Passenger Fares Research Articles

Urban passenger-and-package sharing transportation by e-hailing taxis: A simulation-based pricing analysis in shanghai

This study proposes a framework of an urban passenger-and-package sharing (PPS) system that utilizes e-hailing taxis to transport packages in addition to passengers. We examine the interactions between stakeholders and highlight the role of the pricing strategy in the system, including passenger fare discounts and driver incentives for PPS trips. Higher discounts and incentives stimulate more passengers and taxi drivers, respectively, to participate in the PPS system but possibly limit the profit of the service provider. A multi-agent simulation model is developed to analyze the influences of the pricing strategy on the behaviors of the service provider, passengers, and taxi drivers. The real-world case study demonstrates that the service provider, passengers, and taxi drivers benefit from different combinations of the passenger fare discounts and driver incentives. The pricing strategy could be set up to produce the system optimal (SO) situation that maximizes the total benefit, or win-win situations that simultaneously benefit all stakeholders—the service provider gains a higher profit, passengers enjoy lower travel costs, and taxi drivers have higher incomes when compared to the traditional e-hailing taxi system. The public authority is suggested to provide a subsidy to expand the domain of win-win situations to cover the SO situation, such that the system benefits all stakeholders and obtains the maximum total benefit.

The Effect of Service Quality and Passenger Fares on Consumer Decisions Using DAMRI Buses

This study aims to assess the impact of service quality and passenger fares on consumer decisions regarding the use of the Mamuju Branch Damri Bus. Specifically, the research has two primary objectives: first, to determine the individual influences of service quality and passenger fares on consumer decisions; and second, to explore the combined effect of both factors on these decisions. Employing a quantitative research approach, the study utilizes two independent variables (service quality and passenger fares) and one dependent variable (consumer decision to use the Mamuju Branch Damri Bus). The methodology includes the application of multiple statistical tests to ensure the validity and reliability of the data collected. These tests include a validity test to ascertain the appropriateness of the research instruments, a reliability test to ensure consistent results, and multiple linear regression to analyze the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. Additionally, t-tests (partial) and F-tests (simultaneous) are conducted to examine the significance of the effects. A sample of 96 respondents was selected for this study, and data were processed using SPSS software version 24.0. This facilitated a detailed analysis of how service quality and passenger fares influence consumer decisions, both individually and collectively. The findings revealed that both service quality and passenger fares significantly affect consumer decisions to use the Damri Bus at the Mamuju Branch, individually and in combination. This underscores the importance of these factors in shaping consumer behaviors and preferences in the context of public transportation.

Exploring the key technologies needed for the commercialization of electric flying cars: A levelized cost and profitability analysis

Flying cars, also known as Vertical Takeoff and Landing aircraft (VTOLs), can significantly improve transportation efficiency, and are expected to play an important role in future transportation. However, the technical requirements to make electric flying cars economically feasible remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, with detailed cost calculation model, the levelized cost and profit of electric flying car operation are estimated. The results show that under the base case (250 Wh/kg battery, baseline cost, battery swapping, no unmanned autonomous driving systems), the levelized cost is $0.61/passenger-km, about one-third higher than on-road taxi cost. Under passenger fare of $1.00/passenger-km, the net present value is $0.46 million, which implies an investment return cycle of 5 years, comparable to the airline industry. Advanced technology deployment can significantly improve profitability. With battery specific energy increased to 400 and 600 Wh/kg, the net present value increases by 60 % and 72 %. The investment return cycle can be reduced to 3 and 2 years, making electric flying car operation a high-profitability industry comparable to ride-sharing. The use of unmanned autonomous driving systems can drive net present value up to 4.2 times that under the base case, implying an investment return cycle of 2 years. Compared with battery swapping, charging as the energy supplementing approach leads to lower operation efficiency, but can be compensated by fast-charging and the reduction of battery capacity. The results suggest that the electric flying car industry could take full advantage of on-road-vehicle battery technology development. Efforts should be made in establishing a complete air-ground joint management system to facilitate unmanned autonomous driving.

