Part Of Ukraine Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ПРЯМОГО СЕВА НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЯ ЯРОВОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ УКРАИНЫ

The paper presents the results of studies to determine the efficiency of growing spring barley depending on the methods of direct sowing using technology based on the use of combined machines. The authors determined the influence of direct sowing methods on the grain yield of spring barley (Hordeum sativum Jessen) in the conditions of the north-eastern part of Ukraine. Based on the research data, a significant effect of direct sowing methods on the yield of spring barley was established. It was determined that the sowing option significantly minimizes the level of weediness of spring grain crops, mainly due to pre-sowing soil preparation. The smallest contamination of crops was in the case of using a seed drill with combined undercutting-type working units and disc coulter systems with support-pressing wheels. The highest soil hardness was observed when using a seeder with disc working units, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil. The difference in soil hardness as compared with the control reached 34%. The soil density in the root development zone of plants in all variants of the experiment did not go beyond the optimum. Before harvesting, the moisture content of the upper soil layers in the variants with direct sowing was 3–5% higher, and the moisture content of the lower layers was 1–2% lower than in the control. It was proved that due to the use of a direct sowing seeder, the sections of which consist of modules for local loosening of the soil and wavy discs are installed in front of the coulters, the grain yield increases on average by 20% as compared to the control.

The Mental Space of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in representations оf Dmytro Yavornytsky

The aim of the article is to study the mental space of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in representations of the prominent Ukrainian historian Dmytro Yavornytsky (1855–1940). Historiographic analysis and synthesis are research methods. Sources: works of Dmytro Yavornytsky, memoirs of contemporaries of the scientist-historian, modern historiography. The main results are that the author actualizes the historical and geographical aspect of the mental history of Ukraine; shows the importance of understanding spatial identification and differentiation for the realization of historical and national identity, mental understanding of the world on the examples of achievements of Ukrainian and foreign European scientists. Based on the analysis of Dmytro Yavornytsky’s creative work, it is proved that the scientist-historian came to the conclusion about the ancient, organic nature of the territory of the Steppe Ukraine to the Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army; its external borders are established; the internal Ukrainian territorial demarcation between the lands of the Army of the Zaporozhian lower and Poltava regiments of the Hetmanate is marked. An expert on the history of the Zaporozhian Freedoms established that the space of the mental world of the Zaporozhian Cossacks covered a huge steppe expanse that ran along both banks of the Dnipro; widely used the data of hydrography, topography, climate, flora and fauna of the Zaporozhian region to understand the features of this area, which had a huge impact on the mentality of the Cossacks. The Dnipro River, which united the two banks of the Zaporozhian Freedoms, was of sacred significance for the mental world of the Cossacks. To understand the spatial component of the mental world of the Cossacks, it is important to divide the military and territorial division of the Zaporizhzhya, to show the history of the Cossacks in the context of contacts with neighbors. Noting the peculiarities of the history of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Dmytro Yavornytsky closely linked the struggle of the Zaporozhian Cossacks not only for the rights and freedoms of Zaporizhzhya, but also of other Ukrainian lands, which confirms the mental unity of the Cossacks with other parts of Ukraine. Brief conclusions. D. I. Yavornytsky revealed the spatial aspects of the diverse mental world of the Cossacks, which gave rise to a special historical energy, the basis of freedom-loving and the strength of spirit of the Zaporozhian society. The practical significance of the article is that its material will be of interest to students, graduate students, doctoral students and historians in the study of historiography and mental history of Ukraine. The originality of the article is in understanding of little- studied mental aspects of the heritage of the scientist-historian. Scientific novelty is in the development of insufficiently studied problem of the mental world of the Cossacks in the work of Dmitry Yavornytsky. Type of article: analytical.

