Responsible Parties Research Articles

Congestion management market design- Approach for the Nordics and Central Europe

It is undeniable that congestion is an increasing problem of power systems nowadays. Ways to tackle it embrace non-market and market-based solutions. Network reinforcement, network reconfiguration, reactive power control, etc., are some instances of non-market-based solutions. In contrast, solutions based on market mechanisms such as zonal pricing, nodal pricing, redispatch, and markets for flexibility (e.g., congestion management market (CMM)) are considered market-based alternatives. Among the said alternatives, CMM is the newest concept, leading to many unknown issues associated with it that initiated us to present the article. The article discusses the congestion problem and criteria to evaluate congestion management (CM) alternatives. In addition, to have a practical grasp of CM, its cost, and how congestion is traditionally handled, a real-life problem solving of a distribution system operator (DSO) is presented. Concerning CMMs, four conditions that need to be met before considering CMM as a CM solution are specified. In addition, three CM services, including long-term, short-term, and operational, followed by different implementations of those services, are proposed and compared. In general, CMM design is a complex problem because several stakeholders with different tasks, visions, business models, and capabilities must work together; therefore, looking at the situation from various angles is beneficial. This article thrives on providing a vivid view on the features of different CMM models to stakeholders such as DSOs, transmission system operators (TSOs), flexibility service providers (FSPs), regulators, existing markets, retailers, balance responsible parties (BRPs), etc., that may have interest in CMMs.

Market-based TSO-DSO coordination for enhanced flexibility services provision

This paper proposes a framework for DSO-TSO market-based coordination in a feasible and transparent way, compatible with the European-type electricity market. The DSO participates in the balancing market as a Balance Responsible Party, by submitting price-taking offers that represent the net outcome of DSO scheduled actions at the distribution level. With this approach, the balancing market clearing results reflect the impact of scheduled actions at distribution level on system power balance. In addition, specific design aspects of the DSO market are highlighted that could align DSO and TSO market, increasing the market coordination efficiency and promoting the wider participation of distributed energy resources in both markets. The advantages of the proposed method are: (a) more accurate balancing market pricing signals while congestion management services and balancing services remain decoupled, (b) low data exchange requirements between the two Operators, (c) distributed energy resources opportunity to participate efficiently either in one or both markets, and finally (d) easy pan-European market-based coordination of TSOs-DSOs based on current balancing market development action plans.

Pandangan Hukum Islam Tentang Sewa-menyewa Tanah Dengan Sistem Pembayaran Panen

This journal discusses "Islamic legal views on land rent with a harvest payment system in Patte'ne village, Takalar district". Leasing is included in the law of engagement because in a lease there are at least two parties who enter into an agreement, one party states that he is able to give something and the other party binds himself in an agreement to help each other meet their respective needs. Likewise with the prevailing custom in Patte'ne Village, Takalar Regency, they often hold land lease transactions with a harvest payment system, so it is detrimental to the tenants because the payment system is not clear. This research was conducted by field research or empirical juridical research. With a sociological juridical approach and a statutory approach. The sources of data in this study, namely: Primary data, secondary data and searches of various literatures or references. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data processing and analysis techniques are carried out through three stages, namely: data identification, data reduction, and data editing. This type of research is a field research using a normative descriptive method. normative descriptive research is research that aims to accurately describe the characteristics of a particular thing, individual, symptom, situation or group. Based on the research used above, it can be concluded that in the implementation of the contract carried out verbally there is no written agreement between the two parties based on mutual trust with one another and they enter into a land lease transaction with a harvest payment system so it is detrimental to the tenant because the payment system is not clear, in the event of a disaster or loss then this is the responsibility of both parties. The implementation of the land lease in Patte'ne Village, Takalar Regency does not meet the requirements in the land lease contract.

