Passenger Cruise Research Articles

Commercial and legal conditions for the organization of sea passenger transportation

This article explores current trends and prospects in passenger cruise ship chartering. In light of events in recent years, including the global COVID-19 pandemic, the cruise industry has faced serious challenges, prompting companies to look for new approaches to support their operations. The article examines different chartering models, including long-term and short-term agreements, as well as the possibility of sharing vessels between operators. Two organizational and legal forms of operation of marine passenger ships are considered in more detail: liner and cruise. Formalized and provided a schematic representation of the process of interaction of the participants of sea passenger transportation in various forms of ship operation. The interaction schemes of the shipowner, the charterer and the managing agent are described. The interaction technology of the participants in the passenger transportation process is considered in the context of the types of ship charter contracts. Differences in technological processes of interaction of participants in the process of organization and provision of sea passenger transportation, distribution of responsibilities, risks, costs and income in the organization of sea passenger transportation according to various schemes of interaction of participants are given.

Simulator study to determine the wind speed limitation for a Passenger Cruise Vessel entering and berthing in the Port of Hambantota, Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is being promoted as a tourist destination and the port of Hambanthota is having visits from Passengers. The port of Hambanthota in Sri Lanka is on the busy main east-west sea route. It has become necessary to determine if a Passenger Cruise Ship can be berthed safely in differing monsoonal wind conditions. Before a ship is manoeuvred into a port in the real sense, simulator trials are necessary to be carried out to see if the ship can be manoeuvred safely in varying conditions with all available resources. Simulator trials have been recognized as a cost-effective way to determine the safe limitations and prevent mishaps. The CINEC simulator research team successfully created the simulator environment of the port of Hambanthota as a part of the research under AHEAD operations of the ministry of high education funded by the world bank. As per the analysis of the results of simulator trials, it has been concluded that the wind speed should be limited to 20 knots for safe berthing mainly due to the berthing tug power used.

A Rational Approach to the Ecological Transition in the Cruise Market: Technologies and Design Compromises for the Fuel Switch

Supporting policies to achieve a green revolution and ecological transition is a global trend. Although the maritime transport of goods and people can rightly be counted among the least polluting sectors, much can be done to further reduce its environmental footprint. Moreover, to boost the ecological transition of vessels, a whole series of international regulations and national laws have been promulgated. Among these, the most impactful on both design and operational management of ships concern the containment of air-polluting emissions in terms of GHG, NOx, SOx and PM. To address this challenge, it might seem that many technologies already successfully used in other transport sectors could be applied. However, the peculiar characteristics of ships make this statement not entirely true. In fact, technological solutions recently adopted, for example, in the automotive sector must deal with the large size of vessels and the consequent large amount of energy necessary for their operation. In this paper, with reference to the case study of a medium/large-sized passenger cruise ship, the use of different fuels (LNG, ammonia, hydrogen) and technologies (internal combustion engines, fuel cells) for propulsion and energy generation on board will be compared. By imposing the design constraint of not modifying the payload and the speed of the ship, the criticalities linked to the use of one fuel rather than another will be highlighted. The current limits of application of some fuels will be made evident, with reference to the state of maturity of the relevant technologies. Furthermore, the operational consequences in terms of autonomy reduction will be presented. The obtained results underline the necessity for shipowners and shipbuilders to reflect on the compromises required by the challenges of the ecological transition, which will force them to choose between reducing payload or reducing performance.

Air pollution in central European capital (Budapest) via self-made passive samplers and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images

This study is to identify the types of ultra-fine air pollutants present in the local atmosphere. The authors utilize Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images to identify the presence of Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550), and later verify this presence through physical sample collection using self-made passive samplers (SMPSs) at various locations in Budapest ((A) Passenger Cruise Port, (B) Kunsthalle, (C) Szechenyi Lanchid, and (D) Liberty Bridge). The samples obtained from the SMPSs were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify the minerals present in ultra-fine phases (e.g. minerals and ultra-fine amorphous). The images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite, taken between 2018, 2019 and 2021 allowed us to identify the Aerosol Optical Thickness (T550) at these same locations in Budapest. The SMPS samples revealed the presence of ultra-fine particles containing elements dangerous to human health, such as: As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ti, V and Ni. The points analyzed in the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images showed a 50.89% reduction in T550 levels in the city of Budapest, attributed to the COVID-19 epidemic, which clearly demonstrates the need to reduce pollutants for a better quality of life in this central capital of Europe.

