Passenger Transport Research Articles

Forecasting urban passenger transportation emissions: a green and new energy approach

ABSTRACT Passenger transportation significantly contributes to urban carbon dioxide emission. Decreasing these emissions is essential to achieving low-carbon development. This research focused on Xi’an City to enhance previous research works by considering factors such as road greening, online ride-hailing, and use of vehicles with new energy sources. Using system dynamics method, a carbon dioxide emission prediction model was developed for urban passenger transportation in Xi’an. The developed model estimated total emissions from 2012 to 2021 and projected carbon dioxide emission reduction plans through six different scenarios for the time period of 2023 to 2032. The analysis identified private cars as the main contributors to carbon emission in urban passenger transportation. Single scenario simulations indicated that passenger traffic in Xi’an would not achieve carbon emission peak by 2030, but multi-scenario simulations showed it would. Specific recommendations for carbon emission reduction in urban passenger transportation were provided, focusing on travel patterns, energy sources, and promotion of green initiatives.

The analysis and assessment of the volume of transit transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan by types of transport

The purpose of this article is to assess the transit capacity of Kazakhstan in order to identify the main factors influencing the development of transit opportunities and transport connections in the country. The purpose of this comprehensive analysis is to identify key opportunities and problematic aspects in the country's transit capabilities, as well as to identify recommendations for the modernization and development of the transit industry in the interests of economic attractiveness and increasing the competitiveness of Kazakhstan as a transit hub on the world stage. The definition of transit potential is one of those related to the assessment of the potential for using a particular transport route or transport opportunity for the transportation of certain goods and passengers. A transit potential assessment includes an analysis of factors such as geography, accessibility, infrastructure, demand for transport services and competitive advantages and allows you to determine the effectiveness of the use of a transport route or infrastructure, identify possible problems or bottlenecks, and develop strategies for improving the transit system. This work is an analytical study of the transit capabilities of our country. The research manuscript provides a correlation and regression analysis of the total volume of transit traffic in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is one of the ways to study international economic relations between the volume of traffic and various factors. The results obtained in the conducted analyses allow us to offer recommendations on improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the transit sector in Kazakhstan.

Analysis of passenger transportation and the public transportation impact on the reduction in a smart city

The state of atmospheric pollution is determined by the growth of the population, the amount of transport and the generated volumes of emissions. The object is the process of analyzing passenger transportation in the city. The subject is passenger transport analysis methods. Purpose: analysis of passenger transportation and approaches to optimization of public transport based on the concept of a smart city. Tasks: analysis of passenger transportation, classification of existing conceptual approaches to optimization of public transport with low carbon emissions, systematization of existing methods, means and types of neural networks in smart cities, analysis of successful implementation projects. Methods of statistical analysis, linear and non-linear interpolation, logical generalization, comparison, grouping, analysis and synthesis. Results: the analysis of passenger transportation in the city revealed that statistical data sets indicate a decrease in the main indicators of passenger traffic and an increase in the volume of emissions of carbon-containing compounds. The classification of existing approaches to the optimization of public transport is carried out according to the priority of public transport, hybridization and electrification of vehicles and the implementation of IT monitoring. During the systematization of methods and means in smart cities, the following are highlighted: smart transport systems; electric vehicles; transport sharing networks; smart applications and information systems; innovative payment systems; unmanned vehicles; information boards and announcement systems; networks of bicycle paths and equipped sidewalks; environmental monitoring systems. Among neural networks, recurrent, convolutional, and deep neural networks have been proposed as those that contribute to route optimization and traffic prediction. Conclusions: the statistical analysis of passenger transportation established that reducing carbon dioxide emissions is an unresolved task for both public transport and the transportation system. It is proposed to include methods and means that optimize public transport, reducing the carbon footprint of the initiatives of implementing the concept of a smart city, which are successful all over the world. It is proposed to use recurrent, convolutional and deep neural networks to optimize passenger transportation in smart cities.