A Study on Risk Measurement of Logistics in International Trade: A Case Study of the RCEP Countries

International trade can be severely disrupted by failures in international logistics processes. Therefore, an understanding of international logistics risk is imperative for the smooth operation of international trade, systematically studying the causes, responsible parties, and possible consequences of international logistics risk. On this basis, international logistics risk is classified from the perspective of the consequences caused by logistics risk, combined with the influencing factors and types of risk, establishing the index system and evaluation model of international logistics risk; Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods were used to evaluate international logistics risk, and the international logistics risk in the international trade of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is also discussed. The results show that generally, international logistics risks are mainly logistics loss risk, logistics cost risk, and logistics timeliness risk. The logistics risks in the transaction with RCEP mainly include logistics loss risk, logistics cost risk, logistics timeliness risk, environmental risk, and logistics information risk. The risk causes include five risks: general causes, accidents, bankruptcy or ultra vires of logistics companies, customs clearance problems, and cargo characteristics. By establishing the international logistics risk measurement index system, it can hopefully play a preventive and guiding role in the research of international logistics risk assessment and the international logistics risk management of RCEP enterprises.

Recent Tensions between Iran and Azerbaijan: Manifestations, Causes and Developments

The relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan has been tense since mid-August 2021. There are two main reasons for this: first, the inherent contradictions between the two countries are sometimes eased, sometimes intensified, and interact with each other, so that the bilateral relations have always been in an unstable state of ups and downs, which has great inertia; Second, after the second Nagorno Karabakh conflict, great changes have taken place in the geopolitical pattern of the Caucasus, resulting in new contradictions between the two countries and intensifying the original contradictions. However, neither country is willing to continue to escalate tensions, which have shown several signs of easing since mid-October. In the long run, the bilateral relations will still maintain the characteristics of ups and downs, but Azerbaijan will be the responsible party for the tension between the two countries in more cases than before the second Nagorno Karabakh conflict.

“Syndication” in Bangladesh: A Glaring Example of Business Malpractice and Weak Market Supervision

Purpose: Syndication in this paper refers to the agreed and unified effort of all the leading producers, importers, and dealers in a market to control the price of a specific product. This paper aims to explore the term "syndication", its nature, procedure, and consequences in the context of Bangladesh. It also provides a few recommendations for the policymakers for curving or preventing such practices. Design/Method: In this paper, syndication has been represented as a negative business practice prevailing predominantly in Bangladesh. The study is mainly based on data from secondary sources, as well as my (the author's) own observation and real-life experience. Secondary data were collected particularly from newspapers. Findings: In the pre-planned trap of syndication practices by dishonest businessmen, the final consumers are the ultimate losers as they have to pay the premium price. Implication: It is expected that upon proper utilization of the recommendations made, the responsible authorities or parties can take proper steps to make the consumer market free from such malpractice, at least to some extent. The paper is also anticipated to become a foundation for the researchers and academicians wishing to investigate more regarding this fairly unexplored phenomenon. Originality/Value: According to my knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to unveil the true nature of syndication practiced in Bangladesh. The term “Syndication” used in this paper has a meaning which is totally different from the same word used for other purposes. Therefore, this conceptual paper is believed to be the founding block for further research investigations in the Bangladeshi consumer market scenario. I strongly believe that upon proper utilization of the recommendations made, the consumer market will be free of such malpractice. Limitations: This article is limited to the consumer market scenario of Bangladesh only. Thus, the term cannot be generalized for the same meaning elsewhere.

Do political connections shape the nexus between board attributes and corporate cash holdings?

PurposeMotivated by the agency theory, this paper primarily intends to empirically investigate the impact of board attributes on corporate cash holdings and how the mentioned nexus is moderated by the level of corporate political connections in a developing country, namely, Palestine during the period of 2011–2018.Design/methodology/approachMultiple regression analysis on a panel data was employed. Moreover, the authors applied three different approaches of static panel data “pooled OLS, fixed effect and random effect”. Fixed-effects estimator was selected as the optimal and most appropriate model. In addition, to control for the potential endogeneity problem and to profoundly analyze the study data, the authors perform the one-step system generalized method of moment estimator.FindingsThe results of this study provide support for the agency theory ideology, which considers that sturdy and well-established corporate governance (CG) paradigms minify the magnitude of cash held by companies. Furthermore, the findings distinctly unveil that the impact of board attributes is more positive under a high level of political connections.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was solely restricted to one institutional context “Palestine”; therefore, the results reflect the attributes of the Palestinian business environment. In this vein, it is possible to generate different findings in other countries, particularly in developed markets.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study can draw responsible parties, top management and policymakers' attention in developing countries to introduce and contextualize new mechanisms that can lead to better managing of corporate cash holdings.Originality/valueEmpirical evidence on the moderating role of political connection on the effect of board attributes on corporate cash holdings something that was predominantly neglected by the earlier research and has not yet examined by ancestors. Hence, to protrude nuanced understanding of this novel idea, this study minutely bridges this research gap and contributes practically and theoretically to the existing CG–cash holdings literature.