Public-private partnerships scheme of pioneer train case study in South Sumatera area

Pioneer trains in Indonesia have been fully funded by the government. The construction needs a lot of funding that would burden the state budget. One of the alternatives is the public-private partnership scheme. This study aims to analyze the most effective unbundling scenario for financing and maintaining the Indralaya-Tanjung Senai train. The life cycle costs and conducting sensitivity analysis according to applicable regulations. The scenarios are based on ticket price increases and government support for the operation and maintenance (O&M) for this pioneer train route, calculated net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) value. Scenario 1 assumes that tickets do not receive subsidies; private companies are responsible for O&M costs. Scenario 2 assumes that ticket prices are set by private companies; the government is responsible for procurement and maintenance costs. Scenario 3 assumes that the government provides subsidies of IDR 10,000 per passenger as well as railway infrastructure; private companies bear the cost of procuring railbuses and operational expenses. Based on calculations with Scenario 1 NPV is IDR 0.73 billion; with Scenario 2 is IDR 4.64 billion and with Scenario 3 is IDR (–)1.34 billion. The analysis shows that increasing passenger fares according to price raises and inflation rates, and subsidies from governments for maintenance costs will make this railroad project financially feasible.

Fuel Price Increase: Unveiling the Torments and Agonies of the Transportation Sector — Basis for Policy Formation

This study aimed to investigate the impact of oil price hikes on the transportation sector in Padada, Davao del Sur. Utilizing a phenomenological approach and qualitative design, purposive sampling was conducted among fourteen participants from various transportation sectors. Data was analyzed through Data Reduction, Data Display, and Conclusion Verification, with assistance from a data analyst. The findings indicate that rising fuel prices significantly affect livelihoods and lifestyles, highlighting the broader impact of global issues on local communities. Additionally, increased oil prices have led to fare adjustments, impacting passengers' monthly budgets. The study suggests that government programs to support local transportation owners and drivers and initiatives for domestic oil exploration could mitigate these effects. Budget constraints and fuel price stabilization policies were also identified as relevant considerations for public administration. Consequently, it is recommended that the Local Government Unit of Padada, Davao del Sur, propose policies to address the impact of oil price increases on the transportation sector. Additionally, revising and strengthening Municipality Ordinance 003, Series of 2009, which allows for passenger fare adjustments based on daily oil prices, is advised.

Evaluasi pelaksanaan road map penataan angkutan umum di Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan (studi kasus angkutan umum trans sarbagita)

This study aimed to evaluate three aspects of Trans Sarbagita Public Transport Improvement Program consisting of the implementation of the Road Map, analysis of the factors that became the main obstacle and evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs which had been underway. The study used qualitative method with a descriptive pattern through interviews, observation and documentation of institutional factors, stages of the operation of the route, provision of means of transport / bus, provision of operation supporting facilities, financing the purchase of services, passenger fares and service quality. The results showed that the provisions of institutional facilities and institutional forms had not been fulfilled; the number of route network was not in accordance with the plan, the lack of the number of buses, bus stops and traffic signs, limited service fees and low passenger fares and service quality. Therefore a cooperation agreement should be made and the establishment of institutions engaged in service for the management, rearranging the lane routes, increasing the number of buses, bus stops and signs as needed, preparing and evaluating the suitability of bus fares and improving service quality.

An analysis of labor regulations for transportation network companies

There is a growing movement worldwide to regulate transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft. This is driven by concerns over low driver wages. Two recent labor regulations that were passed in California are Assembly Bill 5 (AB5) and Proposition 22 (Prop 22). AB5 classifies drivers (and other gig-economy workers) as employees as opposed to contractors. The implication is that ride-hailing companies must pay drivers a minimum wage and associated benefits, and that the drivers work full-time. This negatively impacts the TNC business model in two ways: (a) wage effect: higher wages and benefits reduce profit margins significantly, and (b) flexibility effect: having a base of full time drivers reduces the ability of TNCs like Uber and Lyft to match driver supply to customer demand on a fine temporal scale. As an alternative, TNCs lobbied fiercely for Prop 22. This regulation offers drivers 120% of minimum wage, but only for driving hours spent servicing a trip (engaged time).This paper studies the impacts of these and other possible regulations using data from the city of San Francisco. We develop a market-equilibrium model that captures passenger demand and driver supply in response to TNC’s pricing decisions. We show that the flexibility effect under AB5 can be largely mitigated by offering staggered driver shifts. The wage effect is substantial and undermines the viability of the TNC business model. We find that the wage effect leads to a 18% decrease in TNC profit, whereas the flexibility effect results in a profit reduction ranging between 1%–10% depending on how shifts are designed. On the other hand, Prop 22 will preserve TNC profitability, but the guaranteed engaged time wage promised by Prop 22 is insufficient to materially increase driver wages. We show that this concern cannot be addressed by further increasing the engaged time wage, as it will increase passenger fares, increase driver cruising time, reduce efficiency, and significantly reduce TNC profit. We then suggest suitable modifications to each of the above regulations that can improve outcomes for drivers and passengers without jeopardizing the TNC business model.

