Passenger Ships Research Articles

Experimental and numerical studies on the ultimate bending moment of welded plate girder with perforated web

ABSTRACT Combined opening girders with high stiffener webs used in the superstructure areas of passenger ships are prone to complex buckling phenomena under combined longitudinal and vertical loads caused by overall longitudinal bending and vertical forces from the deck cargo. In addition, the deformation and stress induced during structural assembly and welding make the buckling behaviour more difficult to predict. In response to this situation, thermal elastic–plastic and nonlinear finite element methods were used to simulate the welding and loading process and related experiments were conducted to provide a comparison. We further extended the investigation of the buckling behaviour of girders to the combined opening plate frame and investigated the buckling behaviour using experiments. This research on the buckling behaviour of combined opening girders and plate frames could provide a reference for the optimal design of these members in actual ship structures.

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Ultimate Bending Strength of Welded Plated Grillage with Combined Openings

Plated grillage with combined openings was susceptible to complex failure behaviors as the main load-bearing structure of the superstructure on passenger ships subjected to deck loads. Additionally, the deformation and stresses generated during the welding of the plated grillage complicated the prediction of its failure behavior. In this case, a new partitioned inherent strain method and nonlinear finite element method were used to simulate the welding and loading process, and experiments were designed and carried out to make comparisons, unveiling the influence regulations between the failure behavior of the structure and the loading condition, the initial welding state. This research on the failure mode analysis of plated grillages could provide references for the optimization of the structural form of plated grillages and the cargo loading scheme on the deck of a real ship.

Design of a Passenger Ship Launch Using an Air Bag System

Ship launching is one of the stages of ship production before the ship is handed over to the owner, which marks the beginning of the ship's life. With the development of technology at this time, various launching methods have been developed, one of which is the launching method using an air bag system. Launching using air bags has many advantages compared to conventional launching methods that have been used so far. Pre-launch calculations are performed to avoid risks during the launch. Launching using air bags begins with calculating the weight plan of the ship launch and the preparation of the air bag layout. Using CB/T 3837:1998 Technological Requirements for Ship Upgrading or Launching Relying on Air Bags, Shipbuilding Industry Standard, and ISO 14409:2011 ships and marine technology-ship launching air bags, the number of air bag requirements and layout can be determined to support the ship launching process. The passenger ship, with an length overall of 62.80 metres, is planned to have a launch weight of 1058.881 tons. By using the QG6 high-bearing capacity air bag model with 6 layers of cord fabric with a diametre of one metre and a contact length between the air bag and the ship's body of ten metres, a total of 11 air bags are required in a linear arrangement to support the launch of a passenger ship. The distance between air bags is 2.07 metres to 5.736 metres, the longer the distance between air bags, the greater the load supported by each air bag.

Dynamic analysis of emergency evacuation in a rolling passenger ship using a two-layer social force model

It is vital to effectively quantify the human movement parameters in rolling ships to save lives in maritime emergency and/or accidents. This study aims to develop a new two-layer social force model (2LR-SFM) to improve human evacuation efficiency in rolling ships. Firstly, the forces acting on humans are analysed in terms of physical forces, psychological adjustment, and inertial analysis, and the three-dimensional human moving process is described by a modified model. Secondly, the individual’s velocity and acceleration are calculated at each time step according to the walking direction, rolling amplitude, and rolling period. Thirdly, the accuracy of the human walking speed attenuation in 2LR-SFM simulation is verified by using the velocity data collected from real ship experiments. Finally, simulations are carried out in the dining room of a ship to reveal the human movement patterns in different rolling scenarios. The results reveal that the simulation process of 2LR-SFM satisfies the basic rules of human evacuation. With the increase of rolling amplitude, humans are more affected by the rolling motion, resulting in exponentially increased evacuation time. This study enables to simulate the evacuation process under different rolling scenarios and hence realizes a dynamic analysis for the first time in the area.

Improving health literacy of passengers of cruise ships: readability of passenger-facing COVID-19 information provided by commercial cruise lines-an infodemiology study.

Readability of COVID-19 information from 35 cruise lines was examined. Mean Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores (±standard error of mean) were 46.6 ± 1.3 (target ≥60) and 10.9 ± 0.3 (target ≤ 8.0), respectively. Two (6%) cruise lines met readability reference targets. Readability tools may aid in preparing more easily read passenger-facing health-related information on existing infections, including COVID-19, other respiratory infections, as well as gastroenteritis (e.g. norovirus), as well as providing a methodology for improving the readability of information prepared for newly emerging infectious diseases.

