Time Passage Research Articles

Anxiety and accelerated passage of time judgment

The principal objective of this study was to ascertain the relationship between anxiety (both trait and state) and the pervasive phenomenon of accelerated passage of time judgement (APoT). Previous research indicates that, contingent on the sample and survey methodology employed, between 64.8% and 83.7% of individuals perceive the passage of time as accelerated. Nevertheless, over 50% of the participants exhibited elevated levels of anxiety. The analysis demonstrated that the comparable frequency distribution of anxiety and APoT is not random. Significant correlations were identified between trait anxiety indicators and time pressure (r=0.388; p<0.001), as well as between assessments of the speed of the passage of past (r=0.262; p=0.003), present (r=0.177; p=0.046) and future time (r=0.180; p=0.042). Therefore, regression analysis indicated that trait anxiety, the subjective perception of time passage, and time pressure constitute a unified psychological mechanism. An increase in one element of this mechanism leads to an increase in the others. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, Spielberger's STAI and Wittmann-Lehnhoff's STQ were employed. The latter was modified by the addition of a series of questions designed to elicit estimates of future time intervals. This innovation permitted the questions to be grouped according to the results of factor analysis into the blocks "past", "present" and "future". This led to the conclusion that there are two psychological mechanisms of time estimation: a present-centred mechanism and a linear-biographical mechanism.

Does fast- or slow-running time make us happier: a tribute to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

This article is written as a tribute to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1934–2021), whose Experience Sampling Method and ideas about the relationship between time passage and optimal experience (flow) laid the ground for the analyses of the effects of perceived passage of time, time pressure, and social rhythms of life on the feelings of happiness. Popular literature abounds with statements that the accelerated rhythms of modern life are taxing us emotionally. This article examines findings that justify both our intuitive fears of the accelerated rhythms of modern life and findings about people’s apparent enjoyment of fast-running time. Data for the analyses in the article are taken from the 2003 Experience Sampling Survey of Time Use and Well-Being, conducted at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and from Canada’s 2010 General Social Survey.

On a drift‐diffusion model for perovskite solar cells

AbstractWe introduce a vacancy‐assisted charge transport model for perovskite solar cells. This instationary drift‐diffusion system describes the motion of electrons, holes, and ionic vacancies and takes into account Fermi–Dirac statistics for electrons and holes and the Fermi–Dirac integral of order for the mobile ionic vacancies in the perovskite. The free energy functional we work with corresponds to that choice of the statistical relations. To verify the existence of weak solutions, we consider a problem with regularized state equations and reaction terms on any arbitrarily chosen finite time interval. We motivate its solvability by time discretization and passage to the time‐continuous limit. A priori estimates for the chemical potentials that are independent of the regularization level ensure the existence of solutions to the original problem. These types of estimates rely on Moser iteration techniques and can also be obtained for solutions to the original problem.

Heartbeat-related spectral perturbation of electroencephalogram reflects dynamic interoceptive attention states in the trial-by-trial classification analysis

Attending to heartbeats for interoceptive awareness initiates distinct electrophysiological responses synchronized with the R-peaks of an electrocardiogram (ECG), such as the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP). Beyond HEP, this study proposes heartbeat-related spectral perturbation (HRSP), a time–frequency map of the R-peak locked electroencephalogram (EEG), and explores its characteristics in identifying interoceptive attention states using a classification approach. HRSPs of EEG brain components specified by independent component analysis (ICA) were used for the offline and online classification of interoceptive states. A convolutional neural network (CNN) designed specifically for HRSP was applied to publicly available data from a binary-state experiment (attending to self-heartbeats and white noise) and data from our four-state classification experiment (attending to self-heartbeats, white noise, time passage, and toe) with diverse input feature conditions of HRSP. From the dynamic state perspective, we evaluated the primary frequency bands of HRSP and the minimal number of averaging epochs required to reflect changing interoceptive attention states without compromising accuracy. We also assessed the utility of group ICA and models for classifying HRSP in new participants. The CNN for trial-by-trial HRSP with actual R-peaks demonstrated significantly higher classification accuracy than HRSP with sham, i.e., randomly positioned, R-peaks. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping highlighted the prominent role of theta and alpha bands between 200–600 ms post-R-peak—features absent in classifications using sham HRSPs. Online classification benefits from employing a group ICA and classification model, ensuring reliable accuracy without individual EEG precollection. These results suggest HRSP’s potential to reflect interoceptive attention states, proposing transformative implications for clinical applications.

