Pasha Mosque Research Articles

Ottoman Foundations in Chios

Chios Island is one of the important islands located in the Sea of Islands. It remained under Ottoman rule for approximately 347 years from 1566 to 1913. While the Ottomans established their own administration here after the conquest, they also brought the traditional Turkish-Islamic culture to the island. The elements of this culture, such as love for humanity, respect for differences, peace, tolerance and sacrifice, were brought to the island through foundations. While the foundations ensured the continuation of the Turkish presence here with the mosques, mescits, dervish lodges and zawiyas they established, they played a certain role in the economic and commercial life of the island with structures such as inns, shops, bazaars, plots of land and mills. Foundations were established by both members of the Ottoman dynasty and statesmen. Knowing these will make it possible to make a more accurate assessment of the Ottoman administration on the island. The Ottomans created many architectural and cultural works on this island. Among these are many mosques, masjids, fountains, public fountains, baths, lodges and zawiyas. Some of these are the Hamidiye Mosque, Bayraktar Mosque, Piyale Pasha Mosque, Misirlizade Ibrahim Pasha Mosque and Foundation, Salih Pasha Mosque and Madrasah, Melek Mehmet Pasha Fountain and Laleli Mosque. According to state records from 1894, there were nine mosques, two madrasahs, three lodges, ninety-eight churches, one monastery, two synagogues, two baths and eighteen fountains on the island. Today, there are eight mosques, one masjid, one lodge, three baths, one fountain and one inn in Chios as Ottoman works. Some of these will be discussed in this study.

Geometric decomposition and algorithmic model of main gate muqarnas of Ankara Cenabi Ahmet Pasha Mosque

Cenabi Ahmet Pasha Mosque (Cenab-ı Ahmet Paşa Mosque) is known to be the only work that resembles the style of Architect Sinan in Ankara. In this study, it is aimed to examine the two-dimensional muqarnas scheme of the mosque's main gate and to determine through algorithmic modeling the combination of muqarnas cells in the third dimension. By the photogrammetry method, the grid and star forms used in the muqarnas plan scheme are revealed. The geometric characteristic of the muqarnas in two dimensions is determined. Cell types of the muqarnas and their geometric configurations are obtained. It is demonstrated that there is a radial grid in the plan of the Cenabi Ahmet Pasha Mosque main gate muqarnas, and that the three-dimensional structure of the muqarnas consisting of six layers includes almond cell, triangle cell, deltoid cell, intermediate triangle cell, intermediate deltoid cell, biped cell and triped cell. Additionally, an algorithmic model based on the creation of cell unit system is proposed for the creation of the muqarnas geometry in 3D.

The Construction Process of Zaganos Pasha Mosque and Tomb after the 1898 Balikesir Earthquake with Documents

Balıkesir Zağanos Paşa Külliyesi, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in vezirlerinden Zağanos Paşa tarafından 1461 yılında inşa ettirilmiştir. Külliye cami, hamam, imaret, türbe, muvakkithane, muallimhane ve bedestenden gibi yapıları içermekteyken bu yapılardan muallimhane, imaret ve bedesten bugün bulunmamaktadır. Balıkesir’de 1898 yılının Ocak ayında yaşanan deprem pek çok yapının yıkılmasına sebep olurken Balıkesir’in en büyük külliyesi olan Zağanos Paşa külliyesi de bu deprem sebebiyle hasar almış ve 1898 yılının son aylarında yeniden inşası için girişimde bulunulmuştur. Makalede, 1898 yılının Ocak ayında Balıkesir’de meydana gelen deprem sonrasında Zağanos Paşa cami ve türbesinin yeniden inşa edilmesine ilişkin sürecin arşiv belgeleri ışığında ele alınması amaçlanmıştır. Yapıların inşası için öncelikle keşif yapılmış, münakasa açılmış, vakfın ve hazinenin yeterli gelire sahip olmaması nedeniyle halkın maddi destekleriyle cami ve türbenin inşa işleri gerçekleşmiştir. İnşa süreci boyunca yapılan işler hakkında şikâyetler ve eleştiriler olmuş, yönetimin ve halkın ikna edilmesi ve maddi sorunlara çare bulunması süreç yönetiminin güçlükleri olarak belirlenmiştir.