Cigarette Ssmuggling and Corruption in Ukraine: Current Challenges and New Trends

Considering the current problems associated with cigarette smuggling, the authors of the article highlight new challenges that arise in connection with the growing volume of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes smuggled to the European Union (EU) from Ukraine. One of the main reasons behind this trend is the continuation of the conflict in Ukraine, which exacerbates the economic situation, accompanied by an increase in unemployment due to the destruction of production capacities and infrastructure, the breakdown of economic and social ties between different parts of Ukraine, and the weakening of the financial, banking, transportation, and communication systems. Conflict and widespread corruption in public and law enforcement agencies are creating new challenges related to the current crisis of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes of Ukrainian origin. These challenges require the Ukrainian government to implement new measures to combat cigarette smuggling. In this regard, the authors of the article pay special attention to various anti-smuggling measures, including increasing excise taxes, anti-corruption programs, and cooperation with European customs and law enforcement authorities. It is noted that the initiatives of the State Border Guard Service and the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine to combat smuggling are hampered by the continuing instability and lack of resources. This poses obvious challenges in strengthening the necessary infrastructure to continue the fight against cigarette smuggling. Obviously, successful anti-smuggling programs will require additional funding, human resources and technical support from the relevant authorities, as well as greater integrity among their staff. The article indicates that until the negative socio-economic consequences of the current crisis have been overcome, the illegal flows of tobacco products from Ukraine to the EU will remain high.

Study of nitrate accumulation in herbs of Thymus pulegioides L. for flora of Ukraine

Thymus pulegioides L. syn. ( Thymus ovatus Mill.) of family, Lamiaceae is a fairly common species in Ukraine. Given the literature data, the studied species needs a more thorough study of nitrate accumulation due to the ecological situation in Ukraine, as well as the search for herbal medicinal products with sufficient raw material base and a minimum amount of carcinogenic and harmful substances. The aim of the research : To determine the quantitative content of nitrates in the infusion of grass (1:10) Thymus pulegioides L. flora of Ukraine, using the ionometric method of analysis. Materials and methods . Infusion of Thymus pulegioides L. (1:10) harvested in different regions of Ukraine was studied with the help of the ionometric method of analysis. Results . The accumulation of nitrates was quantified for Thymus pulegioides L. depending on the growing region, using the ionometric method of analysis. The data obtained during the study of the nitrates accumulation in the grass of the species varied from 62.55 ± 7.31 to 232.44 ± 24.11 which do not exceed the generally accepted sanitary norms. Summarizing the study, it was found that the minimum accumulation of nitrates in HRM was found in Poltava and Dnipropetrovsk regions (environment). Conclusions . Given the data obtained, it can be concluded that the study of species of the genus Thymus L. by ionometric method of analysis for nitrate content to control the quality of plant raw materials and drugs based on it was relevant. The central part of Ukraine is a promising and ecologically safe region for the growth of the studied species.

Rove beetles of the subfamily Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park

This work is the first attempt to make up an inventory of the fauna of rove beetles in the Hutsulshchyna National Natural Park (Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast), which was created in 2002 and has an area of 32,271 hectares. The modern territory of the park has never been the object of special scientific research on the fauna of rove beetles of the Aleocharinae subfamily. As a result, information about the finds of representatives of the Aleocharinae subfamily has been obtained from the study of the largest collection of rove beetles in Ukraine, which contains both modern collections and collections of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The collection was formed by Marian-Aloiz Lomnitski and was further developed and replenished with collections from different parts of Ukraine and the world by several generations of Ukrainian and European entomologists. For the moment, the collection is kept in the funds of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and contains more than 1,500 specimens, which belong to more than 300 species and are of great historical and scientific value. As a result of the conducted studies, 30 species belonging to 18 genera are reported for the first time for the fauna of the Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, of which 4 species (Atheta corvina (Thomson, 1856), Schistoglossa viduata (Erichson, 1837), Leptusa puellaris puellaris (C. Hampe, 1863), Silusa rubra (Erichson, 1839)) are reported for the first time for the territory of Ukraine. The species and specimens (with references, data of their distribution in Europe, as well as substrate and biotope preferences of adults) are listed. The obtained data will later on provide an opportunity to expand the understanding of the distribution of species – specifically for faunal research, as well as for biogeographic modelling.

