Part Of Logic Research Articles

FPGA-based real-time implementation of a digital reactivity-meter

The aim of this paper is to present a Hardware/Software design approach for the real-time implementation of a digital reactivity meter on a Zynq SoC platform (FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array). As a primary design tool, the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) programming tool has been used. The elementary hardware digital processing units, used to solve the inverse kinetics equations, have been implemented inside the Programming Logic (PL) part of the Zynq platform. Other secondary tasks, such as communication with the host PC, data storage and display have been devoted to the software application running on the Processing System (PS) part. A dedicated Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been also developed on a remote host computer. This application will be essentially used to handle the communication with the embedded reactivity measurement system and to display the reactivity evolution curves through the time. The design has been validated by comparing the obtained results with those proposed in the literature. Real plant data, acquired from Es-salam research reactor, has been also used to confirm the online efficiency of the design. Experimental results demonstrate that the system works well for both negative and positive reactivity insertions.

The Feedback Given by University Supervisors to Student Teachers During Their Co-assessment Meetings

This qualitative study examines the levels of feedback given by university supervisors to student teachers during their co-assessment meeting in French-speaking Belgium. For this purpose, 14 co-assessment meetings were qualitatively analyzed. The co-assessment meeting is the final step in the internship supervision process and allows the student teacher to compare their self-evaluation with the cooperating teacher’s evaluation report and the supervisors’ evaluation. The analysis showed that the certification objective of the internship meeting influenced the level of feedback. Within this objective, the feedback was task-oriented. In the formative part of the meeting, the feedback was more process-oriented and self-regulatory. In this type of meeting, supervisors therefore adopt a dual perspective for feedback, both cognitivist and socio-constructivist. This dual perspective is part of a continuum logic.

Constitutional Statecraft in Malaysian Courts: A Naive ‘Schmittian’ Misappropriation

AbstractIn her recent book, Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts, Yvonne Tew develops an ambitious argument for empowering Malaysian judges to promote constitutional democracy. Her arguments rely on the idea of an unamendable constitutional ‘basic structure’ or ‘meta-Constitution’ expressive of that ideal. I argue that her proposals are normatively inadequate to this task because Tew relies on resources in constitutional theory traceable to the conservative German thinker Carl Schmitt, whose views about constitutional legitimacy and limits to constitutional amendment form part of an authoritarian political logic designed to subvert constitutional democracy that subordinates legality to power politics. I then argue that Tew's proposals, if applied to Malaysia, risk feeding into elements of Schmittian authoritarian logic that plausibly underwrite Malaysia's ethnocratic context, and conjecture (through case-analysis) that authoritarian judges could easily reconfigure her proposals to legitimate ethno-authoritarian rule. Conversely, conscientious judges who defend constitutional democracy would adopt a non-Schmittian approach that emphasises the normative priority of legality as a constraint on political power to counter ethno-authoritarian rule. Consequently, despite Tew's aspiration to equip judges with tools to defend constitutional democracy, the tools she provides threaten to undermine this aspiration such that her proposals may be characterised as a naïve Schmittian misappropriation.

Single event effects on the RD53B pixel chip digital logic and on-chip CDR

The RD53B chip for HL-LHC upgrades of ATLAS and CMS pixel detectors needs to provide reliable operation in a radiation hostile environment with inevitable Single Event Effects (SEE). To answer the challenge, substantial efforts are made to protect and evaluate the critical parts of the digital logic and to characterize the on-chip Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) circuit. The SEE sensitivity of the digital logic is evaluated by testing with both heavy-ions and protons. The on-chip CDR is characterized by measuring the SEE-induced phase shifts of its output clocks and their implication on the high-speed link stability.