Understanding the large role of long-distance travel in carbon emissions from passenger travel

Long-distance passenger travel has received rather sparse attention for decarbonization. Here we characterize the long-distance travel pattern in England and explore its importance on carbon emissions from and decarbonization of passenger travel. We find that only 2.7% of a person’s trips are for long distance travel (>50 miles one-way), but they account for 61.3% of the miles and 69.3% of the greenhouse gas (CO2 equivalent) emissions from passenger travel, highlighting its importance for decarbonizing passenger transport. Long-distance travel per person has also been increasing over time, trending in the opposite direction to shorter-distance travel. Flying for leisure and social purposes are the largest contributors to long distance miles and emissions, and these miles are also increasing. Overall, per capita travel emissions have started decreasing slowly from 2007, but are still higher than in 1997. We propose a new metric—emissions reduction sensitivity (% emission reduced/% trips altered)—to understand the efficiency of travel demand related initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Long-distance travel—especially flying—can offer orders of magnitude larger emissions reduction sensitivity compared with urban travel, which suggests that a proportionate policy approach is necessary.

Заходи з енергозбереження в метрополітені (на прикладі біметалевих контактних рейок)

The purpose of this study is to develop methods and tools for long-term forecasting of electricity consumption based on an improved integrated method for predicting electricity demand, taking into account the peculiarities of electric use of the Kyiv Metro and its impact on the city's electricity consumption. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is the consideration of technological potential with measures for electric saving, pouring into Level II and Level III in the energy consumption model, which takes into account both the overall potential of electric saving (from structural and technological shifts) in the country as a whole, and the features at the regional level (the city of Kyiv) in the types of economic activity in the provision of transport services (Metro). During the work, material was collected on measures for electricity saving in the metro and forecasts for the development of this type of service provision (passenger transportation). To achieve sufficient energy consumption, it is important to introduce energy-efficient technologies that will reduce electricity costs without losing productivity and passenger service quality. Bimetallic contact rails are more efficient in terms of transmitting electric current and reducing energy losses. This innovation opens up new opportunities for the sustainable development of urban transport and contributes to the creation of more efficient and convenient conditions for city residents. Measures are provided to protect the structures and equipment of the section that is being designed and built, the metro line from electric corrosion. Calculation of electricity saving potentials at the regional level (Kyiv) made it possible to more accurately take into account the volume of implementation of energy saving measures, since such programs are developed at the regional level. These estimates are used to determine the technological potential of energy saving. The technological potential of electricity saving will reach the level of 600 million kWh by 2040, while maintaining the pace of economic development in Kyiv. Keywords: Metro, electric saving, electric saving potential, forecasting, energy efficiency, electricity.

WITHDRAWN: Artificial-intelligent-powered safety and efficiency improvement for integrated railway systems

The multi-mode integrated railway system, anchored by the high-speed railway, caters to the diverse travel requirement both within and between cities, offering safe, comfortable, punctual, and eco-friendly transportation services. With the expansion of the railway networks, enhancing the efficiency and safety of the comprehensive system has become a cricual issue in the advanced development of railway transportation. In light of the prevailing application of artificial intelligence technologies within railway systems, this study leverages large model technology characterized by robust learning capabilities, efficient associative abilities, and linkage analysis analysis, to propose an AI-powered railway control and dispatching system. This system is elaborately designed with four core functions, including galobal optimum unattended dispatching, synergetic transportation in multiply modes, high-speed automatic control, and precise maintenance decision and execution. The deployment pathway and essential tasks of the system is further delineated, alongside the challenges and obstacles encountered. The AI-powered system promises a significant enhancement in the operational efficiency and safety of the composite railway system, ensuring a more effective alignment between transportation services and passenger demands.

Fast as a plane, clean as a train? Prospective life cycle assessment of a hyperloop system

Today, options to reduce the climate impacts of high-speed passenger transport over hundreds of kilometres are limited to using low-carbon synthetic fuels in aviation and high-speed trains. In the future, alternatives like battery electric airplanes might be available. Further, vehicles operating in near-vacuum tubes, so-called “hyperloop systems”, could represent an alternative. Our first-of-its-kind environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), considering its construction, operation, and end-of-life, shows that such a hyperloop system is energy-efficient and can exhibit very low greenhouse gas emissions (<8 g CO2/pkm) if low-carbon sources provide electricity for its operation and relatively high occupation rates can be realised. The environmental performance of a hyperloop system can be regarded as very similar to that of a train offering the same transport service. Compared to air travel, environmental burdens can be substantially reduced (<5% impact on climate change compared to conventional aircraft). This fundamental finding holds despite uncertainties regarding technical properties and design choices, which reflect the current development status of the hyperloop.