AKUNTANSI PENDAPATAN JASA BERBASIS NILAI MOHE;HEA DAN HUYULA

This study aims to reveal how the Bendi coachman practices (earns) service income. The paradigm used is Islam with an Islamic ethnomethodology approach. There are five stages of data analysis; amal, ilmu, iman, informasi wahyu, and ihsan. The results showed that the bendi coachman earned service income from passenger fares by negotiating prices, delaying and freeing tariffs for passengers. This practice is driven by Islamic cultural values in the form of consensus (mohe; hea) and help (huyula). This value is based on the belief of the bendi charioteers that fortune has been arranged by God.

Operating cost calculation methodology for hovercraft used in social regional transportation

The article proposes a methodical approach to determine operating costs for a hovercraft. The presented method differs by taking into account the peculiarities of operating hovercraft during the round year. In this case, the methodology allows you to determine operating costs separately for navigation (summer) and internavigation (winter) periods. The article tested the methodology using the example of intracity and suburban routes of the Nizhny Novgorod transport hub. The calculation results were also approximated, the use of which for specific routes will make it possible to quickly find the value of the cost of passenger transportation and the passenger's fare depending on it. The conclusion defines the scope of application of the proposed methodological approach when justifying the costs and size of tariffs for passenger transportation on suburban and intra-city lines, as well as for determining the areas of use and competitiveness of hovercraft compared to other modes of transport.

Psychological factors of Canadian and Mexican tourists and the US tourism sector

This paper investigates the impact of psychological factors of Canadian and Mexican tourists on the US tourism sector. Using the data of 1996–2019, the study uses vector autoregression models and the spillover analysis to perform the investigation. The paper discovers that high insecurity of tourists significantly reduces tourist arrivals, passenger fare receipts, and expenditure of tourists in the US. Also, tourist inflows are highly influenced by insecurity during terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and the financial crisis of the US. It is found that high sentiment of Canadian and Mexican tourists increases their outbound travel to the US, but the impact of sentiment is relatively stronger for the Canadian tourists. Results show that the tourist inflows from Canada and Mexico are influenced by low sentiment during recessionary periods of Canada and Mexico, respectively. The paper finds no robust evidence of mood and nationalism-based retaliation of tourists for traveling to the US.

Understanding bidder behaviour: The case of the Mamelodi contract

The South African government has had a nearly 17 year moratorium on new commuter bus contracts. In late 2017, the government lifted this moratorium which enabled the Gauteng Provincial Government to design a service for a number of operating areas, one of which was for the Mamelodi township to the east of Pretoria.From the outset, some operators expressed their reservations about the quality of the supporting information, especially the lack of detailed passenger and route information, and the lack of an escalation formula for the seven year contract. Bidders viewed these aspects as major cost risks that made it difficult to determine a competitive price for the service.The purpose of the research is to investigate how bidding companies viewed the Mamelodi contract when tendering for the service and to compare the results of the bidding process amongst the respective bidders. To achieve this objective a single case study strategy was followed. Use was made of a structured questionnaire to interview the bidding companies, documentary analysis such as the detailed specifications of the Mamelodi contract as well as obtaining financial and operating information from the bidding companies that could serve as a basis of comparison on how the companies responded to the tender requirements. These sources of information were triangulated to arrive at observations and conclusions.The results of the research indicated that there were major variances in annual passenger trip estimates, passenger revenue estimates, subsidy requirements and overall tender amounts, amongst the bidders. This is mainly as a result of incomplete passenger information and a lack of detailed route information, the lack of an adequate escalation formula and a requirement that bidders had to sub-contract 30% of their services to smaller operators. The higher costs for the service, compared to the cost of the incumbent operator, resulted in the tender not being awarded.Recommendations are that contracting authorities ought to supply as much information as possible in the design of public transport contracts in order to receive truly cost competitive bids. This ought to include detailed passenger numbers and related passenger fares (to determine overall revenue) and detailed route and network kilometres so that the bidders can determine their operating costs. In addition, contracts ought to include adequate escalation formulae (especially the correct weighting of cost elements) and where there are special requirements, such as sub-contracting of services, that such requirements can be reasonably executed by bidders.