The development of a spatial data infrastructure to support marine spatial planning in Greece

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has been recognized as an essential tool for reducing the increasing pressures on marine and coastal areas (resulting from human activities and competition) and contributing to sustainable development. Therefore, during the last years many countries have initiated MSP processes towards the implementation of Maritime Spatial Strategies and Marine Spatial Plans. However, a prerequisite for the coordinated and effective MSP is the provision of high-quality spatial data to the responsible parties and the public, through appropriate and easy-to-use tools. This can be succeeded by the development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that enables the organization of spatial datasets and their distribution through the web. In this paper we propose a development framework and present the actions taken for the implementation of a Marine SDI to support MSP in Greece, and discuss the lessons learned from our so-far experience.

Barriers to Integration of Interactive Communication Between Business Teams and Publication Teams in Gaining Profits Through the Deureuham Program at Bank X Syariah Head Office 2018-2019

Deureuham program is the result of collaboration between Bank X Syariah and BEKRAF, consisting of a Publication Team and a Business Team as the responsible party and communicate interactively through the WhatsApps Group media. Ironically, the program did not generate profits as targeted. This is the rationality of the reasons, as well as the urgency of this research, so that the title of this research is determined, namely, the obstacles to the integration of interactive communication between the business team and the publication team in getting benefits through the Deureuham program at Head Office Bank X Syariah on 2018-2019. This qualitative research uses case study as a method, with a constructivist paradigm. The theoretical foundation is the Kincaid school of convergence theory and the Karl Weick Organizational Process Theory, the data collection technique is by means of in-depth interviews. As a result: One, the obstacles to the integration of interactive communication between the two teams, namely, a lack of communication processes, a lack of a sense of belonging and shared responsibility, and poor information shared, including dialogue between teams. Two, the result is poor processes and information flow between teams, confusion of information, and a low sense of responsibility for each team, information is not conveyed optimally, and low business absorption rates. Three, the input is that coordination is not only through interactive media, but also face-to-face meetings. The use of interactive media is maximized internally for each team. In order to avoid confusion of information, it is necessary to involve branches in interactive communication between teams, as well as the need to control the progress of communication from the superiors of each team.

Patient participation in healthcare activities: Nurses' and patients' perspectives in Taiwan.

Patient participation in healthcare activities is key to producing successful patient-centered care. However, little is known about both nurses' and patients' perspectives regarding patient participation in East Asia. This paper compared and contrasted perspectives of patient participation in healthcare activities between nurses and patients, using a qualitative study with a purposive sample of 39 nurses and 15 patients. A semi-structured interview was applied to focus groups for nurses, and to face-to-face interviews for patients. Content analysis was utilized to analyze the data, and common themes and subthemes were identified showing three similarities (authoritative culture, participation behaviors, and obstacles to participation), and two differences (sources of acquiring patient-related health information, and responsible party). Nurses and patients did not entirely view participation in healthcare activities congruently. Relevant clinical practices are also suggested, including respecting patients' autonomy, nurses' using layman's language for explanations, patients' understanding the meaning behind their participation behaviors, recognizing obstacles faced in enhancing patient participation with adjusted nursing workload, actively providing needed health information, and leading patients to realize that they will be responsible for their health behaviors after discharge.

Where to prospectively register a systematic review

BackgroundProspective registration aims to reduce bias in the conduct and reporting of research and to increase transparency. In addition, prospective registration of systematic reviews is argued to help preventing unintended duplication, thereby reducing research waste. PROSPERO was launched in 2011 as the first prospective register for systematic reviews. While it has long been the only option to prospectively register systematic reviews, recently there have been new developments. Our aim was to identify and characterize current options to prospectively register a systematic review to assist review authors in choosing a suitable register.MethodsTo identify systematic review registers, we independently performed internet searches in January 2021 using keywords related to systematic reviews and prospective registration. “Registration” was defined as the process of entering information about a planned systematic review into a database before starting the systematic review process. We collected data on the characteristics of the identified registries and contacted the responsible party of each register for verification of the data related to their registry.ResultsOverall, we identified five options to prospectively register a systematic review: PROSPERO, the Registry of Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses in Research Registry, and INPLASY, which are specific to systematic reviews, and the Open Science Framework Registries and protocols.io, which represent generic registers open to any study type. Detailed information on each register is presented in tables in the main text. Regarding the systematic-review-specific registries, authors have to trade-off between the costs of registration and the processing time of their registration record. All registers provide an option to search for systematic reviews already registered in the register. However, it is unclear how useful these search functions are.ConclusionAuthors can prospectively register their systematic review in five registries, which come with different characteristics and features. The research community should discuss fair and sustainable financing models for registers that are not operated by for-profit organizations.