Evaluating the Eco‐Efficiency of Urban Air Mobility: Understanding Environmental and Social Impacts for Informed Passenger Choices

AbstractFull electric aircraft with zero CO2 emissions during operations are a promising pathway towards achieving the Fly Net Zero by 2050 goal proposed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). In this context, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) expects to offer an environmentally friendly alternative through electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. While eVTOLs produce no greenhouse gas emissions, the comprehensive eco‐efficiency of UAM goes beyond the flight phase. This paper delves into evaluating UAM operation's environmental and social impacts, considering the urban space, public perception, operational profiles, and power consumption. Employing causal loop analysis, the study uncovers the relationships that add value or increase impact, assessing UAM passenger transportation's eco‐efficiency. Moreover, the Unified Architecture Framework is used to model the UAM ecosystem and to propose strategies to balance values and impacts in achieving eco‐efficiency. By shedding light on the sustainability viewpoint, this study emphasizes the importance of holistically understanding UAM's operational impact and empowering users to make eco‐efficient choices when opting for UAM transportation. Finally, strategies to provide sustainability awareness to the user are discussed in the Mobility‐as‐a‐System (MaaS) context.

Regular domestic air passenger market dynamics: The Brazilian case

Brazil occupies a prominent position as one of the largest domestic air passenger markets globally. In May 2019, OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited (OAG), a renowned global travel data provider, ranked Brazil as the world’s 6th largest domestic market. This study identifies and meticulously analyses statistical trends in how service levels affect passenger demand on domestic air routes in Brazil. To that end, it employs a panel-data gravity model incorporating service as an instrumental variable. The findings confirm the influence of traditional gravity explanatory variables, while also contributing novel insights into the impact of service levels on domestic routes. The analysis reveals that, while factors such as income and distance play a fundamental role in shaping domestic demand, level of service emerges as a crucial determinant on regional connections. Overall, the statistics suggest growing divergences between Brazilian airlines and regional air transport. Accordingly, substantial changes are necessary in both government policies and the services offered by the airline industry in order to harness the full potential of Brazil’s domestic air transport passenger market and foster regional development.

Partial administrative audit of a bus company dedicated to the foreign transport of passengers with a branch in the State of Veracruz

In this research work, a partial administrative audit was carried out, that is, only the sales area of a bus company dedicated to the foreign transport of passengers with a branch in the State of Veracruz was audited. A descriptive and documentary field research is carried out; this is through instruments, and interviews with the Departments of Zone Manager, Sales Leader, and Sales Consultant. Subsequently, a diagnosis is implemented, which allows all the information obtained through interviews and surveys to be analyzed and classified. Based on the results obtained, it was discovered that it is a leading company in the area, which has quality and trained personnel. The sales area has established manuals and programs, the policies are in accordance with and complied with by the staff. However, there are many failures due to the lack of application of the administrative process, since despite knowing the mission, vision and objectives, only half of the staff is 100% committed to its fulfillment.

Planning-Level Optimisation of Headway Regularity

Headway variability has a negative impact on the public transport passengers’ perception of service quality. However, most of the existing methods aimed at improving the headway regularity operate in real time and require precise vehicle location data, making it difficult to implement them in practice. On the other hand, planning-level methods can be used to increase the resilience of public passenger transport (PPT) to the accumulation of headway disturbances. As this is typically done from the operator’s perspective, the passengers’ perspective tends to be overlooked, motivating the current work. In this article, an optimisation procedure for evaluating the viability of diametrical line splitting in terms of passenger travel time and headway regularity is proposed. The aim is to increase the robustness/resistance of the PPT system to the propagation of headway disturbances without reducing the service quality. The developed optimisation procedure was validated by applying it to real data pertaining to an urban PPT line. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the transport demand and the effects of the optimisation procedure, whereby an increase in the primary headway disturbance increases the sensitivity of the optimisation procedure to the transport demand.