Performance evaluation and damage assessment of historical Yusuf Ziya Pasha Mosque after February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes

Historical masonry heritages are severely affected by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The recorded earthquake peak ground accelerations (PGA) are 2.05 g and 0.67 g for Pazarcık and Elbistan earthquakes at the epicenter, respectively. However, there is not any recorded PGA data related to Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya. At this point, the current study aims to propose a methodology to estimate the possible resisted load of historical Yusuf Pasha Mosque in Malatya and possible PGA for Malatya by assessing the performance located in Malatya city center, which is far from the epicenter of Pazarcık earthquake, which is 162 km, and Elbistan earthquake, which is 100 km, using propagated cracks. After these earthquakes, local damages were registered at the Yusuf Ziya Pasha Mosque. The main prayer hall of the mosque and a tomb were constructed in 1792. Three types of materials were used for the mosque: riyolit tuff, sandy tuff for walls, and timber for the roof. The dimensions of the main hall of the mosque are 17.50 m × 12.53 m. Additionally, there is a small tomb located adjacent to the mosque with dimensions of 7.61 m by 4.46 m. First of all, dynamic identification is conducted, and then a numerical model is generated. Material properties were calculated using non-destructive testing methods. The mosque and the tomb are modeled together. The numerical model is calibrated on the basis of the extracted dynamic parameters. Then, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on the model using eight earthquake records. Three of the used seismic records were international, namely the 1995 Kobe, 1986 Chalfant Valley, and 2010 New Zelland Darfield earthquakes. In addition, five national earthquake records are used for the nonlinear dynamic analyses, namely the 2003 Bingöl, 2011 Van-Erciş, 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık, and Elbistan earthquakes. Related graphs were tabulated, and crack propagations of the numerical model were compared to damaged mosques.

Architectural Study of Koca Sinan Pasha Mosque at Kaçanik, Kosova

Koca Sinan Pasha Mosque is one of the oldest classical mosques built in Kosova during the reign of the Ottoman Empire (1389-1912). The mosque bore the name of its donor and was completed in 1594/95. It is located in a small town in the southern part of the country, in Kaçanik. Regarding its compositional scheme, the monument belongs to the examples of Ottoman-style mosques in the Balkans with local elements. Its compositional scheme comprises a prayer hall, portico, and a minaret. The paper focuses on a brief history of the Koca Sinan Pasha, the history of the mosque, architecture, pictorial and sculptural decorations, current condition, and the monument's surroundings. By doing so, the paper helps identify the challenges that the mosque faced during its existence, as well as changes in the structure of the building and its decorations that occurred with time. The study relies on the existing monument as the primary source of information. However, the documentation of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Kosova and the relevant literature that directly or indirectly deals with the issue in question has also been used. The study is accompanied by architectural visualization and photographs of the mosque's exterior and interior. The Paper aims to help study, promote and display the mosque's value to a wider audience

İstanbul’da özel konumlarda yer alan bazı son dönem yapıları üzerinden Sinan’ın mimarlığını anlamak

Sinan's last works, which include the designs after the Selimiye Mosque design; while being fed by Sinan's past works, the past has brought a new horizon to the foundation with different design experiments. In this period, some of the buildings outside of Istanbul were built by their assistants; Although there were deviations from the basic principles, Sinan, who took part in the construction processes of the last period buildings in Istanbul with his assistants, brought the structures of special importance to the city in this period. Within the scope of the research, the four structures that Sinan built on the coast of Istanbul, which are considered important in the last periods of his life, and which are at the forefront of the city silhouette; Azapkapı Sokullu Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Şemsi Ahmet Pasha Mosque, Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque and Molla Çelebi Mosque, and the Messiah Mehmet Pasha Mosque and Nişancı Mehmet Pasha Mosque in the historical peninsula will be examined. The fact that the mentioned mosques are located on the coastline and/or on the historical peninsula; It will be observed what kind of effects and orientations it causes in the plan plane and in the context of height; At the same time, the structure of the structural system used by Sinan in these last period mosques and the differences in the layout will be examined comparatively. In the conclusion section; The innovations and developments that Sinan brought to the classical period architecture in his last period will be revealed through the design decisions applied in mosques and complexes in important urban points, which were examined in detail throughout the study.