OBGYN Specialty Qualifying Exam Score Improvement from 2018-2023

Background: All US graduate OBGYN candidates must pass a Specialty Qualifying Exam, also known as the written board exam, before being able to take the Specialty Certifiying Exam, also known as the oral board exam. There has been emphasis on appropriate preparation. Introduction: This study’s aim was to review the Specialty Qualifying Exam results from graduating residents between the years 2018 and 2023. There has been a notable change through an improved didactic schedule. This included incorporating a question bank and test preparation throughout the year. Methods: The passage rate per graduating class year for Corewell Health East- Dearborn was compared in three-year windows. We compared the passage rate of 2018 to 2020 to the passage rate of 2021 to 2023. Study Design: The didactic schedule emphasized areas of weakness identified in the prior year, a gamified question bank, and test preparation was initiated at the beginning of the academic year. Residents were also given a personal analysis with areas of improvement from prior years and a faculty liaison. Results: From 2018 to 2020, the three-trend noted overall 73.7% passage rate, with an 83.3% first time passage rate and a 57.1% repeat test passage rate. Compared to the three-year trend from 2021 to 2023 resulting in a 100% overall passage rate, 100% first time passage rate and 100% repeat test passage rate. Discussion: Over six years, our residency didactic schedule and learning environment was revamped by our residents and faculty, and as a result, there has been improvement in the Specialty Qualifying Exam by our graduating residents. We have maintained our commitment to recruit residents with diverse backgrounds who have come from US MD, US DO and foreign medical schools. Conclusion: The improvement in scores will continue to guide future changes in our didactic schedule.

Kinetic Network in Milestoning: Clustering, Reduction, and Transition Path Analysis.

We present a reduction of the Milestoning (ReM) algorithm to analyze the high-dimensional Milestoning kinetic network. The algorithm reduces the Milestoning network to low dimensions but preserves essential kinetic information, such as local residence time, exit time, and mean first passage time between any two states. This is achieved in three steps. First, nodes (milestones) in the high-dimensional Milestoning network are grouped into clusters based on the metastability identified by an auxiliary continuous-time Markov chain. Our clustering method is applicable not only to time-reversible networks but also to nonreversible networks generated from practical simulations with statistical fluctuations. Second, a reduced network is established via network transformation, containing only the core sets of clusters as nodes. Finally, transition pathways are analyzed in the reduced network based on the transition path theory. The algorithm is illustrated using a toy model and a solvated alanine dipeptide in two and four dihedral angles.

A Malta Experience of Being a University Academic: A Thematic Narrative

This paper shares the research results of an explorative study investigating university lectureship experience in a Malta university context. The study aimed to obtain a holistic description of the university academic experience. The qualitative research findings, based on a thematic analysis of 10 individual interview transcripts, describe the experience of being a university academic as a journey of time passages in space and time. The journey is characterised by the strong theme of teaching along with the two other primary themes, labelled identity and un/belonging. Identity feeds on, but not only on, teaching and the sense of un/belonging. Profession/Practice and Research/Publication are two other themes that, in this study, emerge as feeding the primary themes. These research findings unsettle the privilege portrayals of tenure-track university lectureships. They confirm the emphasis on teaching in this local context and increased administration obligations. Distinctively, they expose another identity dimension in addition to the teacher and researcher attributions highlighted in the mainstream literature. These findings suggest that academics need to be supported for keeping alive differentiated identity dimensions, which are not in opposition to each other but are in competition for time. While the limitations of the study are acknowledged, several recommendations deriving from the research findings are shared.

Variation in cognitive investment: making time fly… or drag!

Social media is increasingly prevalent in the daily lives of young people as a source of entertainment and social interaction. However, the time spent on such stimuli reduces availability for other activities that used to be more prevalent, such as reading, development of motor skills, and face-to-face social interaction. Little is known about the effects of this habit changes on the cognitive development of young individuals. One possible way to assess cognitive investment in a particular task is through the perception of time passage. In the present study, we investigated the cognitive investment in different activities and its relationship with the perception of time passage in young individuals aged 14 to 15 years old. Four groups of volunteers were formed. Each group performed a different activity for 23 minutes. Group 1 spent the 23 minutes browsing a social network (TikTok); Group 2 read classics of Brazilian literature; Group 3 played the board game “Pictionary”; and Group 4 was instructed to practice a complex pen spinning around the fingers. The duration of the activity was not disclosed, and at the end of the 23 minutes, volunteers were individually asked how much time they thought had passed during the activity. The group that engaged in TikTok had an average perception of 20 minutes, a value almost identical to the pen spinning, which was 19 minutes, with no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0.05). On the other hand, activities requiring greater cognitive effort and social interaction, such as reading and the board game, had average time perceptions of 25 and 28 minutes, respectively. The latter two even reached time perception values of 40 and 44 minutes, which were the highest in the entire experiment. According to analysis of variance, groups with the lowest mean time perception (TikTok and pen spinning) were significantly different from the board game group (p < 0.05). Based on our results, we can conclude that the nature of the activity undertaken affects time perception on the brain. This may be related to the amount of new information presented and absorbed during novelty and learning activities. Engaging in new and cognitive demanding experiences give the impression that time lasted longer. Conversely, repetitive activities without new stimuli give the sensation that the same time interval seems shorter. Further studies investigating the consequences of overexposure to repetitive and unstimulating activities are necessary to understand their potential effects on the brain development of adolescents.