Long-term forecast of changes in soil erosion losses during spring snowmelt caused by climate within the plain part of Ukraine

The paper deals with the forecast of changes in erosion soil losses during the spring snowmelt due to climate change in the regions of Ukraine in the middle of the 21st century (during 2031–2050) and at its end (during 2081–2100) compared with the values of the baseline period (1961–1990). The forecast is based on the use of the so-called “hydrometeorological factor of spring soil loss”. This factor is a part of the physical-statistical mathematical model of soil erosion lossduring spring snowmelt, developed at the Department of Physical Geography of Odesa I. I. Mechnikov State (since 2000 — National) University during the 1980s – 1990s. The long-term average value of the hydrometeorological factor is linearly related to the long-term average value of spring erosion soil loss. Therefore, the relative change in the hydrometeorological factor corresponds to the relative change in soil erosion losses. The developed methodology for assessing climate-induced changes in soil erosion losses in five regions of Ukraine (North, West, Center, East and South) takes into account the change in water equivalent of snow cover at the beginning of snow melting, the change in surface runoff and its turbidity, and changes in soil erodibility. The forecast of changes in erosion soil loss was carried out using projections of annual and monthly average air temperatures and precipitation for 2031–2050 and 2081–2100 in accordance with scenario A1B from AR4 of the IPCC. As a result of the research, it was found that both in the middle and at the end of the 21st century a decrease in the rate of soil erosion during the period of spring snowmelt is expected. During 2031–2050, the expected soil losses will be less than corresponding baseline period values within the West region by 79%, within the North and East regions by 81%, and within the Center region by 85%. In the South region, the spring soil losses will be zero due to the lack of snow cover. During 2081–2100 snow cover will be absent not only in the South region, but also in the Center and East regions. In the regions North and West snow cover will remain, but the spring soil erosion losses will decrease by dozens of times and will be so small that they can also be ignored.

West Nile Fever in the central part of Ukraine

West Nile Fever in the central part of Ukraine

History of the Ukrainian Association of Researchers of Religion. To the 25th anniversary of the establishing.

We continue to publish the memoirs of the founders of the Ukrainian Association of Reseachers of Religion (UARR), which is rightfully the long-term director of the Lviv Museum of the History of Religions Volodymyr Haiuk. He headed this museum for almost 20 years (1986-2004), with which his life destiny is still connected. His support for the initiative of Kyiv colleagues to establish a professional union of religious researchers played an important role, as it expanded the geographical, thematic and sectoral boundaries of scholars' communication, and the May roundtables on the history of religions in Ukraine, founded by V. Haiuk, have become a tradition. 2020 is the year of the 30th International Forum, which for decades brings together and unites researchers from different parts of Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania, other Baltic countries and Europe.

Morphological features of oat (Avena Sativa L.) shoots formation in the southern part of Ukraine

Oats is essential for agricultural production and processing industry due to the unique biochemical composition of its grain. Thus, it is very important to study the biological and morphometric features of oats. The length and area of the plant's organs can establish a degree of comfort of growing conditions and determine during which period of plant's life the external weather conditions changed. Phytomers are basic repetitive functional units of the oat shoot. This paper presents the description and parameters of development of oat shoot metamers, namely, the identification of growth patterns of terrestrial vegetative metamers of oat shoots and their parts. The experiments were conducted in 2013, 2014 and 2018. The weather conditions of the specified years varied greatly – 2013 and 2014 were the most favorable in terms of humidification and precipitation, while 2018 was a very dry one. The paper determines the absolute and relative growth rates of the oat shoot internode paper and the maximum growth rate of each metamer in the linear phase. According to our observations, the absolute growth rate of oats was negligible and increased from 0.01 to 0.5 mm/d when the air temperature varied from 15 °C to 20 °C. However, when the air temperature reached about 20 °C, the absolute growth rate increased from 0.5 mm/d to almost 2 mm/d. We also found the effective sum temperatures under which the beginning and the end of the growth of each internodes take place. Thus, the first internode starts to grow the effective temperature sum of up to 117 °C is with the accumulated while the panicle starts growing when the effective temperature sum of up to 668 °C is accumulated. The growth of both the seventh internode and the panicle stops at the same time when the effective temperature sum of up to 1173 °C is accumulated. The ontogeny of oat shoots has a regular sequence of growth and development of terrestrial vegetative shoot metamers and their parts. The average growth duration of oat stem internode duting the years of research constituted 9 days for the first internode, 30 days for the seventh internode and 26 days for the panicle .