Geometry in Veli Pasha Mosque, Crete

Geometry in Veli Pasha Mosque, Crete

Investigations of Painting Techniques: Edirne Süleyman Pasha Mosque Wall Paintings

ABSTRACT Decorative wall paintings created in the Ottoman era are called kalem işi, and they are generally created using various pigments and binding media on dry rendering, or via lime-paint technique. However, detection of some decorative wall paintings that were applied on wet plaster in Süleyman Pasha Mosque located in Edirne, Turkey, has led to a more detailed analytical examination. Our study aims to research the techniques used on some painting fragments which were found while removing cement renderings during the restoration of the Mosque. The fragments were revealed in 2019 and were taken under protection as these were stylistically different from the existing paintings of the Mosque. The original location of the fragments on the wall could not be located and in situ conservation is not possible, but research continues. Initially, traces of preparatory drawing, which is thought to be the incising technique, were found on the paintings drawn on the rendering fragments. Then, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and PED-XRF analyses were carried out along with examinations by optical microscopy. Following these results, experimental reconstructions of the paintings were made on test materials and a story about the painting techniques was revealed, indicating that these paintings were drawn on wet rendering (fresco). Therefore, it is considered that there may be different wall painting techniques in Ottoman architecture and that research in this direction should be increased.

Detecting the ground-dependent structural damages in a historic mosque by employing GPR

This study aims to employ one of the most significant geophysical methods, known as the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method, in the determination of reasons for the underground cavities, the size of deformations and fractures in the ground and structure, the geometric behavior patterns, and the soil-structure interaction and changes in a historic structure. In addition to the instrumental examination, an observational investigation of the current situation of the mosque was also carried out. İskender Pasha Mosque, which is a rare mosque having a tabhane (guest house), is one of the important historical mosques regarded as built-in Mimar Sinan style in Diyarbakır, Turkey in 1552. The instrumental examination part of the study was conducted totally in 13 different regions of the mosque and its courtyard. Within this scope, 8 GPR measurements were taken on the ground of the mosque and its immediate environment and 5 GPR measurements were taken on the walls of the mosque. The GPR measurements indicated that there are serious subsidence anomalies under the mosque and its courtyard. Besides, there is a water table under the portico of the mosque which may lead to big problems in the future. In addition, observationally detected structural deteriorations were supported by geophysical GPR measurements. It was revealed that problems dealing with the leveling irregularities on the floor of the harim, portico, and courtyard are directly related to the anomalies under the ground. Moreover, it was achieved from both instrumental and observational investigations that the anomalies under the ground are directly the reasons for the anomalies in the walls of the mosque. GPR results demonstrated that this technique can be used effectively to determine anomalies in both the carrier system of the historic structures and the ground under the historic structures without any damage.

USING GEORADAR (GPR) IN DETECTION OF GROUND PROBLEMS: DIYARBAKIR İSKENDER PASHA TOMBS

Aim: This study was carried out in order to determine the causes of structural problems and damages due to the ground in the tombs of Iskender Pasha Mosque. Method: Georadar (GPR) surveys were carried out by expert geophysical engineers to determine the location and level of soil-related structural problems and damages in two tombs located southeast of the Iskender Pasha Mosque. In georadar scans, Python-3 GPR device and 100 Mhz and 1.8 Ghz antenna were used. In georadar (GPR) measurement studies, data processing steps were followed and Reflex W (Sandmeier, 2003:31) program was used for these operations. Results: Structural problems, which were determined observationally by fieldwork in the tombs of İskender Pasha Mosque, were instrumentally supported by georadar (GPR) scans. As a result of the scans, voids, collapses and flooded areas on the tomb floors and their locations were determined. Conclusion: In this study, the locations and damage levels of the structural problems on the floors of the two tombs located southeast of the Iskender Pasha Mosque were determined by georadar (GPR) surveys. In the scans, it has been determined that there are subsidence deformations and areas that receive water in the first (1) and second (2) tombs, and the locations and levels of damage and deformations are shown with radargram sections. The study was completed by presenting suggestions for the structural problems that occurred in the tombs where ground surveys were made.