Influences of temporal and probabilistic expectation on subjective time of emotional stimulus.

Subjective time perception can change based on a stimulus's valence and expectancy. Yet, it is unclear how these two factors might interact to shape our sense of how long something lasts. Here, we conducted two experiments examining the effects of temporal and probabilistic expectancy on the perceived duration of images with varying emotional valence. In Experiment 1, we varied the temporal predictive cue with varying stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs), while in Experiment 2, we manipulated the cue-emotion probabilistic associations. Our results revealed that stimuli appearing earlier than anticipated were perceived as shorter, whereas less infrequent stimuli seemed to last longer. In addition, negative images were perceived longer than neural ones. However, no significant interaction between expectancy and stimulus valence was observed. We interpret these using the internal clock model, suggesting that while emotional stimuli primarily affect the pacemaker's rhythm through arousal, expectation steers attention, influencing how we register time's passage.

More laws for pauses: Replication and generalization.

The basic timescales governing animal life are generally determined by body size. Pauses in naturally occurring human speech were investigated to determine if pause timescales are also sensitive to body size. Reported is an analysis of pause duration allometry in recorded interviews of 61 athletes. Pauses were divided into three classes based on whether they occurred during fluid speech or whether they preceded or followed a filled pause (i.e., "um"). Allometric laws relating body size to pause size were found for all three classes-larger people take longer pauses. The derived allometric exponents were used to evaluate a theory of how people experience the passage of time. The theory associates the experience of time passage with the distal flow of time through the mathematics of bounded exponential growth. Nonlinearities inherent in the theory are shown to predict, in detail, the way body size interacts with linguistic context in the deployment of pauses. The theory provides a meaningful framework for understanding how time is experienced as a felt quantity and how pauses are negotiated in everyday speech. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Goal Length (Short or Long Term) Interacts with Goal Scheduling Strategy (Clock Time or Event Time) for Optimal Achievement.

There are two strategies for scheduling personal goals: (i) clock-time, based on time passage; and (ii) event-time, based on the progress made. Neither strategy is always superior to the other; rather it is necessary to consider the environment and other conditions such as whether the goal is long or short term. We focused on goal lengthas an important factor for determining the best scheduling strategy, hypothesizing that clock-time and event-time strategies would differentially activate higher performance for long-term and short-term goals, respectively. Thus, we conducted a two-part laboratoryexperiment (Part 1: n = 63, Part 2: n = 86 ) in which we manipulated both goal length and scheduling strategy. Subsequently, we examined the effects of each combination of goal length and scheduling strategy on task performance (i.e., completion of a mathematical problem). Although our two studies were designed identically in most respects, they differed in the number of task problems, task time limits, and question content. Our data supported our hypothesis that clock-time scheduling was optimal for long-term goals while event-time scheduling was optimal for short-term goals.

Distortions in time perception related to videogames, pornography, and TV series exposure: An experimental study in three independent samples.

Time perception is a cognitive process involving both the ability to estimate the duration of an event (time estimation, TE) and the subjective perception of its passage (time passage, TP). Studies show that alteration in TE/TP is associated with substance use disorders. However, little is known about the impact of these alterations in potentially problematic online behaviors. We explore TE and TP while participants were exposed to cues related to videogames, pornography, and TV series, and the relationship of TE and TP with scores from instruments that measure problematic gaming (PG), problematic pornography use (PPU), and problematic binge-watching (BW). Participants from three independent samples (40 men from Luxembourg; 99 Spanish men, 111 Spanish women) completed an experimental task designed to assess TE and TP while they were exposed to short clips related to videogames, pornography, TV series, and documentaries (control condition). Participants also completed different self-reports. Whereas men underestimated the time that they were exposed to pornography and TV series, women overestimated it. For videogames, we showed a consistent pattern of overestimation of time duration. Time was systematically perceived as passing faster while participants were presented with TV series and pornography. Regarding the association between time perception and PG, PPU, and BW, TE did not correlate with any of the indicators of problematic engagement assessed; but TP correlated with several of these indicators. The present preliminary results showed mixed evidence regarding the involvement of time perception in gaming, pornography use, and binge-watching.