Українське питання на шпальтах тижневика «Московскіє новості» за 1989 рік

The features of the coverage of the so-called Ukrainian issue in one of the most authoritative and influential periodicals of the former Soviet Union during the period of restructuring — ‘MoscowNews’ Weekly are considered in the article.In 1989, a number of political and socio-economic issues that testified to the deep systemic crisis of the Communist empire came to the fore. This was also reflected in the materials of the weekly for the 1989. It became clear that the Soviet propaganda’s assertion on resolving the national issue in theUSSRwas a myth.The Ukrainian issue was one of the components of the national issue. However, as the analysis of the publications implies, the weekly did not pay much attention to the events in the Ukrainian soviet republic.In 1989, several publications were published concerning the establishment of the independence movement, the activities ofUSSRdeputies fromUkraine, and others. However, the political processes inUkraine, including those related to national revival, were considered by the newspaper editorial staff within the framework of a Union-wide (read all-Russian) democratic movement. Furthermore, in 1989 theUSSRseemed an ‘island of peace and stability’.The editorial board saw no threat to the integrity of the Communist empire on the part ofUkraine, focusing its attention on events in other national republics. Meanwhile, the Ukrainian republic was destined to play a decisive role in the collapse of theSoviet Union.Based on the analysis of the content of the weekly, the author draws one more conclusion: even the democratic Union-wide press in national matters remained largely in the imperial positions. Also on the pages of the weekly we can find a manipulative construct for the protection of ‘Russian-speaking’ citizens. This construct continues to live on in 30 years — modernRussiauses it in a hybrid war againstUkraineand other neighbors.

Conceptual principles of managing the mechanism of economic security of the agricultural sector

The article is devoted to the management of the mechanism of economic security in the agrarian sector. The aim of the article is to develop the conceptual foundations of the management of the mechanism of economic se-curity of the agricultural sector. Research methods: dialectical method of cognition of economic phenomena, principles of economic theory on eco-nomic security; methods of theoretical generalization and comparison were used in the process of processing literature sources and studying the raised questions. The agrarian policy of Ukraine has signs of situationality and inconsistency, which is explained by the presence of unstructured field of entities that determine the agricultural policy of the industry. One of the priority tasks of today is the development of a regulatory document that will identify key aspects of further strengthening the economic security of the agricultural sector and will be a part of Ukraine's agricultural policy. Conceptual bases of creating the strategy of develop-ment of economic safety of agrarian sector of Ukraine are offered. The aim of the strategy is to form the effective mechanism for managing the economic security of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, as a part of an effective agricultural policy. The integrated approach to the management of the mechanism of economic security of the agrarian sector has made it possible to suggest directions for its improvement. First of all, it is a question of normative-legal and information maintenance, and also the addition of the mechanism of economic safety by such tools as certification and audit. The application of economic security certification is at the same time a tool for measuring certain indicators of the state of economic security as a whole or its individual components. Monitoring of such indicators provides information on the movement towards achieving the established criteria of economic security of the agricultural sector. The above justifies the feasibility of further development of the institution of economic security certification of the agricultural sector, which will help solve the problem of managing the mechanism of economic security. Keywords: economic security, agrarian sector, management, mechanism, certification, audit.

Сучасний стан бука в дослідних культурах і дендропарках північного сходу України та перспективи його використання

Представлено узагальнені результати обстеження насаджень бука лісового (Fagus sylvatica L.), бука східного (Fagus orientalis Lypsky.) та бука кримського (Fagus taurica Popl.) у дослідних культурах і дендрологічних парках північного сходу України. Метою досліджень було визначення придатності видів для створення насаджень різного цільового призначення в регіоні. Оцінено 11 насаджень бука за комплексом показників, зокрема за особливостями росту, якістю стовбурів, станом і репродукційним розвитком. За результатами комплексного оцінювання буки лісовий і кримський визнано перспективними для створення плантаційних культур. Буки лісовий, східний і кримський доцільно використовувати також для озеленення в Харківській і Сумській областях.