Lutfi Pasha Mosque in Tire and his Waqf

Osmanlı devlet adamı ve Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın vezirlerinden Lutfi Paşa (ölümü: 1563), veziriazamlıktan azledildikten sonra, 1544 yılında Batı Anadolu’da Aydın sancağının merkezi olan Tire şehrinde bir cami inşa ettirmiştir. Muhtemelen Arnavut kökenli bir devşirme olan Lutfi Paşa, Devlet idaresinde iken, menzilhâne şebekesi, kasapların durumu, irtişa ve madencilerle ilgili birçok ıslahat gerçekleştirdi. İlahiyat, ahlak, tarih ve şiir alanlarında eserler yazdı. Hem Dimetoka hem de Tire’de vakıflar kuran cömert bir hayırseverdi. Neticede 1563’te Dimetoka’da vefat etti. Onun biyografisi henüz tam olarak ortaya çıkarılamamıştır. Bu makalede, Lutfi Paşa’nın Tire’de yaptırdığı camiin Şubat 1544 tarihli bir kısmı Arapça bir kısmı da Türkçe yazılmış olan vakfiyesi değerlendirilmiştir. Söz konusu vakfiyede, Lutfi Paşa’nın Kanuni Sultan Süleyman devrinde Tire’de vali iken, burada bir cami ve medrese yaptırdığı yazılıdır. Paşa vakıf kurarak, Tire’yi su kanalları, bahçeler, hamamlar, hanlar ile imar etmiştir. Paşa, ölümünden sonra Allah’tan sevap kazanacağını düşünerek bu eserleri yaptırmıştır. Gerçekten de vakıf kurma yoluyla, Tire ve çevresini ticari olarak geliştirmiştir. O, cami, medrese, mutfak, şadırvan, suyolları, sofa ve diğer ticari binalar yaptırmıştır. Başka Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinden de anlaşıldığı kadarıyla, paşa, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman devrinin en zengin Osmanlı devlet adamları arasında yer alır. Onun kurduğu vakfın ticari faaliyetleri, on altıncı yüzyıl ortalarında Batı Anadolu şehirlerinin ticari hacmini doğrudan etkilemiş görünmektedir.

Post-Earthquake Damage Assessments of Historic Mosques and Effects of Near-Fault and Far-Fault Ground Motions on Seismic Responses

ABSTRACT This paper is based on the the post-earthquake evaluation of two heavily damaged historic masonry mosques and the investigation of the effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on their seismic behaviors. The Hüsrev Pasha and Kaya Çelebi mosques, located in Van province, Turkey, were exposed to two devastating earthquakes (on October 23, 2011 and November 9, 2011) and their aftershocks. The minaret, the dome covering the main structure and porch of Kaya Çelebi mosque and the porch of Hüsrev Pasha mosque collapsed after earthquakes. This paper consists of two main sections. In the first, the post-earthquake performances of the mosques, and the damage to them, is evaluated by using the linear time-history analyses. In the other, the structural responses of the mosques are compared in order to evaluate the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on seismic behaviors. Results indicate that the vertical components of the 2011 Van earthquakes lead to structural responses for the mosques which are as crucial as their horizontal components. This is due to the vibration modes in the vertical direction, with and without high modal participating mass ratios, corresponding to high spectral acceleration values. It has been found that this situation significantly affects the structural behavior of mosques and especially domes. However, the analyses show that both near-fault and far-fault ground motions may have substantial effects on such historic structures, depending on the earthquake characteristics.