Modelling the impact of introducing first-generation narrowbody hydrogen aircraft on the passenger air transportation network in Europe

The global aviation industry faces a pronounced challenge to mitigate its contribution to anthropogenic climate change, which is caused by burning fossil fuels. One potential pathway is the transition towards using green hydrogen as zero-carbon fuel. Next to technological, infrastructural, and economical challenges, this would introduce a wide range of operational and infrastructural changes to a system centred around safety and reliability. This study employs a holistic approach and examines these changes from a flight network perspective, focusing on passenger transport in Europe. It utilizes network modelling and linear optimization techniques to determine network changes imposed by the introduction of first-generation narrowbody hydrogen aircraft. The findings are threefold: First, the study shows that the air transportation network can be adequately re-created using demand and direct operating cost optimization only, without considering revenue and airline-specific factors. Second, the introduction of hydrogen aircraft will have substantial impact on network structure, incl. flight frequency, capacity, and stopover routes, depending on seat capacity and range of the hydrogen aircraft design. Lastly, it also shows that airports that have a favourable green hydrogen supply will benefit from the introduction of hydrogen aviation.

Justification of key factors regarding the application of prospective ecological transport in the urban passenger transportation system

Research objective. Justification of the key factors that have an impact on the introduction of promising ecological transport in the system of urban passenger transport in order to improve the quality of transport services for passengers and improve ecology in densely populated cities. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, the fuzzy Dematel method is used, which is based on graph theory and allows to classify all available factors that influence decision-making based on cause-and-effect relationships. Results. The eight key factors that form the transport project and the factors that have a significant impact on them are substantiated for the implementation of the transport project of the implementation of promising ecological passenger transport on urban routes into the transport system of urban passenger transportation. These include the level of development of modern transport technologies when transporting passengers on city routes and the availability of their support centers; the availability of financial programs for updating/restructuring the rolling stock fleet of the motor vehicle enterprise and the availability of the appropriate legal framework for preferential operation of electric passenger transport; rapid adaptation of the transport infrastructure of a modern city for the operation of ecological transport; compliance of ecological transport with the transport characteristics of the passenger transportation route; operational properties of a modern electric bus; the effect of relevant legislative initiatives regarding benefits for the purchase and costs of operating electric vehicles. Scientific novelty consists in identifying the interrelationships between the factors that form the transport project and the factors that have a significant influence on them, on the implementation of the transport project of the implementation of promising ecological passenger transport on urban routes into the transport system of urban passenger transport, which allows to estimate the possible economic costs of road transport enterprises carrying out passenger transportation. Practical significance lies in the determination of key factors that can be used for the implementation of a transport project for the use of promising ecological passenger transport in the system of urban passenger road transport

“Earthquake Response of the Transportation Infrastructure in the Region Affected by the February 6 Türkiye Earthquakes’’ Part I-Roads, Railroads and Ports

ABSTRACT On February 6, 2023, two devastating earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7,5 occurred in Türkiye, within the nine hours of each other. Damage was observed on inter-provincial roads, railroads as well as some air and seaports. Passenger and freight transportation was interrupted for a few days. The fault rupture was close to or crossing many roads and railroads, causing displacements. The secondary effects of the earthquakes such as liquefaction and landslides also caused damage. This paper presents the earthquake response of the transportation infrastructures affected by the Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence based on findings from field investigations conducted after the earthquakes.