Analysis Computational Fluid Dynamics in a State of Ballast Loading on a Passenger Ship Prototype

Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic country in the world, has a very favourable geographical position because it is located between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The background of this research stems from the critical importance of effectively managing ballast loading on passenger ships to ensure stability, safety, and operational efficiency during voyages. Traditionally, methods for assessing ballast loading have often relied on empirical formulas or simplified models, which may not fully capture the complex fluid dynamics and structural interactions inherent in modern ship designs. This gap highlights the need for advanced computational tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can provide a more detailed and accurate analysis of how ballast loading affects the ship’s behaviour. CFD simulations offer the capability to model and analyse complex flow patterns, pressure distributions, and structural responses under various ballasting scenarios. By leveraging CFD, this research aims to enhance understanding and optimize the management of ballast loading on passenger ships, thereby addressing the limitations of traditional methods and advancing the state-of-the-art in maritime engineering practices. The simulation was carried out at different speeds, namely 1 knot, 10 knots, and 20 knots. When moving at a speed of 1 knot, the obstacles encountered have a range of 30–40 cm/s and a maximum speed of 83.0971 cm/s. Likewise, when moving at a speed of 10 knots, the obstacle has a range of 200–400 cm/s and a maximum speed of 766.921 cm/s. Finally, at a speed of 20 knots, facing obstacles with speeds ranging from 400 to 800 cm/s and a maximum speed of 1504.56 cm/s, the ship’s hull remained unaffected in terms of damage. However, the fluid speed magnifies the occurrence of friction.

Safety Management on Ro-Ro Passenger Ships

Safety Management on Ro-Ro Passenger Ships

Machine learning based method for analyzing vibration and noise in large cruise ships.

Cruise ships are distinguished as special passenger ships, transporting passengers to various ports and giving importance to comfort. High comfort can attract lots of passengers and generate substantial profits. Vibration and noise are the most important indicators for assessing the comfort of cruise ships. Existing methods for analyzing vibration and noise data have shown limitations in uncovering essential information and discerning critical disparities in vibration and noise levels across different ship districts. Conversely, the rapid development in machine learning present an opportunity to leverage sophisticated algorithms for a more insightful examination of vibration and noise aboard cruise ships. This study designed a machine learning-driven approach to analyze the vibration and noise data. Drawing data from China's first large-scale cruise ship, encompassing 127 noise samples, this study sets up a classification task, where decks were assigned as labels and frequencies served as features. Essential information was extracted by investigating this problem. Several machine learning algorithms, including feature ranking, selection, and classification algorithms, were adopted in this method. One or two essential noise frequencies related to each of the decks, except the 10th deck, were obtained, which were partly validated by the traditional statistical methods. Such findings were helpful in reducing and controlling the vibration and noise in cruise ships. Furthermore, the study develops a classifier to distinguish noise samples, which utilizes random forest as the classification algorithm with eight optimal frequency features identified by LightGBM. This classifier yielded a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.3415. This study gives a new direction for investigating vibration and noise in ships.

연안여객선 비상훈련 적합증서 모형개발 방향 모색

In recent years, as the public's awareness of safety has increased, high-level passenger ship emergency response capabilities have been required in the field of marine transportation. Therefore, in this study, in order to systematize and advance the emergency response capability (fire suppression, lifesaving, etc.) required in the event of an emergency situation on board, the “1st Passenger Ship Emergency Training Competition” was held in the Incheon area on a pilot basis to contribute to the safety awareness of the people, overcoming mannerisms, and providing various motivations. In addition, the purpose is to analyze the problems identified as a result of the drill, develop a model of the certificate of conformity for emergency training suitable for coastal passenger ships, and ensure the safe operation of passenger ships through the examination stage to verify whether the training is being carried out more systematically and efficiently.

여수지역 연안여객선 부유물 감김사고 분석

This study sought to find measures to prevent passenger ship maritime accidents through analysis of recent coastal passenger ship floating accident in the Yeosu area by season, sea area, entangled floating object, and time of action. In addition, by sharing the analysis results with passenger shipping companies, it is expected that it will have a significant effect in raising awareness of the occurrence of secondary major accidents due to entanglement of floating objects. We will examine the status of policies related to floating objects at sea overseas and seek policy directions that should be pursued to reduce floating object entanglement accidents.

Program Pelatihan Operasional Kapal Speedboat Fiberglass Untuk Operator Kapal Tradisional Sampang-Gili Mandangin Dalam Rangka Mendukung Perkembangan Kapal Berbahan Fiberglass Di Pulau Madura

Mandangin Island is one of the islands in Sampang Regency which has an area of 1650 km 2 with a population of around 3000 people. Most of the people on this island, the majority of whom work as fishermen, generally travel around 12.2 km to Sampang City to buy daily necessities by boarding traditional wooden boats at the Tanglok Sampang port. According to information conveyed by the Head of the Sampang Regency Transportation Service, most or almost all of the passenger ships that dock at Tanglok Port are traditional wooden ships whose actual function is to transport goods, not passengers, which are quite old. The Transportation Department considers the existing ships to be less safe and comfortable and therefore require refreshing. Besides that, wood as the main material in nature is decreasing in quantity so the price is increasingly expensive. The method implemented in this community service is to carry out a fiber glass boat operational training program for traditional boat operators. With this activity, it is hoped that the continued use of fiber glass boats can begin to be used and reduce the use of wooden boats which are relatively more expensive.