Redox state assessment for the Danube water in the Sulina channel using a mobile water quality monitoring station

The monitoring of the Danube River water quality was performed by using a complex device including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, redox potential (ORP) and temperature measurements, installed on a passenger cruise ship traveling between Tulcea and Sulina. This ship equipped with the water monitoring station served as a mobile device during the daytime cruise along the Sulina channel and as a fixed one when the ship was docking in Tulcea or Sulina ports, including the nighttime. The values of the Eh and rH revealed that apart from the assumed dissolved oxygen, other species of peroxide types are supposed to form in the natural water by complex biologic mechanisms.

Cruise Industry Trends and Cruise Ships’ Navigational Practices in the Central and South Part of the Adriatic East Coast Affecting Navigational Safety and Sustainable Development

The analysis of cruising trends in the Mediterranean regions shows that the Adriatic is the fastest growing cruise region in terms of the number of passenger movements and cruise ships’ port calls among all regions, particularly the central and south part of the east Adriatic coast. The aim of the paper is to analyze leading cruise destination trends in the central and south part of the Adriatic east coast, as well as to identify newly established cruise ships routes, define high-risk navigational and environmental areas and determine cruise traffic density in the vicinity of marine protected areas. The analyses of leading cruise destinations trends are based on four-year (from 2015 to 2019) cruise passenger movement and cruise calls data, whereas analyses of cruise traffic movement are based on one-year cruise ships traffic monitoring (from August 2014 to July 2015). The results of the cruise ship traffic analysis show that cruise ships frequently pass through areas of high navigational and environmental risks that are geographically restricted, navigationally challenging and environmentally sensitive. These routes have become standard navigational practice in newly discovered cruising regions. The obtained results offer a general overview of high-risk cruise ships’ navigational practices in coastal navigation that can be associated with any coastal region in the world.

Cruise Ships, COVID-19, and Port/Flag State Obligations

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed additional weaknesses of the already troubling “flag of convenience” practices under international law; the passenger cruise industry was especially impacted. Most cruise ships under distress from the pandemic received little aid from their flag states, and many vessels were denied entry into ports of nonflag states (regardless of whether an outbreak had been documented onboard). States and vessels lacked clear guidance around their rights and responsibilities under the extraordinary circumstances, resulting in a less efficient response to a dangerous situation. This article reviews the current status of international law concerning port and flag state duties to distressed vessels, and suggests the creation of flag state medical liability to help clarify decision-making during future health crises.

A functional data analysis approach for the monitoring of ship CO2 emissions

Abstract Sensing networks provide nowadays massive amounts of data that in many applications provide information about curves, surfaces and vary over a continuum, usually time, and thus, can be suitably modelled as functional data. Their proper modelling by means of functional data analysis approaches naturally addresses new challenges also arising in the statistical process monitoring (SPM). Motivated by an industrial application, the objective of the present paper is to provide the reader with a very transparent set of steps for the SPM of functional data in real-world case studies: i) identifying a finite dimensional model for the functional data, based on functional principal component analysis; ii) estimating the unknown parameters; iii) designing control charts on the estimated parameters, in a nonparametric framework. The proposed SPM procedure is applied to a real-case study from the maritime field in monitoring CO2 emissions from real navigation data of a roll-on/roll-off passenger cruise ship, i.e., a ship designed to carry both passengers and wheeled vehicles that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels. We show different scenarios highlighting clear and interpretable indications that can be extracted from the data set and support the detection of anomalous voyages.

A History of Electric Ship Propulsion Systems [History

This article provides an electric ship history that starts during the early 1800s with the manual propulsion of small boats and concludes with modern electric vessels. An increasing demand for large ships for goods transportation, the cruise industry, and naval defense prompted tremendous research and development. Those efforts took place simultaneously in the marine industry and at universities, private research centers, and U.S. Navy facilities, and they resulted in the development of today's small all-electric ships and large hybrid vessels that provide more fuel efficiency and less air pollution. These marine craft include all types of Navy ships, vessels in the energy and transportation industries, passenger cruise liners, and smaller recreational boats. A tremendous effort is underway to lower all ship pollution by using dc battery systems along with generated electric power, resulting in socalled hybrid systems.