The Effect of Visual Appeal, Social Interaction, Enjoyment, and Competition on Mobile Esports Acceptance by Urban Citizens

Aim/Purpose: This study investigated a model of mobile esports acceptance among urban citizens based on an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Background: Currently, esports are increasingly popular and in demand by the public. Supported by the widespread development of mobile devices, it has become an interactive market trend to play games in a new model, mobile esports. Methodology: This study collected data from 400 respondents and analyzed it using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Contribution: This study addresses two research gaps. The first gap is limited esports information systems studies, particularly in mobile esports acceptance studies. The second gap is limited exploration of external variables in online gaming acceptance studies. Thus, this study proposed a TAM extended model by integrating the TAM native variables with other external variables such as visual appeal, enjoyment, social interaction, and competition to explore mobile esports acceptance by urban citizens. Findings: Nine hypotheses were accepted, and four were rejected. The visual appeal did not affect the acceptance. Meanwhile, social interaction and enjoyment significantly affected both perceived ease of use and usefulness. However, perceived ease of use surprisingly had an insignificant effect on attitude toward using mobile esports. Moreover, competition significantly affected the acceptance, particularly on perceived usefulness. Recommendations for Practitioners: Fresh and innovative features, such as new game items or themes, should be frequently introduced to enhance players’ continued enjoyment. Moreover, mobile esports providers should offer a solid platform to excite players’ interactions to increase the likelihood that users feel content. On the other hand, the national sports ministry/agency or responsible authorities should organize many esports competitions, big or small, to search for new talents. Recommendation for Researchers: Visual appeal in this study did not influence the perceived ease of use or usefulness. However, it could affect enjoyment. Thus, it would be worth revisiting the relationship between visual appeal and enjoyment. At the same time, perceived ease of use is a strong driver for the continued use of most online games, but not in this study. It could indicate significant differences between mobile esports and typical online games, one of which is the different purposes. Users might play online games for recreational intention, but players would use mobile esports to compete, win, or even get monetary rewards. Therefore, although users might find mobile esports challenging and hard to use, they tend to keep playing it. Thus, monetary rewards could be considered a determinant of the continuation of use. Impact on Society: Nowadays, users are being paid for playing games. It also would be an excel-lent job if they become professional esports athletes. This study investigated factors that could affect the continued use of mobile esports. Like other jobs, playing games professionally in the long term could make the players tedious and tired. Therefore, responsible parties, like mobile esports providers or governments, could use the recommendations of this study to promote positive behavior among the players. They will not feel like working and still con-sider playing mobile esports a hobby if they happily do the job. In the long run, the players could also make a nation’s society proud if they can be a champion in prestigious competitions. Future Research: A larger sample size will be needed to generalize the results, such as for a nation. It is also preferable if the sample is randomized systematically. Future works should also investigate whether the same results are acquired in other mobile esports. Furthermore, to extend our knowledge and deepen our understanding of the variables that influence mobile esports adoption, the subsequent research could look at other mobile esports acceptability based on characteristics of system functionality and moderator effects. Finally, longitudinal data-collecting approaches are suggested for future studies since behavior can change over time.

Biometrics as a Matrix: The Short Distance between Crime and Security Systems, Prompting an Artificial Intelligence to Invent Electronic Biometrics ID!

This paper reviews the essential biometrics and develops a way to combine them with the Computer and User Information, giving us an Electronic Biometrics ID. This way, distributed databases contain imperative data from much helpful information that supports more security. We reviewed examples of what these databases would look like, which any responsible party could design to be global. As will be mentioned later, we obtain common international databases whose data are modified according to factors such as the owner of the device, the location of the device, and so on. This is very useful for tracking, and it combines biometrics with data set to give us a comprehensive electronic identification.