Volunteering as forming factor of work-readiness for students of socially oriented specialization

Due to the situation with military conflict on the South-Eastern part of Ukraine, training of social workers who can effectively implement social policy is an acute issue. One of the characteristics of the social sphere specialist is work-readiness, which is a result of professional development and education in the university. Volunteering practices becomes one of the key components of vocational training for young specialists. The research goal is to find out how participation in volunteer activities affects the formation of readiness of social work students for professional activities. An integrated questionnaire on the work-readiness of social work students has been developed for the study. The questionnaire has been based on the methodologies of questionnaire conduction by Eleonora Illaryonova and Nelli Menshykova (Illaryonova, Menshykova, 1991). It includes the following tasks for students: to answer closed and open questions, to complete sentences. The research covered 30 third- and fourth-year students of social work, the half of them practiced volunteering as the members of voluntary sector «Student’s heart» (Zaporizhzhia) and the other one did not practice. According to the study’s result, students-volunteers have a positive attitude about their life, future, as well as high-level confidence that they have a professional skill more than students who did not practice volunteering. The study showed that volunteering had a positive impact on all components of student’s work-readiness: «internal readiness», positive view of future, experience in social work practice. Moreover, we indicated the conditions under which the volunteer activities will contribute to the work-readiness: the system of education for volunteers, the link between the content of volunteer activities and chosen specialty, the demand-oriented character of volunteer activity. Taking into account these features in the organization of the student volunteer movement at university will give a qualitative and comprehensive effect of volunteering. The further research is planned to be devoted to the volunteering impact directly on the students’ employment process, in particular the research among graduate students on determining the role of volunteer experience, skills, competencies and knowledge gained during volunteering, in their further employment.

Emended Description and New Data on the Distribution of Eurytoma campanulae Zer. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae)

New data on the distribution of Eurytoma campanulae Zer., based on material from various parts of Ukraine and that from Finland received from Dr. Veli Vikberg, are reported. The characteristic morphological features of Eu. campanulae and the other members of the campanulae species-group are discussed. Specific traits of this species-group are outlined; this group is notable within Eurytoma due to the characteristic sculpture of the thorax and the features of the metasomal tergites. A key to the species of the campanulae species-group is given. The entire material mentioned in the paper is deposited in the collection of I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv).

Assessment of blackberry varieties suitable for growing in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe part of Ukraine

The research aimed to study the productivity of blackberry foreign varieties (Rubus subgenus Rubus Watson) in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe part of Ukraine as they are attractive for production due to their fruit taste and appearance. The task was to establish the beginning and duration of fruiting of blackberry varieties, to determine the yield level and the quality of the berries. A fi eld experiment was conducted on the experimental fi eld of the Scientific and Research Center of BNAU to assess the productivity of blackberry varieties. The studies were started in the spring of 2017 on blackberry seedlings with growing the culture in vitro in the biotechnological laboratory of the university. The tests included 5 varieties with climbing shoots: Smoothstem, Thornfree, Black Satin, Triple Crown, Arapaho. According to the results of observations, it was found that for two years of fruiting among the studied varieties, the earliest production was received in the Arapaho variety, in the first decade of July. Triple Crown, with the fi rst fruits ripened on August 2, was characterized by late fruiting. The Triple Crown variety diff ered by the longest period of berry coming – 35 days. The yield obtained in a year after planting is not an indicator of long-term crop yields. However, the Triple Crown variety diff ered by the highest yield in the fi rst year of fruiting, with an average of 3.7 kg of berries obtained from a bush. High yields were also observed in the Smoothstem variety. Black Satin variety was characterized by the high level of yield growth for over two years of fruiting, which amounted to 80 %. The largest in the fi rst years of fruiting were Triple Crown fruits with an average weight of 11.1 g. The maximum weight of individual berries of this variety reached 17.7 g. The Arapaho variety also stood out with its large fruits of 8.5 g on average. Some fruits reached a maximum weight of 12.1 g. Key words: blackberry, the beginning of fruiting, productivity, average weight of berries, duration of products supply.