AUDIT PROCEDURES OVER FIXED ASSETS AT THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the article is to study the audit procedures for fixed assets in the enterprise in modern conditions of market relations. The methodology consists in the use of the following methods: method of observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, classification, induction and deduction, comparison, method of generalization. The scientific novelty of the work is to improve the audit procedures for fixed assets, which will improve the quality of the audit of fixed assets and, consequently, increase the efficiency of accounting and internal control at the enterprise. Conclusions. The implementation of audit procedures for fixed assets involves a multi-criteria approach, when the criteria form a single system that allows to meet the requirements of the decision-making process during the audit of fixed assets and to form a rational and effective decision. The audit of fixed assets of the enterprise allows not only to influence the organization of the audit process, but also to optimize the structural and logical parts of the methodology of audit of fixed assets of the enterprise due to the use of modern information technology. Key words: audit, audit procedures, modeling, fixed assets, assets.

MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF ANALYSIS OF FIXED ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE

The purpose of the article is to study the modeling in the analysis process of fixed assets at the enterprise in the context of globalization. The methodology consists in the use of the following methods: method of observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, classification, monographic method, induction and deduction, grouping, comparison, generalization method. The scientific novelty of the work is to improve modeling in the analysis of fixed assets, which will increase the efficiency of analytical procedures for fixed assets and, consequently, increase the efficiency of accounting and internal control in the enterprise. Conclusions. Modeling the process of analysis of fixed assets and the efficiency of their use in the enterprise will not only influence the organization of the process of analysis of fixed assets, improve the quality of analytical procedures for fixed assets, but also optimize structural logical parts of the analysis of fixed assets due to modern aspects of modeling decision support and innovative technologies. Key words: modeling, model, analysis, fixed assets, assets, accounting

Artfulness in the Organisational Playground: Actions and choices-Editorial

Let us start at the beginning of this Special Issue on Artfulness with the Call for Papers. As a reminder, we invited contributors to write from their experience and to experiment with bringing their entire selves to their organisational and community work. In the Call for Papers we highlighted that this means ‘not only the rational and logical parts of who we are, but also our creative, intuitive, relational and artistic abilities in their many forms’. We stressed that art can be both an artefact, for example, a painting, piece of music or even a project. Or it can be the creative processes we use, for example, the artfulness of how we work with others in an organisation or in creating art. We see lively tensions between the two. When the submissions came through, we were heartened by how authors/contributors had responded to the invitation in artful, creative and imaginative ways.

The Bioeconomics of Domesticating Zoonoses

The majority of diseases that afflict humans are shared by nonhuman animals, and three-quarters of emerging diseases do so. People have known this for centuries, understanding that diseases traveled the same routes as did traders, migrants, and soldiers. Zoonosis is a process that involves the movement of a pathogen from a nonhuman animal body to a human animal body, which then triggers disease. In the past, this reality mostly served as an impediment to the bioeconomics of working with animals; in more recent years, research on zoonoses has turned animals into part of bioeconomic logic in themselves.

Using BPMN to model Internet of Things behavior within business process

Whereas, traditionally, business processes use the Internet of Things (IoTs) as a distributed source of information, the increase of computational capabilities of IoT devices provides them with the means to also execute parts of the business logic, reducing the amount of exchanged data and central processing. Current approaches based on Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) already support modelers to define both business processes and IoT devices behavior at the same level of abstraction. However, they are not restricted to standard BPMN elements and they generate IoT device specific low-level code. The work we present in this paper exclusivelly uses standard BPMN to define central as well as IoT behavior of business processes. In addition, the BPMN that defines the IoT behavior is translated to a neutral-platform programming code. The deployment and execution environments use Web services to support the communication between the process execution engine and IoT devices.