Consuming the Coast: mid-century communications of port tourism in the southern african Indian Ocean

<p>Throughout the early to mid-20<sup>th</sup> century, tourist passenger cruise liners moving along the Southern African coast were a popular leisure activity, undertaken by largely elite (white) Europeans (predominately British), Americans, and South Africans, with stopping off points including multiple Indian Ocean port cities such as Cape Town and Durban in South Africa and Lourenço Marques and Beira in Portuguese Mozambique. By considering the above twined port cities in relation to their entangled colonial and tourist pasts, and as operating within a distinct regional “cultural corridor”(NUTALL, 2009) of Southern Africa, this paper explores a series of leisured port spaces as inter-connected via the passenger cruise liner. The basis for my historical navigation is the tourism yearbooks produced by the <em>Union-Castle Line, </em>Round Africa service, those for 1939 and 1949 respectively. That these guidebooks serve as portholes into the cosmopolitan microcosmic world of cruise ships makes them invaluable for understanding the history of leisure (and its concomitant products, consumer goods and advertising) in Southern Africa.</p>

Consuming the Coast: mid-century communications of port tourism in the southern african Indian Ocean

Throughout the early to mid-20th century, tourist passenger cruise liners moving along the Southern African coast were a popular leisure activity, undertaken by largely elite (white) Europeans (predominately British), Americans, and South Africans, with stopping off points including multiple Indian Ocean port cities such as Cape Town and Durban in South Africa and Lourenço Marques and Beira in Portuguese Mozambique. By considering the above twined port cities in relation to their entangled colonial and tourist pasts, and as operating within a distinct regional “cultural corridor”(NUTALL, 2009) of Southern Africa, this paper explores a series of leisured port spaces as inter-connected via the passenger cruise liner. The basis for my historical navigation is the tourism yearbooks produced by the Union-Castle Line, Round Africa service, those for 1939 and 1949 respectively. That these guidebooks serve as portholes into the cosmopolitan microcosmic world of cruise ships makes them invaluable for understanding the history of leisure (and its concomitant products, consumer goods and advertising) in Southern Africa.

서귀포 크루즈터미널 CIQ시설 규모산정에 관한 연구

This research studies the adequate size standard of Seogwipo cruise terminal CIQ facility that is scheduled to be built around Gangjeong harbor area in Seogwipo-city. In order to respond to the highly increasing number of passenger cruise ships compared to Seogwipo cruise terminal design in 2010, the adequate size standard of Seogwipo cruise terminal CIQ facility was examined for passenger service level grade. Based on size computation elements such as the number of passengers of cruise ships with the largest size of port entry, ship landing rate, passenger processing ratio, and surge factor, the CIQ facility size for each service level grade was reviewed. As a result, the area of 2,971m2 (A grade), 2,409 m2 (B grade), and 2,088 m2 (C grade) were computed. This showed that the area of B grade was about 82% and C grade 70% compared to the area of A grade. The CIQ facility size computed for each service level grade in this research was analyzed that its area needed to be increased by 322% at least and 458% at most, compared to the CIQ facility area of 649m2 of the existing design (2010). In order to respond to the increasing number of cruise passengers, provide high-level passenger service, and improve the international image of Jeju, Seogwipo cruise terminal should secure the size that is equal to or higher than the B grade of service level.

Research Note: An Analysis of Cruise Ship Impact on Local Hotel Demand — An Event Study in Charleston, South Carolina

This study examines cruise passenger demand for hotel accommodation in Charleston, South Carolina, prior to embarkation and after debarkation. The findings reveal that cruise passengers are significant drivers of room night demand around embarkation and debarkation. In addition, cruise passenger demand for room nights was not isolated to non-tourist districts of the greater metropolitan area, suggesting that a cruise from Charleston was coupled with a short vacation. This research is particularly important to destination managers, port authorities, municipalities and other stakeholders as they examine and negotiate the frequency, type and timing of passenger cruise service that provides the most positive benefit for the community.

Operability assessment of high speed passenger ships based on human comfort criteria

The growing popularity of passenger cruise lines means continual challenges are faced concerning both a vessel׳s design and its operational ability. Vessel dimensions, service speeds and performance rates are rapidly increasing to keep pace with this expanding interest. It is essential that vessels demonstrate high performances, even in adverse sea and weather conditions, and ensure the comfort of passengers and the safety of cargo. A vessel׳s operability can be defined as the percentage of time in which the vessel is capable of performing her tasks securely. In order to calculate a vessel׳s operability index, many key parameters are required. These include the dynamic responses of the ship to regular waves, the wave climate of the sea around the ship׳s route, and the assigned missions of the vessel. This paper presents a procedure to calculate the operability index of a ship using seakeeping analyses. A discussion of the sensitivity of the results relative to three different employed seakeeping methods is then given. The effect of seasonality on a ship׳s estimated operability is also investigated using wave scatter diagrams. Finally, a high speed catamaran ferry is explored as a case study and its operability is assessed with regards to human comfort criteria.