The benefits of introducing meeting points into flex-route transit services

In this paper, to improve the reliability of flex-route transit service under uncertain travel demand, a meeting point strategy is proposed in which passengers can be picked up and dropped off either at their reserved stops or at meeting points that are within their acceptable walking distance. A two-stage optimization problem is introduced into the design of flex-route transit operations. Mixed integer programming (MIP) is employed to formulate the problem with a twofold objective: to serve as many requests as possible and to minimize the total trip time of the accepted passengers. A memetic algorithm is adopted to solve the problem in a reasonable amount of time. Simulation experiments based on a real-life flex-route transit service are conducted to assess the benefits of introducing meeting points. The results demonstrate that meeting points can significantly reduce the rejection rate by up to 24% at the cost of walking an acceptable distance. We also find that reducing the passenger fare to compensate for the inconvenience of walking to meeting points constitutes a win–win strategy that benefits both passengers and transit operators.

Optimization of the tariff on automobile passenger transportation to suburban united

The article deals with problems of transportation of passengers by motor transport in suburban connections in Ukraine. The essence and role of legislative and normative documents of Ukraine in the field of passenger transportation are revealed. The main factors influencing the pricing process in road transport are analyzed, in particular, the justification of the value of passenger transportation tariffs. The role of the state in the regulation of the cost of passenger transportation services is shown and the conditions of their organization are considered. Based on the analysis of the results of inspections of state authorities, it was established that in Ukraine free tariffs for passenger transportation services are formed, which enables business entities to regulate prices for this kind of services. Practical calculations have shown that the planned cost of services is one of the most important indicators that affects the pricing of passenger fares in road transport. The mechanism of determining the economically justified tariff for bus travel in suburban traffic has been improved in order to optimize the pricing process in the transport service system. The proposed methodology for determining tariffs for the transportation of passengers in suburban traffic has been proven in the practice of business entities in the Ternopil region.

Equity and public finance issues in the state subsidy of public transit

Purpose Public transit is an essential service for people without access to an automobile, particularly those who are low income, elderly, or with disabilities. Previous research has found that large urban transit agencies receive less state funding per ride provided than suburban agencies. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the National Transit Database for 37 of the largest US transit agencies, the authors create a panel data set of services provided and sources of operating funds for the period 1991-2009. The authors develop an equity index that represents the difference between the share of state funding that an agency receives and the share of the total transit rides in the state that it provides. The authors use fixed-effects regression modeling to examine the determinants of fiscal balance and the equity index. Findings The authors find that the share of an agency’s operating funds that come from dedicated taxes is a significant predictor of fiscal health as measured by its fiscal balance; reliance on passenger fares and provision of bus service are significant predictors of operating deficits. The equity index finds that large agencies receive less than their fair share of state transit funding based on ridership. Practical implications Dedicated tax revenues are a key ingredient to transit agencies’ fiscal stability. Transit agencies’ fiscal condition in states and localities that do not have a dedicated tax could benefit from such a tax. Social implications Transit is an essential service for people who are unable to drive or own an automobile; funding inequities maintain old patterns of segregation and isolation for “transit dependents.” Originality/value This study supports earlier research finding that large agencies receive less than their fair share of state funding based on ridership. It contributes to the literature on transportation equity and transit finance.

Decrypting fare-free public transport in Tallinn, Estonia

Among many possible interventions in public transport finance and policy designed to enhance the attractiveness of riding public transport, one of the most extreme, which is seldom implemented, is the elimination of passenger fares, effectively making public transport “free” for riders (with operating costs paid from other funding sources). This article describes a fare-free public transport program in Tallinn, Estonia, launched in 2013, which has exhibited lower-than-expected increases in ridership. Evaluations of Tallinn’s fare-free public transport program are presented and synthesized, with a focus on program goals and how goals are met through program performance. Findings suggest certain flaws limit the program’s potential success since the program design is misaligned with its primary stated goals, and several program goals relating to external effects of fare reform cannot be evaluated. Although it would be valuable for transport managers in other cities to learn about this experience, the Tallinn fare-free public transport program provides scant transferable evidence about how such a program can operate outside of a politicized context, which was crucial to its implementation in Estonia.

Overseas Passenger Fares and Emigration from Germany in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Mid-nineteenth-century German immigrants who settled in the United States and other faraway destinations faced the formidable hurdle of crossing an ocean and coming up with the resources to pay for it. Using new data from German emigrant newspapers we provide more concrete information on the fares to various international ports, and how they varied seasonally and by method of transport (sail or steam). We do not observe fares declining in the late 1840s and 1850s. Unskilled German workers could not easily afford such a voyage, providing perspective on why German immigration to the United States was positively self-selected.

