale was translated from English into Portuguese using the forward-backward translation method and administered to a sample of 551 Portuguese workers. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to test the replicability of the scale. The results confirmed the expected two-factor structure: harmonious passion and obsessive passion. However, the initial criterion of the replication of the factorial structure based on item factor loadings was not fulfilled. Criterion-related validity was tested by correlations with passion and job satisfaction. Regarding internal consistency, adequate alpha coefficients were obtained for both factors.

Passion: Does one scale fit all? Construct validity of two-factor passion scale and psychometric invariance over different activities and languages.

The passion scale, based on the dualistic model of passion, measures 2 distinct types of passion: Harmonious and obsessive passions are predictive of adaptive and less adaptive outcomes, respectively. In a substantive-methodological synergy, we evaluate the construct validity (factor structure, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity) of Passion Scale responses (N = 3,571). The exploratory structural equation model fit to the data was substantially better than the confirmatory factor analysis solution, and resulted in better differentiated (less correlated) factors. Results from a 13-model taxonomy of measurement invariance supported complete invariance (factor loadings, factor correlations, item uniquenesses, item intercepts, and latent means) over language (French vs. English; the instrument was originally devised in French, then translated into English) and gender. Strong measurement partial invariance over 5 passion activity groups (leisure, sport, social, work, education) indicates that the same set of items is appropriate for assessing passion across a wide variety of activities--a previously untested, implicit assumption that greatly enhances practical utility. Support was found for the convergent and discriminant validity of the harmonious and obsessive passion scales, based on a set of validity correlates: life satisfaction, rumination, conflict, time investment, activity liking and valuation, and perceiving the activity as a passion.

Too much of a good thing? Examining the relationship between passion for exercise and exercise dependence

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between passion (i.e., love for an activity that is valued for which and a great deal of time is invested) for exercise and exercise dependence symptoms. DesignA cross-sectional correlational survey design was utilised. MethodA total of 480 participants (n = 275 females, n = 205 males; Mage = 18.58, SD = 1.66) completed the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin, Jobin, & Bouillon, 1986), the Passion Scale (Vallerand et al., 2003), and the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (Hausenblas, Symons-Downs, & Nigg, 2004). Path analysis using structural equation modelling was used to assess the relationships between passion and exercise dependence. ResultsPath analysis using structural equation modelling via AMOS 20.0 (Arbuckle, 2011) revealed that harmonious passion (i.e., being in control of the activity and deciding when and when not to engage in it) was positively related to the exercise dependence dimensions of time and tolerance. On the other hand, obsessive passion (i.e., an internal compulsion to engage in the activity even when not appropriate to do so) was positively related to all seven exercise dependence dimensions: time, tolerance, withdrawal, continuance, intention effects, lack of control, and reduction in other activities (CFI = .91, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .06). ConclusionAn empirical relationship has been established to support the proposed theoretical link between passion (harmonious and obsessive) for exercise and exercise dependence dimensions.

Supplemental Material for Passion: Does One Scale Fit All? Construct Validity of Two-Factor Passion Scale and Psychometric Invariance Over Different Activities and Languages

Supplemental Material for Passion: Does One Scale Fit All? Construct Validity of Two-Factor Passion Scale and Psychometric Invariance Over Different Activities and Languages

Examining Antecedents and Consequences of Gambling Passion: The Case of Gambling on Horse Races

ObjectiveThis study investigated the antecedents and consequences of gambling passion using structural equation modeling to examine relationships among gambling motivation, passion, emotion, and behavioral intentions in the horse racing industry.MethodsAn onsite survey was conducted with 447 patrons at a horseracing park in South Korea. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Gambling Passion Scale was valid and reliable, resulting in two sub-scales: obsessive passion (OP) and harmonious passion (HP).ResultsStudy results indicated that extrinsic motivation influenced OP whereas intrinsic motivation significantly affected HP. Furthermore, OP was correlated with negative emotion, whereas HP was related to positive emotion. Gamblers' satisfaction was found to be influenced positively by positive emotion and negatively by negative emotion. Finally, satisfaction appeared to affect gamblers' behavioral intentions.ConclusionStudy results echoed the notion of distinct and separate gambling motivations and passions among horse racing gamblers. Furthermore, results identified specific areas to which horse racing operators or policy makers should pay special attention in developing effective marketing strategies to promote responsible gambling.