Systematization of hardware schemes of vehicle operation monitoring systems

Information monitoring is the most important stage of monitoring the technical condition of a modern car in operating conditions. Remote control of vehicle operation can be rationally formed on the basis of the systematization of the hardware schemes of the monitoring systems. In the article, a structural analysis and synthesis of possible hardware schemes of vehicle monitoring systems in interaction with the infrastructural environment is performed on the basis of the study of the technical system «Vehicle – Infrastructure». The article systematizes monitoring systems according to the types of hardware used to obtain information about the vehicle and infrastructure environment at various stages of performance of their inherent functions in operational conditions. The article shows that it is advisable to consider the means of obtaining information about the condition of operators, vehicles and objects of transportation (cargo or passengers) as separate functional elements of the monitoring information system. In order to systematize possible schemes of hardware support of monitoring systems, 5 functional elements are selected as a set of specialized hardware. For each of the functional elements of the monitoring information system, the main morphological features that characterize the type of information, methods of obtaining, processing, transmitting, analyzing and using it to solve specific tasks of vehicle operation are highlighted. A list of specific options for technical support of selected morphological features is determined, the combination of which determines the structure and functionality of the formed information monitoring system to solve the tasks in the specified operating conditions. The article shows the process of researching the formation of diagrams of the structure of the hardware of information systems for monitoring the operation of vehicles with different layouts in the form of a morphological formula. The obtained diagram of the structure of the hardware support of information systems for monitoring the operation of the vehicle can be considered as an acting way to ensure effective monitoring of the vehicle in operating conditions

Artificial intelligence as a driver of efficiency in air passenger transport: A systematic literature review and future research avenues

Despite the claim that artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to increase efficiency in and for airlines, current literature is limited concerning models and frameworks to assess AI applications and their implications for airline efficiency. In response, we a) conceptualize and propose an AI-Airline-Efficiency-Model (AAEM) that allows for a more structured management approach for a systematic review and analysis of existing literature, and b) present a framework explicating the identified areas of AI application for airline efficiency based on a the AAEM model. In particular, using the four AI elements Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Reinforcement Learning and Natural Language Processing and their applications within six identified airline departments, we systematically review and analyze key attributes and characteristics of both AI and airline efficiencies to critically assess current research efforts. We found that AI applications are built around four overarching improvement areas predictive analytics, resource optimization, safety & autonomous processes and passenger experience, but lack a cross-department and inter-organizational focus and are often theoretical in nature. This study provides insight into most prevalent AI applications and the less popular applications applied in and for passenger transport, thereby presenting the dominating AI techniques that are covered by existing literature as well as highlighting a wide range of emerging AI techniques with the potential to become more influential for future studies. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications and offer avenues for future research.

АНАЛІЗ ШЛЯХІВ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ЛІТАКІВ АН-2 З УРАХУВАННЯМ ВИМОГ EASA ЩОДО CS 23 LEVEL 4 ТА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕННЯ 10–19 ПАСАЖИРІВ

The article is devoted to the actual problem of modernization of the An-2 aircraft taking into account the EASA requirements for CS23 Level 4 to ensure the possibility of transporting 10–19 passengers. An overview of options for the modernization of the An-2 aircraft with replacement of engines and changing the design of the airframe has been carried out. An option to modernize the fleet of An-2 aircraft with the installation of a power plant that meets the requirements of the CS 23 Level 4 is proposed to ensure the possibility of transporting the number of passengers corresponding to the carrying capacity of the aircraft and the safety of passenger transportation. Options for the modernization of the An-2 type aircraft without or with minimal modification of the airframe, as well as options for the modification of the aircraft with the installation of a turboprop engines with a change of the airframe, have been considered. The advantages of using the modernization of the aircraft with its minimal modification have been characterized: they decrease the cost of maintenance of the power plant and fuel costs, engine maintenance in the field, as well as warm-up and start-up of the power plant are facilitated, and the aircraft dragin flight is reduced. It was established that the passengers capacity limits the transportation of passengers in new planes. Some completed improvement projects are listed: options for the modernization of the An-2 aircraft, options for modifying the airframe of the aircraft into a braced monoplane, options for a two-engine aircraft based on the An-2 airframe with one propeller, and options for the configuration of two engines under the cowling. Various schemes for installing two engines under the cowling: horizontally in a row, horizontally with downward displacement relative to the axis of the propeller, vertically in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft. Conclusions have been made about expediency of installing two turboprop engine with a single propeller drive instead of the existing power plant with a single piston engine to upgrade the An-2 type aircraft in service, and that it will allow to ensure the efficiency of passenger transportation in accordance with the existing requirements of the EASA CS 23 Level 4 and the maximum utilization of the aircraft