A Comparative Study on the Compromise and Struggle Between the False Overlord and the Real Concubine in Farewell My Concubine Based on Hegels Tragedy Aesthetics

In the study of the text Farewell to My Concubine, most of the studies are on the interpretation of different characters and the direction of drama film art and Chinese literature. The author believes that the tragedy of Different characters in the Farewell to My Concubine tragic theory can be used as a novel and necessary research direction. Hegels Aesthetics Tragic Theory is based on his philosophical theory. He uses conflict and reconciliation, regarding the generation and solving of tragedy as an aliasing uniform dialectical process, having special historical value and research significance, used to analyze the Farewell to My Concubine, it can enable readers to understand and appreciate the tragedy while producing more profound thinking. The original book embodies the turmoil of the troubled times, the distinct time passages, the span of time. From the melee period at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the anti-Japanese period, to the Kuomintang rule period or the liberation War period, and finally to the Cultural Revolution period, and the new China period. Named after the Peking Opera name, it not only reflects the author Li Bihuas thinking about the traditional culture represented by Peking Opera, but also contains the emotion about the situation and fate of Peking Opera actors under the changing times. There is also the relationship between ideal and reality, which is often discussed in literature. In the later film remake, director Chen Kaige not only tells the content of the original well, but also uses the contrast of cold and warm colors from a visual point of view; Light intensity and side light and backlight; The joys and sorrows of musical tunes; In different scenes, the closed, framed, and Chinese-style composition, playsing the story alive.

Long-Term Recurrence Pattern and Stress Transfer along the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (KTFZ), Greece: Implications in Seismic Hazard Evaluation

An effort is exerted to investigate the recurrence pattern of large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6.0) in the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (KTFZ), Greece, by considering the incorporation of the 74-year (1948–2022) evolving stress field. Four earthquake occurrence models—the Poisson, Poisson with the incorporation of the static stress changes (Poisson + ΔCFF), Brownian passage time (BPT) and Brownian passage time with the incorporation of the static stress changes (BPT + ΔCFF)—have been applied to estimate the occurrence probabilities of nearly characteristic earthquakes for the seven fault segments of the study area. The mean recurrence time, Tr, is estimated using the physics-based seismic moment rate conservation method. The results show large variability depending upon fault parameters. Incorporating the state of stress into Tr results in both advanced and delayed recurrence patterns. The occurrence probability estimates for the next 10, 20 and 30 years indicate that the fault segment most likely to be ruptured is the Paliki North fault segment in all models. Overall, the occurrence probabilities, combined with the state of stress along the fault segments, emphasize the high seismic moment rate of the study area. The application of time-dependent models (BPT, BPT + ΔCFF) resulted in significant increases or decreases in the associated seismic hazard.

An event-termination cue causes perceived time to dilate.

The perceived duration of time does not veridically reflect the physical duration but is distorted by various factors, such as the stimulus magnitude or the observer's emotional state. Here, we showed that knowledge about an event's termination time is another significant factor. We often experience time passage differently when we know that an event will terminate soon. To quantify this, we asked 33 university students to report a rotating clock hand's duration with or without a termination cue that indicated the position at which the clock hand disappeared. The results showed that the presence of the termination cue dilated perceived durations, and the dilating effect was larger when the stimulus duration was longer, or the speed of the rotating stimulus was slower. A control experiment with a start-cue excluded the possibility that the cue's mere existence caused the results. Further computational analyses based on the attention theory-of-time perception revealed that the size of dilation is best explained by neither an event's duration nor the distance traveled by the clock hand, but by how long the clock hand spends time near the termination cue. The results imply that an event-termination cue generates a field in which the perceived time dilates.

Development of Time Passage Media to Stimulate Symbolic Thinking and Problem Solving in 5-6 Years Old Children

Learning media is only a tool for the success of the teaching and learning process, as a component of the success of the teaching and learning process, the provision of learning media is a must. The purpose of the time passage is to introduce the concept of time, introduce the count of 1-10, and how to turn the hands of the clock. Research using research and development models from Borg & Gall. Research location at RA Ibnu Zain Respondents 4 students of Ra Ibnu Zain. The overall results of this study state that the Time Aisle Media can be used as learning media referring to the results of the validation test, the first trial pre-test 31.25% and the second trial post-test 72.5% showed there was development as expected in the time aisle media in problem solving and symbolic thinking at Ra Ibnu Zain.