“I just NEED to move…”: examining women’s passion for physical activity and its relationship with daily affect and vitality

BackgroundPhysical activity has been linked to well-being among women. One psychological perspective that can offer insights regarding this relationship is the Dualistic Model of Passion. The model posits that individuals can internalize a valued activity in an autonomous fashion, facilitating a harmonious passion, or in a controlled way, resulting in an obsessive passion. The overall purpose of this experience sampling study with physically active working mothers was to examine the influence of passion towards physical activity on daily positive and negative affect as well as more generally in terms of vitality.MethodSixty-three healthy and active middle-aged women participated in this study. The women attended a baseline session to complete a series of self-report questionnaires including The Passion Scale. Then, using the experience sampling method, the women responded to electronic questionnaires pertaining to their daily affect and physical activity engagement over a 14-day period. Subsequently they attended a second session during which levels of vitality were assessed. The data were analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling and Analyses of Covariance.ResultsSixty of the participants (95%) were passionate towards physical activity. Daily positive affect was higher and negative affect lower on days when the women engaged in their passion (i.e., physical activity). On these active days, associations between overall positive and negative affect and levels of harmonious or obsessive passion were in the expected directions, albeit not significant. Levels of harmonious and obsessive passion moderated the relationship between activity engagement and positive affect such that obsessively passionate women felt significantly worse on days when they were not active. Vitality was negatively associated with obsessive passion and positively with harmonious passion.ConclusionsThe findings were consistent with the Dualistic Model of Passion and they suggest avenues of future enquiry. In considering physical activity as a strategy to optimize women’s well-being, the internalization process of this activity (autonomous versus controlled) should be considered. Potential application of these results should involve facilitating more harmonious passions towards physical activity by emphasizing flexible and volitional participation that is well balanced among other activities.

Exercising with Passion: Initial Validation of the Passion Scale in Exercise

The purpose of the researchers in the study was to psychometrically evaluate Passion Scale scores (Vallerand et al., 2003) in exercise. Self-report data were collected from two samples of Greek exercise participants. Sample 1 (n = 217) provided data on the Passion Scale and the self-determination theory variables of perceived autonomy support by the exercise instructor, basic psychological needs, and exercise behavioral regulations. Sample 2 (n = 299) provided data on the Passion Scale and exercise enjoyment, inclusion of exercise into oneself, and frequency of mild, moderate, and strenuous exercise behavior. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of Passion Scale scores. Evidence also emerged in favor of factor discriminant validity, internal consistency and convergent validity. In summary, the findings provided initial support in favor of the use of the Passion Scale in the exercise domain.

Examining the relationship between passion and perceptions of cohesion in athletes

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of harmonious and obsessive passion to perceptions of task and social cohesion in team sport athletes. Participants were 370 competitive (N=252) and recreational (N=118) athletes ranging from 18- to 28-years-old (Mage=20.20, SD=1.52) from a wide variety of team sports. Participants completed the Passion Scale (Vallerand et al., 2003) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (Carron et al., 1985). A MANOVA revealed that competitive athletes were more passionate and had higher perceptions of cohesion than did recreational athletes. Multiple regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between both harmonious and obsessive passion and both task (ATG-T, GI-T) and social (ATG-S, GI-S) cohesion. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed pertaining to the importance of harmonious and obsessive passion in athletes and perceptions of cohesion in competitive and recreational sport.

Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation

Objectives The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between forms of passion (harmonious and obsessive; Vallerand et al., 2003) and athlete burnout, and whether these relationships are mediated by self-determined motivation. The proposed model posited that because harmonious passion originates from an authentic self, it will be positively associated with self-determined regulation. Conversely, because obsessive passion originates from ego-invested structures within the self, it will be negatively associated with self-determined regulation. In turn, consistent with research examining the relationship between motivation regulation and athlete burnout, self-determined regulation was expected to be negatively associated with athlete burnout. Design Cross-sectional survey. Method This model was tested in 149 ( M age = 16.2, s = 2.0, range = 12–21) male junior athletes who attended soccer academies in the UK. Participants completed the Passion Scale ( Vallerand et al., 2003), the Sport Motivation Scale ( Pelletier et al., 1995), and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire ( Raedeke & Smith, 2001). Results Harmonious passion was negatively related to a latent athlete burnout factor, whereas obsessive passion was unrelated to a latent athlete burnout factor. The relationship between harmonious passion and burnout was fully mediated by self-determined regulation. Conclusions The results suggest that harmonious passion may offer some protection from burnout for athletes due to higher levels of self-determined motivation.