The Impact of Operational Technology Requirements in Maritime Industries

The maritime ecosystem and industry require more efficient and coordinated cybersecurity governance. No common cybersecurity mechanism in the maritime sector may steer the whole supply chain management, for example, in the port areas and fairways. Cyberthreat prevention mechanisms in harbor areas and port terminals must be standardized more in the Western world. It has been recognized that understanding cybersecurity of operational technology in the harbor area is based on a more traditional experience of what it requires. The overall security of the maritime ecosystem requires more than random checks of passengers and vehicles and customs functions on cargo and passenger transportation, which are mainly physical security service routines. Traditional physical threats have changed to a combination of threat types. Hybrid threats may prevent everyday harbor activities so that damage can become long-lasting and harm overall business continuity management. It is crucial to prevent cyber threat factors in the maritime domain. The research provides transnational and EU-level cyber security assessments regarding cyber security regulation. The findings determine where to direct and concentrate a focus maritime domain and why it is essential to survey cyber security requirements set for member states to apply. In Finland, this research belongs to the cybersecurity governance of operational technology in the sector connected to the smart energy networks (CSG) research program. The project aims to develop a common cybersecurity governance model for operational technology.

Comprehensive Assessment of the Effectiveness of Passenger Transportation Processes using Intelligent Technologies

Introduction This studypresents a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of passenger transportation using intelligent technologies based on economic, technical, and operational efficiency parameters. It reviews existing approaches to efficiency assessment and proposes an optimal set of criteria for assessing the efficiency of the passenger transport process, which will allow for better planning of routes, movement schedules, and choice of transport rolling stock. Objective This study aims to provide a better assessment of the efficiency of passenger transport using intelligent technologies. Aims This article aims to carry out an integral assessment of the efficiency of passenger transport using intelligent technologies based on the criteria of economic and technical-operational efficiency, which will allow better planning of routes and schedules and selection of rolling stock Methods In order to obtain a comprehensive criterion for assessing the efficiency of the transportation process, diverse techniques, including computer and mathematical modeling, algorithm theory, mathematical statistics, observation, and measurement, were employed. Results A general criterion was created in order to evaluate the efficiency of passenger transportation processes based on the overall costs for both the user and the operator. Furthermore, a specific criterion of efficiency for passenger transportation processes has been defined: passenger-kilometers traveled. The applicability of the model is evaluated in a bus corridor in Havana. The results show that due to external factors, namely overcrowding, overall costs decrease at the same rate for both 12-meter and 15-meter buses with different intervals, while the number of passengers transported per kilometer increases at a faster rate for larger buses. Conclusion Choosing a criterion to assess the effectiveness of the passenger transportation process requires considering various aspects of importance that will result in passenger comfort and safety, as well as the effectiveness of the transport process. To solve this problem, it is necessary to do additional research and analyses to determine the most appropriate set of criteria under specific conditions. In particular, consider vehicles of smaller capacity to take into account volumes with variable demand.

Evaluation of the effect of airplanes on the environment on the example of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757

The object of research is the impact of airplanes on the environment. Aviation is an area of our life that has been developing faster and faster every year for more than a century. Accordingly, aircraft have a negative impact on the surrounding natural environment, and therefore the assessment of their impact on nature and people is an important and integral component of research in the field of ecology and sustainable development. In particular, the airplanes produced by Boeing are among those that are most widely used in both passenger and cargo air transportation, so a study was conducted on their example. In the study, calculation methods were used to estimate the load on the surrounding natural environment from the operation of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757 aircraft, based on the declared characteristics of emissions from the engines of these aircraft. The study shows that every aircraft has a certain negative impact on the environment due to the emission of pollutants during all phases of flight. However, there are opportunities to minimize this impact by implementing more complete fuel combustion, replacing standard fuels such as aviation kerosene with more modern fuels, reducing the weight of the aircraft, which will lead to lower fuel consumption and, accordingly, lower emissions into the atmosphere. Also effective is the introduction of technologies to reduce the noise load from the operation of aircraft, such as the introduction of noise-protective coverings of runways, new materials for the production of aircraft engines, as well as changing the design of engines and the use of double-circuit scheme. The work assessed the impact of aircraft on the environment and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures using the example of the operation of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757 aircraft, and developed proposals for the implementation of environmental protection and technical measures to reduce this impact.