The First Loss of Romanian Commercial Vessels

The issue of Romanian commercial vessels during the Second World War has not been extensively presented in Romanian historiography, although it pertains to national security and defence. After great financial efforts, in 1939, Romania had a commercial fleet that ensured part of the transport needs of exported and imported goods. With the exception of the passenger ships sent to Istanbul, the other vessels, which were in ports in the Mediterranean, the USA and Great Britain, as well as those leased to Germany, were lost. Even if some shipowners managed to recover the vessels or their value, they did not sail under the Romanian flag. The mentioned situation was determined by the geopolitical and geostrategic evolution in Europe and worldwide. With regard to Romania, the proximity to Germany and, then, the “alliance” with the government in Berlin were catastrophic also from the perspective of the situation of the Romanian commercial fleet. The USA, Great Britain and the USSR acted in accordance with their interests both during the war and after its end, so that the Romanian state could not recover any vessel or the value of those lost

Analysis on Marine Accident Statistics and Maritime Safety Supervisor System

The history of maritime safety supervisors in Korea is relatively short, but it's marked by significant changes driven by tragic maritime accidents. A Maritime Safety Supervisor (MSS) in Korea, as defined by the Maritime Safety Act, is a designated individual with the authority and responsibility to ensure the safety of ship operations. There is evidence to suggest that the introduction of Maritime Safety Supervisors in Korea has contributed to a reduction in maritime accidents. Decreased Major Accidents: Since the implementation of the MSS system in 2015, Korea has seen a significant decline in major maritime accidents, particularly involving passenger vessels. According to related statistics, the number of casualites(death-missing) involving passenger ships dropped from 10 in the five years before the MSS system to 1 in 5 years. However, it's important to note that attributing the decrease in accidents solely to the MSS system is complex. Other factors, such as improved weather forecasting technology and stricter regulations, may also play a role. Additionally, the system is still relatively young, and more data is needed to fully assess its long-term impact.

Prima pierdere a navelor comerciale românești

The issue of Romanian commercial vessels during the Second World War has not been extensively presented in Romanian historiography, although it pertains to national security and defence. After great financial efforts, in 1939, Romania had a commercial fleet that ensured part of the transport needs of exported and imported goods. With the exception of the passenger ships sent to Istanbul, the other vessels, which were in ports in the Mediterranean, the USA and Great Britain, as well as those leased to Germany, were lost. Even if some shipowners managed to recover the vessels or their value, they did not sail under the Romanian flag. The mentioned situation was determined by the geopolitical and geostrategic evolution in Europe and worldwide. With regard to Romania, the proximity to Germany and, then, the “alliance” with the government in Berlin were catastrophic also from the perspective of the situation of the Romanian commercial fleet. The USA, Great Britain and the USSR acted in accordance with their interests both during the war and after its end, so that the Romanian state could not recover any vessel or the value of those lost

Omni-directional Movement on the MRT PURVI Ship Robot

Ship transportation is the primary mode of trade and transportation at sea in the maritime industry. Initially, humans employed ships as a method of pursuing and capturing fish or animals in aquatic environments. As the ship era progresses, it actively engages in all aspects pertaining to ships. Presently, the ship is propelled by its engine, which is a significant improvement over its initial reliance on wood or oars. In addition to engines, propellers are employed to transform the rotational motion of the engine into propulsive force in the marine environment. Propellers are also present on aircraft, serving the same purpose but positioned at various locations in the air. A thruster is a hybrid device that combines an engine and a propeller. This sort of thruster is specifically designed for use on tiny boats or prototypes, for the purpose of simulating, exhibiting, or participating in contests. ESC is a component that facilitates the alteration of the input value to the intended velocity. In addition to their primary function of fulfilling food requirements, ships are presently employed in diverse capacities, including military vessels, tourist vessels, submarines, passenger ships, and more.

The Role of Zone Models in the Numerical Prediction of Fire Scenario Outcomes Onboard Passenger Ships

Fire models are categorised as zone models and field models. Field models excel in accuracy, whereas zone models outperform field models in terms of computational time and cost efficiency. Through comparison between Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST), representing zone models, and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a benchmark field model, the research discussed in this paper investigates the feasibility of employing zone models to predict the consequences of a potential fire scenario on an accommodation deck of a reference small passenger ship. Such a comparison is the first attempt to study the differences between the two modelling techniques for cruise ships. The findings of this research indicate that CFAST predictions align well with FDS results in the room of fire origin, the cabin. However, the agreement between CFAST and FDS results gradually weakens when continuous spaces are modelled as contiguous compartments like in connected corridors. This study suggests that zone models can serve as a tool for conducting fast conservative comparisons between established rule-based designs and potential alternative designs, particularly concerning the life safety of crew and passengers of small passenger ships. Such simplified models adapt well to their possible future application to extensive safety risk analyses for passenger ships.