Conformidade Cooperativa: Análise SWOT para o Programa CONFIA Brasileiro

Cooperative compliance ensures that the taxpayer–Tax Administration relationship is based on transparency, mutual trust, and preventive actions of assistance and collaboration. These three foundations are formalized into six characteristics, two of which (transparency and disclosure) apply to taxpayers and five of which (commercial awareness, fairness, proportionality, transparency, and responsiveness) apply to the Tax Administration. This article discusses cooperative compliance concepts, requirements, advantages, tax control framework (TCF), tax risk, and governance issues. It then considers some Brazilian initiatives, highlighting the exposure of the CONFIA proposal as a cooperative compliance program of the Brazilian Revenue Service (RFB). Using a SWOT analysis based on international experiences, we discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat points for success in implementing the CONFIA program. Additionally, we offer recommendations regarding how to ensure an environment of increasing cooperation in the tax field in order to reduce tax litigation, which is a chronic problem of the Brazilian tax system. Cooperation between taxpayers and Tax Administration should be based on the responsibility of both parties operating under mutual trust and not tolerating opportunistic behavior on either side of the tax relationship.

Individual counseling in mothers bereaved by pregnancy loss: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND:The loss of a pregnancy can result in grief, guilt, self-doubt, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considering the side effects mentioned for mental health and the fact that the symptoms will linger if left untreated and even adversely affect the subsequent pregnancies. The current study was designed to assess the impact of individual counseling on stress, anxiety, and depression in mothers with pregnancy loss.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study commenced 100 women who experienced pregnancy loss (in Urmia/2018-2019); they were enrolled using convenience sampling and block randomization. The intervention group received four individual counseling sessions (weekly sessions with a duration of 1 h) based on Warden's principles. The control group received routine care. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42) was filled out at baseline, the pre- and post-intervention. Analyses were performed using the Chi-square, paired, or individual t-tests, when necessary. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:There were no significant differences regarding socio-demographic characteristics and clinical features between groups at baseline. Intra-group analysis showed that all outcome measures in the intervention group were significantly improved. According to inter-groups analysis, a significant association was found between pre-test and post-test in the intervention group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Results of this study can clarify the psychological effects of pregnancy loss in these mothers and help the officials and responsible parties to plan the treatment and rehabilitation of these women and include them in the healthcare system.

The development process of economic evaluation guidelines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

To review the development of economic evaluation guidelines (EEGs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the goal of assisting those developing EEGs in LMICs. We conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, EconLit, Embase (Ovid), the Cochrane Library, and the gray literature until March 2021. We extracted data on the methods used in the EEG development process, the responsible party engaged, and the development team's composition. We conducted a quality assessment, using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-Health Systems tool, and then carried out a relative comparison. Fourteen EEGs and nine studies were identified. In ten countries, the Ministry of Health was responsible for handling the development process. The majority of LMICs who developed EEGs did not explicitly report the discipline of those involved in the process. The developers of EEGs followed four main steps: conducting a review on national guidelines, organizing workshops, and getting support from international experts or from organizations. One-third of the identified EEGs failed to engage multisectoral or multidisciplinary developers, and approximately 14 percent did not follow or report any recommended step. This study identified a scarcity of published information related to the development process and the suboptimal quality of included studies. It provides relevant material to support international organizations and developers of guidelines in LMICs in developing EEGs that fit their national context. In addition, this paper recommends a transparent approach to the design of guidelines and to reporting on the methods for developing them.

Natural heritage: Provision of cultural ecosystem services from the Malyovitsa Range of the Rila National Park