Продуктивність і стан насаджень cосни чорної австрійської (Pinus nigra var. austriaca Asch. et Gr.) у центральній та північно-східній частинах України

Наведені результати обстеження насаджень сосни чорної австрійської в Кіровоградській, Харківській і Сумській областях у 2017 та 2018 рр. В умовах Лісостепу та Степу досліджено 4 деревостани віком 27–117 років, лісові культури 27-річного віку є потомством найстарішого з обстежених деревостанів. Оцінювання насаджень проведено за ростом, якістю стовбурів, станом, а також показниками репродукції. Для комплексного оцінювання деревостанів використано 3-балову шкалу. В усіх обстежених насадженнях сосна чорна поступається сосні звичайній за висотою, але у 2 із 5 випадків перевищує її за діаметром; характеризується стовбурами більшої якості та кращім станом. За результатами комплексного оцінювання сосна чорна австрійська набрала більшу або таку саму кількість балів, як і сосна звичайна. Підтверджено перспективність застосування сосни чорної для створення лісових і захисних насаджень на еродованих ґрунтах. У разі помірного рекреаційного навантаження вона спроможна виконувати меліоративні функції, а завдяки своїй високій декоративності придатна для садово-паркового будівництва.

Ріст і продуктивність порослевих осичників у свіжих і вологих грудах рівнинної частини України

За результатами аналізу повидільної бази даних ВО «Укрдержліспроект» змодельовано хід росту модальних порослевих осикових насаджень свіжого та вологого груду за природними зонами. Встановлено, що модальні порослеві осичники у грудових типах лісорослинних умов ростуть за І класом бонітету, а їхній запас у 70-річному віці сягає 345 м3·га-1 у Поліссі, 320 м3·га-1 у Лісостепу та 270 м3·га-1 у Степу. Підтверджено, що деревостани свіжих і вологих грудів є продуктивнішими, ніж деревостани у відповідних гігротопах сугрудових типів лісорослинних умов. Визначено різницю між запасами деревостанів сугрудів і грудів. В умовах Східного Полісся вона становить 1–2 %, в умовах Лісостепу збільшується до 11–15 %, а у Степу становить 3–9 %. Визначено вік кількісної стиглості осикових насаджень, який в обох типах лісорослинних умов становить 25–30 років.

Nature of change of logarithmic decrement as a result of cracking in the beams with loop joints

Paying attention to the quite wide spreading of precast and cast-in-situ reinforced concrete in Ukraine, it was necessary to expand the scope of application of various butt joints. In particular, the use of loop rebar joints is itself one of the main design decisions that determines the industrial implementation of construction, primarily hydraulic structures. Loop rebar joints connect elements for assembling precast-monolithic reinforced concrete elements without the use of welding. A large territory of south-western and southern parts of Ukraine is classified as seismically dangerous. The use of modern probabilistic technologies at the design and operation stages of construction projects improves the accuracy of hazardous seismic load estimates and allows to optimize the probable losses from the negative impact of earthquakes. The proper assessment of the level of seismic impact depends on knowledge of the pattern in the logarithmic decrement changes as a result of building structures and buildings damage. Available information does not give a clear understanding of this pattern. A comparative analysis of the change in the logarithmic damping decrement of vibrations because of cracking in beams with a loop joint was carried out. The loop joint was located in the clean bending zone of beam, with keyed and keyless execution of the ends of the joined elements. The data for analysis were obtained from the experiment. We use the power method to achieve the objectives − the instant load removal method. As a result the nature of the change in the logarithmic damping decrement of the beam in case of violation of the integrity of the loop joint zone was established. The values of the logarithmic decrement in the beams with key joints were comparable with the similar values obtained for beams without joints. At the same time, the absolute values of the decrement in beams with keyless loop joints were maximum in these studies .