Investigation of structural problems on the ground and walls of Diyarbakir Historical Behram Pasha Mosque by the georadar (GPR) method

Behram Pasha Mosque is one of the historical mosques, which is the work of Mimar Sinan [1], located in the southwest of Diyarbakır’s Suriçi Region. Georadar (GPR) method is one of the geophysical applications in which possible gaps, fractures, collapses, etc. damages are determined non-destructively on the walls and floors of historical buildings. Therefore, in one of the historic mosques in Diyarbakir Behram Pasha Mosque, expert geophysical engineers carried out the GPR scanning of the grounds and walls without damaging the mosque’s physical structure. In GPR surveys, the depth of investigation (penetration) was chosen as 20 m on the ground and 4 m on the wall. It is aimed to show the anomaly structures in the study area and its immediate surroundings due to the determination of the underground void structures and the continuity of the surface fractures at the research depth. In GPR studies, it has been determined that there are cracks and fractures on the walls of the mosque, of which the smallest was 12 cm and the largest was 40 cm, water leakage on the ground, deterioration due to corrosion, and partial collapses. The regions with the detected deformations are marked on the radar sections. The study was completed with the thought that the determined structural problems will contribute to the restoration and strengthening works to be done in the future in the mosque as an up-to-date guide.

Assessment of the Acoustic Performance of Historical Structures That Shed Light on Today's Technologies: Fatih Pasha (Kurşunlu) Mosque - Diyarbakır

Today's technologies are produced using new construction methods and new materials and using different techniques. While the time dimension of the parametric design, which is defined as the fourth dimension, is sometimes an hour, day or year, sometimes this is seen as a bridge between the past and the present of the structures that have survived in a large date range. For this reason, the support of new building materials and techniques from time to time with methods that have the technical data of the period obtained as a result of our historical heritage and long experience can provide us with new perspectives. The architectural features and construction techniques of historical mosques contain important data on the acoustic performance of religious buildings. Our heritage knowledge must be blended with new knowledge and technologies. Within the scope of the study, the details and systems that were effective in providing acoustic performance parameters in the architecture of Fatih Pasha (Kurşunlu) Mosque, which was the first Ottoman period work of the city located in Diyarbakır Suriçi area, were examined. Among the objective parameters of the sound, Reverberation Time (RT), Early Decay Time (EDT), Clarity (C80), and Definition (D50) metrics were measured. The obtained data were compared with reference values and analyzed. As a result of the data and analysis obtained in the literature reviews, it was determined that the acoustic values of the mosque were in harmony with the reference values. When the measurement data were compared with the obtained international publications, it has been observed that the sound pressure value ranges depending on the frequency of acceptable indoor acoustics standards. The importance of restoration works in harmony with materials such as basalt, brick, limestone, lime mortar and plaster which are the original materials of the building was highlighted in terms of acoustics.

DOME CALLIGRAPHY OF ALSANCAK HOCAZADE AHMED RAGIB ÜZÜMCÜ MOSQUE

Hocazade Ahmed Ragıb Üzümcü Camii İzmir’in Alsancak semtinde 1950 yılında inşa edilmiştir. Cami mimari ve tezyinat özellikleri açısından ön plana çıkmıştır. Caminin tezyinat programında hat sanatı uygulamaları zenginliği, üslubu, malzeme ve orijinalliği açısından ön plandadır. İstanbul dışında bir eserde hat sanatı açısından nitelik itibariyle ortaya konan uygulamalar dikkate değer bulunmuştur. Camideki hat sanatının geleneksel uygulama alanlarından biri kubbe yazısıdır. Yazı devrinin ünlü hattatlarından, Hamid Aytaç’ın talebesi, Mustafa Halim Özyazıcı imzasını taşımaktadır. Kubbe yazısının niteliği yazının metin ve form özellikleri, uygulama tekniği, tarihsel çerçevede temsil ettiği mevki ve günümüzdeki durumu açılarından incelenmiştir. Tarihsel çerçeveyi açıklamak için verilen kubbe yazısı örnekleri devrinden kalan örneklerden seçilmiştir. Bu örnekler Rüstem Paşa Camii, Kadırga Sokullu Şehid Mehmed Paşa Camii, Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Camii, Kasımpaşa Cami-i Kebir kubbe yazısı uygulamalarıdır. Tarihsel çerçeveyi aktarmak için kubbe yazıları ile ilgili yazı örneklerinin de temel özellikleri, form ve içerdikleri metin bilgileri verilmiştir. Bu camilerin kubbe yazılarının tamamının görselleri verilerek konumuz desteklenmiştir. Çağdaş uygulama örneği olarak Eyüp Sultan Camii kubbe yazısı seçilmiştir. Böylece Alsancak Hocazade Ahmed Ragıb Üzümcü Camii kubbe yazısının kronolojik olarak hat sanatı tarihinde oturduğu zemin temellendirilmiştir.