Nature-based tourism and recreation are attracting attention today as the most favourable form of direct connection between people and nature, and as a very successful tool to motivate people to protect their natural heritage. This study aims to develop and test a methodology to assess the potential of an acknowledged natural heritage site in Bulgaria - Malyovitsa Range and Urdini Cirque in &amp;lsquo;Rila&amp;rsquo; National Park to provide cultural ecosystem services. A holistic approach is applied, using landscapes as the main territorial unit, and source of information. For the purpose of practicing representative types of mountain tourism: &amp;lsquo;mountain hiking&amp;rsquo;, &amp;lsquo;nature education&amp;rsquo; tourism, &amp;lsquo;ski touring&amp;rsquo; and &amp;lsquo;mountaineering&amp;rsquo; a total of 15 ecosystem services were assessed based on 25 biophysical and social indicators. &amp;lsquo;Primary forest landscapes on moraine materials&amp;rsquo; and &amp;lsquo;Primary landscapes with mugo pine on igneous rocks&amp;rsquo; receive the highest score. Based on the results obtained, an assessment of the mainstream activity - access to mountain hiking provided by the landscapes was carried out and two touristic routes with very high potential to deliver this service were identified. The results of the study are directed towards the responsible parties in support of the natural heritage conservation in Rila National Park through sustainable management the potential to provide cultural (recreational) ecosystem services. The research was conducted within the scientific programme of the project &amp;ldquo;Conceptualization, Flexible Methodology, and a Pilot Geospatial Platform for Access of the Bulgarian Natural Heritage to the European Digital Single Market of Knowledge and Information Services&amp;rdquo; within the project BG05M2OP001-1.001-0001 Establishment and Development of &amp;ldquo;Heritage BG&amp;rdquo; Centre of Excellence (Operational Program &amp;ldquo;Science and Education for Intelligent Growth&amp;rdquo;, priority Axis 1 &amp;ldquo;Research and technological development&amp;rdquo;).

OPTIMALISASI MINAT MENABUNG NASABAH PADA TABUNGAN BAROKAH DI PT. BPRS BHAKTI SUMEKAR CABANG PAMEKASAN

This study aims to determine the optimization of customer interest in barokah savings at PT. BPRS Bhakti Sumekar. Barokah savings are savings or customer funds deposits in the form of rupiah savings with a wadhi'ah yadh dhamanah contract, namely as a pure deposit that will help manage your funds to be more blessed. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews, the results of observations with case study designs from interviews with related and responsible parties that optimizing customer interest in barokah savings at BPRS Bhakti Sumekar Pamekasan Branch are quite good, where from From year to year, the number of customers has increased, with the assistance of the marketing department and very good socialization and door-to-door marketing strategies, so that they are helped and influential. The optimization has also been carried out carefully with caution both in terms of service, especially in friendliness in communicating with customers and always competent and consistent in determining the schedule that has been determined between the customer and the marketing party.

Heavy Metal Removal from the Water of the River Nile Using Riverbank Filtration

Riverbank filtration (RBF) is considered as a natural treatment process. During this process, a group of chemical, physical, and biological processes occur when water moves through the soil along the bank of the River Nile, which can act as a conventional treatment process. RBF is one of the most effective solutions that the Egyptian government and responsible parties should embrace. Egypt has started to use the RBF technique widely in many sites through the path of the River Nile. This study provides a detailed analysis of the RBF technique; it represents the outlet quality of the water in a study performed on the River Nile. The effect of RBF on water quality can be measured using the software designed for this study. The study’s main aim is to improve the water quality of the River Nile by removing heavy metals from the water by using an effective and fast method of treatment, which is riverbank filtration. The results of the research’s experimental study show the average percentage of metal removal for iron, cobalt, lead, zinc, and copper are 74.04%, 74.44%, 70.72%, 75.1%, and 70.8%, respectively. These results have proved that RBF acts as a substantial barrier versus heavy metals.

Perceptions of accountability for the transfer of training by leadership trainers

AbstractSchlenker’s model of responsibility was used in this study to investigate to what extent leadership trainers consider themselves accountable for the transfer of training. We conducted 15 semi‐structured interviews and evaluated the answers using qualitative content analysis. With respect to the responsibility links of Schlenker’s model, the trainers described two out of three links as being rather strong. The interview data suggest that transfer‐enhancing strategies were mostly clear to the trainers. They also reported feeling personally obliged to support trainees in their transfer efforts. Regarding the third link, the trainers perceived limited control over several transfer determinants. They explained that they could facilitate transfer but not produce it. The trainers identified the trainees, their supervisors, and the organisations as other responsible parties. The concept of trainers as transfer managers was scarcely reported among the data. Our findings suggest that client organisations could strengthen accountability by setting adequate and feasible training objectives and by monitoring their achievement. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications with regard to the promotion of transfer.