A data-driven, scenario-based human evacuation model for passenger ships addressing hybrid uncertainty

In a disaster at sea, the safe and timely removal of passengers from the ship is paramount. Here, a human evacuation plan enables passengers to be swiftly displaced from a risk area to one less so. Despite existing research on evacuation planning, there is a need for a more comprehensive model that considers various uncertainties and factors. This paper proposes an optimization evacuation model that balances uncertain variables, including passenger walking speed and travel distance, and deterministic factors like deck layout, door capacity, initial density, and corridor traffic flow. The model also accounts for varying starting locations and two levels of awareness—alert and non-alert. The model utilizes a data-driven technique, i.e., the k-means algorithm, to cluster historical data on speeds and generate scenarios. An adjustment scheme is applied to account for the ship's rolling motion, affecting passenger speeds during the evacuation planning period. Travel distance scenarios are produced to capture the impact of different route choices per passenger. A risk-neutral two-stage programming model is constructed to handle uncertainties. The model is tested on multiple problems for a passenger ship deck in day and night modes, revealing valuable managerial insights for the maritime safety sector.

Optimasi Pelayanan Kapal Penumpang melalui Clustering Penumpang dengan Metode Silhouette Coefficient

Improving the efficiency of passenger ship services is a big challenge for the shipping industry. This research aims to optimize ship passenger services at Muara angke port by segmenting passengers using the Silhouette Coefficient method. This research uses the k-means algorithm and the Silhouette Coefficient method in order to get passenger clusters based on boarding passengers and disembarking passengers. The Silhouette Coefficient method in this research is used to find the number of clusters. The dataset used is passenger data from January 1 - December 31, 2021. The results showed that 2 clusters were obtained, namely the highest cluster (C1) and the lowest cluster (C2) from the k-means algorithm with the results of the centroid value obtained for cluster 1 passengers up, namely 53,414 and passengers down, namely 54,585, the centroid value obtained for cluster 2 passengers up, namely 596,396 and passengers down, namely 532,455. The value with the Silhouette Coefficient method is obtained 0.704 in cluster 1 for the highest cluster there are 2091 data with a percentage value of 57.27% and 0.548 in cluster 2 for the lowest cluster there are 1560 data with a presentation value of 42.73%. The Silhouette Coefficient value is close to the value of 1, which means that the Muara angke port is good enough in optimizing passenger services.

A Bayesian network-based tool for crisis classification in piracy or armed robbery incidents on passenger ships

Piracy and armed robbery continue to pose significant security threats to the shipping industry. This paper presents a real-time threat assessment and crisis classification tool for piracy or armed robbery incidents. The tool is part of a crisis classification module that addresses various categories of security threats. This module is currently being developed as part of the EU-funded research project ISOLA, which aims to introduce an intelligent security superintendence ecosystem. The ecosystem is designed to complement the existing ship security processes and measures applied onboard passenger ships. The tool operates by providing real-time threat classification and subsequent warnings by analysing data collected from the ship’s legacy systems and installed sensors with the utilisation of Bayesian probabilistic techniques, particularly Bayesian Networks. The BN model developed for this purpose is thoroughly examined, and its validation is presented through indicative case studies involving piracy and armed robbery. The main objective is to improve situational awareness, enhance vigilance and early threat detection, and support the decision-making process for the Master and crew, especially under time-sensitive circumstances and stressful conditions.

Diversity, quality, and quantity of real ship data on the black-box and gray-box prediction models of ship fuel consumption

Establishing an efficient and reliable fuel consumption prediction model by using big data from ships facilitates optimized decision-making and ensures the green and intelligent development of ships. As data are crucial in model construction, this study presents a general multi-source data processing method for obtaining high-quality training data. A long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, suitable for time-series data, was used to develop the fuel consumption black-box model. This was combined with the ship theory to establish a fuel consumption theoretical model, thereby generating the LSTM based gray-box model. We explored the impact of data diversity, quality, and quantity on black-box and gray-box models. Analysis of the navigation data of a passenger ship and meteorological data collected from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and MeteoBlue indicated that the combination of variables obtained via the feature selection of the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) statistical method yielded the best overall prediction performance. Moreover, the gray-box model was relatively stable in terms of the changes in effective variables. An analysis of data quality revealed that the systematic processing of outliers, which improves the accuracy of both models by 6.19% compared with direct deletion. Furthermore, the gray-box models use less amounts of data than the black-box models to achieve higher accuracy.