Appraisal of Heritage Buildings in the Post-War Period in Bosnia

The unexpected loss of values, as one result of the total destruction during the armed conflicts and war, put us on the challenge to properly decide about methods of rehabilitation, and integrating and understanding values and actions that could vary from restoration to, in many cases, even full reconstruction. During the 1992-1995 war in BiH, many valuable assets of cultural heritage like national monuments, historical places, and historical structures were damaged and/or destroyed. After the aggression, the first step has been to regain and/or establish the function of the places destroyed, while for the cultural heritage assets these attempts called for the approaches more careful. It is not only that the importance or the significance of places and structures destructed is different, the level of destruction also is. These inputs are essential in having preparedness for any action when without possibilities to rely on unique methodology. Even though it is now 20 years after the conflict, Bosnia is still faced with the post-war recovery efforts, with problems newly occurred that are the outcomes of unsuccessfully implemented methods of rehabilitation. This paper aims to present an overview of the interventions implemented within Bosnia and Herzegovina given in respect to the typology of a building, its importance including intangible values and the level of its destruction. Giving examples of Ferhadija/Ferhat Pasha Mosque in Banja Luka and the Old Bridge in Mostar – the examples of total reconstruction, will guide one to understand aspects of choosing the reconstruction action as the appropriate intervention. There are also valuable examples of post-war recovery and rehabilitation for the historical places, such as is the Old town of Počitelj with its entire valuable structures, where after the urban reconstruction – we now have the new challenge of managing the historic place. The inside view shall be more oriented on the case of the Handanija Mosque in Prusac where correct methodology approach had been applied regarding the diagnostic, identifying and/or determining the nature and causes of damage and deterioration of the facility through the inspection and examination, but some rather improper conclusion and decision have been derived from that investigation works. In addition, some analyses of Index of shifts of minaret have been conducted too. Index of shift represents the relation of minaret height – h and width of its layout (D or 2r) or the diameter of circular cross-section. Analyses of conducted work could provide us with a better understanding of the damaged buildings potential weaknesses and weak spots. Reinforcement and strengthening of damaged construction structure has been among the most important tasks. In some cases, improper interventions on heritage structures may have been damaging - in sense of impairing the authenticity, while sometimes it was an insufficient knowledge on structural behaviour and the materials used in historic structures that brought unexpected additional damages. The use of traditional crafts, techniques, and materials is one of the most important elements in the process of architectural heritage protection, contributing to the adequate protection, restoration, conservation, as well as its maintenance.

Kathem Pasha Mosque in the City of Fallujah: History, Planning and Architecture

This study examines the available documents relating to the ancient mosque in Fallujah and considers what they can reveal about the important historical status of the building. In particular, these archival documents provide details about the planning and architectural construction of the mosque, and considers its claims to being one of the most important mosques in the Islamic world. Our limited understanding about the cultural importance of these documents and the architectural heritage they pertain to, coupled with the lack of formal organizations to protect and preserve them, puts them at risk, along with the buildings themselves many of which were damaged during the period of American occupation and are in need of restoration. The construction and design of the Fallujah mosque displays a number of similar principles to the main mosques in Bagdhad, Mosul and the largest mosque in Anna, including the external uncovered praying house and the internal praying house divided into two galleries. This paper provides details of the architectural details and discuses the ways in which the mosque’s construction and design were influenced by economic and social circumstances at the time of construction as well as the surrounding inheritance of ancient architecture.
 Keywords: Architecture, Endowments, Fallujah, Kathem Pasha, planning