Structural design of passenger cruise ships – an introduction to classification requirements

Modern passenger cruise ships are also from structural point of view very complex objects that vary very much from one design to another. Hence assessment of such a kind of ship is difficult if not impossible to do only by application of conventional rule formulas since they are usually developed and suitable to apply on similar structural arrangements. Therefore assessment of modern passenger cruise ships has to be done combining applicable rule formulas with extensive use of various types of direct calculations. A brief introduction on structural design assessment procedures as foreseen by Lloyd's Register Ship Rules (hereafter Rules) is described in the paper.

Passenger Response Time Data-Sets for Large Passenger Ferries and Cruise Ships Derived from Sea Trials

This paper describes research that was carried-out under the EU FP7 research project SAFEGUARD and presents passenger response time data generated from five full-scale semi-unannounced assembly trials at sea. The data-sets were generated from three different types of passenger ships, a RO-PAX ferry without cabins (RP1), a cruise ship (CS) and a RO-PAX ferry with cabins (RP2). In total, response times from 2366 people were collected making it the largest response time data-set ever collected – on land or sea. The analysis methodology used to extract the response time data and the resultant response time distributions (RTD) is presented. A number of key findings from the data analysis are presented along with three recommendations to modify the IMO guidelines governing ship evacuation analysis, namely; (a) it is inappropriate to use the same RTD for cruise ships and RO-PAX vessels; (b) a new Day Case RTD is suggested for RO-PAX vessels and (c) new Day and Night RTDs are suggested for cruise ships.

The Battle of Charleston: Expansion of the Passenger Cruise Industry

The Battle of Charleston: Expansion of the Passenger Cruise Industry

Online Purchase Intentions: An Empirical Testing of a Multiple-Theory Model

Security and privacy issues have drawn much attention in the electronic commerce research area, and e-vendors have adjusted their online shopping systems to convince customers that vendors and systems are trustworthy. Therefore, this study concentrates on how consumers choose their purchasing channel when the environment is relatively secure. Is the choice based on preferring conversation with customer service, complexity of product, prior online shopping experience, social influence or perception of system usefulness or ease-of-use? The technology acceptance model, media richness theory and social influence model were combined in a research model tested with a Web survey. Based on the responses of 1,501 customers of a passenger cruise company, prior experience of traditional and online channels and perceived usefulness had a substantial effect on behavioral intention to use the online channel in the future.

Distrust of One's Own Web Skills: A Reason for Offline Booking after Online Information Search

Previous research has proposed that one of the most important reasons for not using an online channel for purchasing is the lack of trust: unfamiliar vendors as well as insecurity of transactions and personal information. However, customers are learning to avoid risks in the Internet and secure online purchasing environments are already available. As companies are more and more using the Internet to change their distribution strategies and reduce costs, it is important to understand what makes some customers reluctant to handle their transactions online. In this study, we aim to explain the motivations of consumers who seek information online and make the transaction offline with a familiar and reliable company operating both online and offline, using secure transactions as well as guaranteeing information privacy. Approximately 2,500 customers of a passenger cruise company answered a Web survey, which was used to test hypotheses based on media appropriateness theory and related literature. The results su...

Forensic Engineering Investigation Of A Cruise Ship Fire

Each Year There Are Approximately 50 Major Fires Aboard Ships, Which Result In Financial Loss, Personal Injury And Death. Financial Loss At Sea Instigated The Formation Of Insurance Companies Such As Lloyds Of London, Which Now Provide Fire Insurance For Most Assets. Over A Nine-Year Period From 1977 To 1986, The Liverpool Underwriters Association Reported That 33 Percent Of The Fires Originated In Machinery Spaces, 3.6 Percent Originated In Electrical Installations And 0.5 Percent Originated In Stores. Between 1991 And 1993, 54 Percent Of The Fires Originated In Engine Rooms. The Engine Room Fires Were Often Initiated By An Explosion Or The Result From An Uncontrolled Release Of Flammable Vapors Or Fuel Into The Engine Room. 40 Percent Of All Fires In Engine Rooms Are Extinguished Using Portable Appliances While 18 Percent Are Extinguished By Fixed Carbon Dioxide Systems. Portable Appliances Are Most Effective In The First 15 Minutes And Carbon Dioxide In The First 30 Minutes...A Case Study Of The Investigation Of A Fatal Passenger Cruise Ship Fire Will Be Utilized To Show How The Burn Patterns Differ, How To Determine A Fires Area Of Origin And Possible Causes Of The Fire.