Лісоресурсні рентні платежі в Україні за умов значного коливання цін на продукцію необробленої деревини

Розглянуто теоретичні і законодавчі аспекти та практичні наслідки для лісогосподарської галузі та сільських територіальних громад в Україні від вилучення рентних платежів за спеціальне використання лісових ресурсів (деревини). Доведено недосконалість сучасного механізму визначення обсягів рентних платежів за заготівлю деревини за недостатнього економічного обґрунтування рівня їх ставок при періодичному директивному підвищенню та неузгодженості у короткотерміновій перспективі (у межах року) з динамікою цін на продукцію необробленої деревини та витрат постійних лісокористувачів на рубання та відновлення деревного ресурсу. З'ясовано, що особливо значні негативні наслідки для фінансово-економічного стану підприємств лісогосподарської та деревообробної галузей країни через надмірне рентне оподаткування спостерігаються в умовах раптового стрімкого падіння цін на продукцію необробленої деревини (2013 та 2019 рр.). Виявлено наявність в Україні, як і в інших європейських країнах, нерегулярних та циклічних коливань цін на продукцію необробленої деревини. Оцінено вплив на посилення кризового фінансово-економічного стану постійних лісокористувачів багаторесурсної Поліської частини України стрімкого підвищення за останні (2018-2019) роки податкового навантаження (ставок рентних платежів за спеціальне використання лісових ресурсів (на 16,8 та 50,0 %), введення з середини 2018 р. податку на лісові землі) при істотному скороченні попиту та цін реалізації продукції круглого лісу (за півроку у 2019 р. на 6-59 %). Визначено, що частка рентних платежів за спеціальне використання лісових ресурсів, починаючи з 2016 р., в 1,2-2,4 раза перевищувала витрати державного бюджету на ведення лісового та мисливського господарства, що зумовлює фіскальний, а не стимулятивний характер оподаткування галузі. Запропоновано вдосконалений механізм нарахування рентних платежів за заготівлю деревини через визначення еквівалентного (справедливого) їх розміру як важливої складової фінансово-економічного механізму лісогосподарювання в умовах децентралізації влади та реформи місцевого самоврядування. Рекомендовані зміни впроваджують ринковий механізм розрахунку рентних платежів за заготівлю деревини, які узгоджують обсяг рентних зобов'язань лісокористувачів з динамікою квартальних аукціонних цін на продукцію необробленої деревини.

СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНЕ ТА СИЛОВЕ ПРОТИСТОЯННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ МІСТІ МАРІУПОЛЬ НАВЕСНІ 2014 РОКУ

Events that took place on the East of Ukraine after Maidan and the conquest of Crimea by Russia are considered as separatism movement, which has become a military conflict. However, there is still no clear difference between these notions, as these events haven’t been studied and rethought enough. On this regard, the social — political and violent confrontation on Donbas in February — June 2014 has been analyzed and represented in the article, by the example of Mariupol — a city of Azov region with thousands people. Based on the received information it has been found out that events on Donbas was difficult and ambiguous page in the Ukrainian history, which needs to be stud- ied profoundly and without prejudice. It has been discovered that a part of mar- ginal social organizations together with Communist Party of Ukraine, being col- laborators, were supporting the Pro-Russian movement. However, their aim was ambiguous, as each of them was following their own goal — some were inviting Russian military forces to Mariupol, another part sought to join Russian Federa- tion, some wanted an autonomy for Donbas as a part of Ukraine. The local power, striving to keep peace and safety in the city, at the same time was supporting a part of the Pro-Russian demands, in order to put a pressure on the central authority and to keep its influence on the positions in such a way. However, as opposed to the Pro-Russian the part of Mariupol’s population, with the support of political parties, whose leaders were in power in Kyiv, were speaking out against the aggression of Russian Federation and standing for the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Nonetheless, social political conflict grew into the forceful confrontation when sabotage groups, managed by Russian special services, occupied a number of cit- ies of Donbas, which has led to the creation of “DNR”. It has been specified that the capture of Mariupol by the militants was successful due to the organized provo cation on the 9th May, when during the forceful confrontation between Ukrainian military forces and “DNR” collaborators the local population has suffered. The last one has woken a social resonance in the city. On this regard, the Ukrainian military leadership took a decision to retreat from the city, and when the occupa- tional power has revealed its true colors — terror, looting, kidnapping — social attitudes have changed. It gave an opportunity to lead a successful operation on liberation of the city.