The impact of exposure to nature on consumers’ willingness to wait

One ubiquitous phenomenon in retail settings is that consumers do not have immediate access to the products or services they choose. In this research, we explore when and why exposure to nature affects consumers’ willingness to wait when their initially chosen alternative is temporarily unavailable. Using different consumption scenarios and manipulations, the results from four empirical studies, including one field study, consistently show that exposure to nature could increase consumers’ willingness to wait (Studies 1a & 1b), which is sequentially mediated by relaxation and the estimated speed of waiting time passage (Study 2). In addition, this effect would be attenuated for consumers with a limited future time view (Study 3). These findings contribute to the literature on exposure to nature and willingness to wait and provide meaningful managerial implications.

Non-dynamism and temporal disturbances

Philosophical accounts denying that temporal passage is an objective feature of reality face an explanatory challenge with respect to why it appears to us as though time passes. Recently, two solutions have surfaced. Cognitive illusionism claims that people experience the passage of time due to their belief that time passes. Cognitive error theory claims that we do not experience the passage of time, but hold the belief that we do, which we have acquired through making an inference from the prior belief that time passes. These approaches suppose that belief and passage experience are explanatorily connected, and they depend on the claims that people who experience the passage of time or at least believe that they do also believe that time passes. To test these claims, we probed the beliefs of populations of individuals with depression and schizotypy, thus conditions that are strongly associated with alterations in temporal phenomenology. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and schizotypy with the short Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). While cognitive illusionism and inferentialist cognitive error theory would predict a strong association between BDI and O-LIFE scores and beliefs about time passage, our study found no such association. The experience of passage does not seem to be explanatorily connected to beliefs about the passage of time.

Time perception during the pandemic: A longitudinal study examining the role of indoor and outdoor nature exposure for remote workers

Time perception is an important psychological concept and many studies have established a link between time perception and wellbeing outcomes. Prior research and accounts of human experiences have shown that the onset of COVID-19 and related lockdowns led to distortions in time perception especially in the early months. This exploratory study was conducted longitudinally across three survey time points during the COVID-19 pandemic, Dec 2020 (N = 452), March 2021 (N = 302), and March 2022 (N = 228), focusing on remote workers in the US. This is one of the first studies looking to surface relationships between shifts in time perception in relation to shifts in nature exposure (both indoor and outdoor) during the pandemic. In this study we focus on four measures of time perception: overall perceived speed of time passage, day-to-day perceived speed of time passage, blurring of boundaries between time markers, and time perspectives. As hypothesized, our results show that during the pandemic, as time passed, people experienced a shift towards faster perceived speed of time passage, both overall and day-to-day, as well as a decrease in blurring of boundaries. We also found indoor nature exposure to be significantly associated with faster overall and day-to-day perceived speed of time passage, while outdoor exposure was marginally significantly associated with faster day-to-day perceived speed of time passage. This study is an initial step to understand how nature exposure might be a valuable way of mitigating temporal distortions, even in circumstances as adverse as a global pandemic.

Factors influencing passage of time judgment in individuals' daily lives: evidence from the experience sampling and diary methods.

People often express feeling that time passes quickly or slowly in their daily lives, which is termed passage of time judgment (PoTJ). Past studies have shown that PoTJ is affected by emotional valence and arousal; however, few studies have verified the effects of alertness, attention to time, and time expectation on PoTJ and whether the effects are stable over different time periods. Using the experience sampling method (ESM) and diary method, the present study collected data from 105 participants and examined for the first time whether alertness, attention to time, and time expectation affect PoTJ based on daily life data, as well as whether above factors, emotional valence, and arousal are stable over different time periods. All participants answered a questionnaire five times a day on their in-the-day PoTJ and related factors regarding the last 30min, and answered the same questionnaire once a day at 23:00 regarding the of-the-day PoTJ. The results showed that alertness and time expectation, as well as emotional valence and arousal, predicted an individual's in-the-day PoTJ over a shorter period (i.e., the last 30min); in contrast, only time expectation and emotional arousal predicted of-the-day PoTJ over a longer period (i.e., the past day). These results suggest that, alertness and time expectation are important factors influencing PoTJ, in addition to emotional state. Of-the-day PoTJ correlates most strongly with the mean and latest in-the-day PoTJ, implying that overall perception of time passage is influenced by both cumulative temporal experience and recent temporal experience.