Carpooling Service for Large-Scale Taxicab Networks

Carpooling has long held the promise of reducing gas consumption by decreasing mileage to deliver coriders. Although ad hoc carpools already exist in the real world through private arrangements, little research on the topic has been done. In this article, we present the first systematic work to design, implement, and evaluate a carpool service, called coRide , in a large-scale taxicab network intended to reduce total mileage for less gas consumption. Our coRide system consists of three components, a dispatching cloud server, passenger clients, and an onboard customized device, called TaxiBox . In the coRide design, in response to the delivery requests of passengers, dispatching cloud servers calculate cost-efficient carpool routes for taxicab drivers and thus lower fares for the individual passengers. To improve coRide ’s efficiency in mileage reduction, we formulate an NP-hard route calculation problem under different practical constraints. We then provide (1) an optimal algorithm using Linear Programming, (2) a 2-approximation algorithm with a polynomial complexity, and (3) its corresponding online version with a linear complexity. To encourage coRide ’s adoption, we present a win-win fare model as the incentive mechanism for passengers and drivers to participate. We test the performance of coRide by a comprehensive evaluation with a real-world trial implementation and a data-driven simulation with 14,000 taxi data from the Chinese city Shenzhen. The results show that compared with the ground truth, our service can reduce 33% of total mileage; with our win-win fare model, we can lower passenger fares by 49% and simultaneously increase driver profit by 76%.

IJARCCE - Computer and Communication Engineering

4 Abstract: Mobile devices have larger impact in our daily life. The proposed project is concerned with ticketing and identification of the passenger in the public transport service. As seen in various metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore there are various issues and problems related to severe malfunction and security. There are various problems related to public transport like confusion and misunderstanding between the passengers regarding fares, facing the severe problem of traffic jam, having severe security problems in public transport due anti social elements. This proposed project aims to develop a user friendly, interactive automated ticketing system which will deduct the passenger's fare according to the distance travelled as well as detect the passenger's identification. This is only possible by use of Near Field Communication (NFC) cards. The project is developed using NFC technology. This project provides a NFC system that can identify passengers in public transport as well as it does all accounting purpose based on travelling fares. Automated and accurate accounting of bus transport can be used to provide useful estimates of the fare of travelling from one bus stop to another as well as the crowd density can be measured inside the bus, but in case of India measuring crowd density is of no use. Near field Communication (NFC) tags is going to be used in this project. Passenger would carry NFC card with them, when they enter into the bus they have to show the NFC card to the Conductor. The conductor will use NFC based android cell phone to read the NFC tag. Based on the distance travelled the cost would be automatically deducted. Near Field Communication is a wireless technology which allows transmitting data between two devices. NFC commonly integrated within mobile devices. This will allow the device to establish communication with another device sim card. So it can be used as a substitute of wallet in public transportation. Basically NFC has 2 different modes of data transmission:

A Choice-Based Mixed Integer Programming Formulation for Network Revenue Management

Airlines routinely use revenue management techniques to improve their revenue performance by optimizing the available fares for the various flights that they operate within their network. These approaches often assume independent passenger demand, which essentially ignores the interactions between various fare classes and routing options. In this article, we build on previous studies that explicitly incorporate passenger choice and fare class/routing interactions using a MultiNomial Logit discrete choice model by presenting an alternative Mixed Integer Programming formulation for the problem. The formulation yields substantial reduction in the number of variables over the Choice-based Deterministic Linear Program while maintaining revenue performance. Using small and larger network examples from the literature, we demonstrate performance improvements that one can obtain in comparison to popular leg- and network-based revenue management methods currently used in practice, and explain how the solution can be implemented in real-life systems.

Bus Control Strategy Application: Case Study of Santiago Transit System

Buses have an inherent tendency to bunch due to randomness in passenger demand and congestion. Many sophisticated control strategies have been developed to reduce bus bunching, however, few of them have been implemented in high frequency real services. Building upon a control strategy comprised of a rolling horizon mathematical programming model that yields the optimal holding time that minimizes user-waiting times6, we have developed real-time software and implemented it on two bus services in Santiago using different technologies to communicate the instructions to bus drivers. The results presented in this paper are encouraging, on the days the system was implemented less bus bunching was observed, which translated in fewer headway-irregularity fines. Moreover lower passenger fare evasion was observed when the bus control strategy was used.