Silivrikapı Hadım İbrahim Paşa Camii’nin Plan Özellikleri ve Klasik Dönem Osmanlı Mimarlığı İçinde Benzer Örnekler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Silivrikapı Hadım İbrahim Pasha Mosque (1551) was built as a vizier structure by Mimar Sinan during his tenure as Chief Architect and has a single minaret and domes on a square layout plan. The mosque was characterized in several studies and concluded to be the pioneer of mosques with eight buttresses in terms of dome structure. The inner space features deep niches with pointed arches between protruding columns on the walls, which somewhat expand the space. The thick columns reach upwards to carry the dome placed on corner squinches. Buildings with similar layout plans and dome-bearing structures are observed in the development of Classical Ottoman Architecture, especially during the period of Mimar Sinan’s influence as the Chief Architect. Dome-bearing system of the octagonal column layout in Silivrikapı Hadım İbrahim Pasha Mosque is also seen in the Canbolat Pasha Mosque in Kilis, the Behram Pasha Mosque in Diyarbakır, Ali Pasha Mosque in Tokat, Dukakinzade (Al-Adiliyah) Mosque in Aleppo and Behram Pasha (Behramiyah) Mosque in Aleppo. The columns, adjacent to the wall, ascend to the cover and form the dome-bearing structure. However, characteristics of a second group of structures are mistaken for the former group at the lower window level. These structures have platforms on interior niches on the protruding columns in the walls and the columns do not go up any further. Therefore, the domes of these structures (the Bali Pasha Mosque in Fatih, the Hacı Doğan Mosque in Kayseri, the Abdul-Qadir Gilani Mosque in Baghdad) are carried by pendentives or squinches instead of a system also supported by buttresses, seen in the aforementioned examples. Thus, there are two variations that appear to be similar on the layout plan but differ in dome-bearing structures. The fact that this layout type is observed at various places from the second half of the 16th century onwards in capital city Istanbul, Anatolia and the centers of other Ottoman provinces (Baghdad and Aleppo) indicates that the type was preferred in practice for a period of time. 

Balıkesir Zağnos Paşa Camii Haziresi'ndeki Kavuk Tipleri

Abstract Headwear which was the subsidiaries of clothes and symbols of profession, rank, gender, and belief has made significant progress by reflecting on the tombstones in the Ottoman period beginning from the 15th century. These types of headwear which were placed on Ottoman tombstones as they were identity documents separate into subtypes notably as Ottoman turban, fez, and cult headwear. Ottoman turbans which vary according to their winding style, color and appearance are one of the most preferred headwear. In this study, Ottoman turban headwear placed on 11 of the 51 tombstones on the tombs of Zagnos Pasha Mosque (1460-61) in Balikesir was examined. Ottoman turbans (Kavuk) of which the root of the word comes from “Kav” meaning empty preserved their place and importance on the tombstones until fez started to be used as an official headwear. It is known that Ottoman turban headwear has varieties such as mucevveze, kuka, serdengecti, kâtibi, selimi, pasali, nezkeb, kallavi, and hartavi. It can be understood that this headwear which is used by the military, administrative and civil community has a wide range of usage areas. Among the Ottoman turban headwear, selimi, pasali, serdengecti, kâtibi and mucevveze were determined on the tombs and each headwear was assessed in itself. Furthermore, it was demonstrated in the graphics that there were similar examples of this headwear in Anatolia and outside of Anatolia with the accessed publishing with issues and locations.

The use of specific principles and guidelines for effective and efficient restoration of cultural heritage buildings; case study Jashar Pasha Mosque in Prishtina

The aim of this paper is to review and emphasize the development of using the comprehensive guidelines for the latest restoration of cultural heritage buildings, in this particular case the Jashar Pasha Mosque in Prishtina, Kosovo. The importance of using specific guidelines for the restoration plans will encourage all responsible bodies to think more in a structural way as far as historical sites and architectural heritage is concerned. This includes the need to assess more profoundly the necessity of using restoration and conservation guidelines towards more successful management of projects of this nature, ensuring the effective and efficient safeguarding of cultural heritage in Kosovo, in general.