DirectNVM: Hardware-accelerated NVMe SSDs for High-performance Embedded Computing

With data-intensive artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications rapidly surging, modern high-performance embedded systems, with heterogeneous computing resources, critically demand low-latency and high-bandwidth data communication. As such, the newly emerging NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) protocol, with parallel queuing, access prioritization, and optimized I/O arbitration, starts to be widely adopted as a de facto fast I/O communication interface. However, effectively leveraging the potential of modern NVMe storage proves to be nontrivial and demands fine-grained control, high processing concurrency, and application-specific optimization. Fortunately, modern FPGA devices, capable of efficient parallel processing and application-specific programmability, readily meet the underlying physical layer requirements of the NVMe protocol, therefore providing unprecedented opportunities to implementing a rich-featured NVMe middleware to benefit modern high-performance embedded computing. In this article, we present how to rethink existing accessing mechanisms of NVMe storage and devise innovative hardware-assisted solutions to accelerating NVMe data access performance for the high-performance embedded computing system. Our key idea is to exploit the massively parallel I/O queuing capability, provided by the NVMe storage system, through leveraging FPGAs’ reconfigurability and native hardware computing power to operate transparently to the main processor. Specifically, our DirectNVM system aims at providing effective hardware constructs for facilitating high-performance and scalable userspace storage applications through (1) hardening all the essential NVMe driver functionalities, therefore avoiding expensive OS syscalls and enabling zero-copy data access from the application, (2) relying on hardware for the I/O communication control instead of relying on OS-level interrupts that can significantly reduce both total I/O latency and its variance, and (3) exposing cutting-edge and application-specific weighted-round-robin I/O traffic scheduling to the userspace. To validate our design methodology, we developed a complete DirectNVM system utilizing the Xilinx Zynq MPSoC architecture that incorporates a high-performance application processor (APU) equipped with DDR4 system memory and a hardened configurable PCIe Gen3 block in its programmable logic part. We then measured the storage bandwidth and I/O latency of both our DirectNVM system and a conventional OS-based system when executing the standard FIO benchmark suite [ 2 ]. Specifically, compared against the PetaLinux built-in kernel driver code running on a Zynq MPSoC, our DirectNVM has shown to achieve up to 18.4× higher throughput and up to 4.5× lower latency. To ensure the fairness of our performance comparison, we also measured our DirectNVM system against the Intel SPDK [ 26 ], a highly optimized userspace asynchronous NVMe I/O framework running on a X86 PC system. Our experiment results have shown that our DirectNVM, even running on a considerably less powerful embedded ARM processor than a full-scale AMD processor, achieved up to 2.2× higher throughput and 1.3× lower latency. Furthermore, by experimenting with a multi-threading test case, we have demonstrated that our DirectNVM’s weighted-round-robin scheduling can significantly optimize the bandwidth allocation between latency-constraint frontend applications and other backend applications in real-time systems. Finally, we have developed a theoretical framework of performance modeling with classic queuing theory that can quantitatively define the relationship between a system’s I/O performance and its I/O implementation.

Simulating the Cortical Microcircuit Significantly Faster Than Real Time on the IBM INC-3000 Neural Supercomputer.

This article employs the new IBM INC-3000 prototype FPGA-based neural supercomputer to implement a widely used model of the cortical microcircuit. With approximately 80,000 neurons and 300 Million synapses this model has become a benchmark network for comparing simulation architectures with regard to performance. To the best of our knowledge, the achieved speed-up factor is 2.4 times larger than the highest speed-up factor reported in the literature and four times larger than biological real time demonstrating the potential of FPGA systems for neural modeling. The work was performed at Jülich Research Centre in Germany and the INC-3000 was built at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA, United States. For the simulation of the microcircuit only the programmable logic part of the FPGA nodes are used. All arithmetic is implemented with single-floating point precision. The original microcircuit network with linear LIF neurons and current-based exponential-decay-, alpha-function- as well as beta-function-shaped synapses was simulated using exact exponential integration as ODE solver method. In order to demonstrate the flexibility of the approach, additionally networks with non-linear neuron models (AdEx, Izhikevich) and conductance-based synapses were simulated, applying Runge–Kutta and Parker–Sochacki solver methods. In all cases, the simulation-time speed-up factor did not decrease by more than a very few percent. It finally turns out that the speed-up factor is essentially limited by the latency of the INC-3000 communication system.

The incomprehensible effectiveness of logic, or The scandal of Francis Bacon’s true induction

We take seriously a statement of Francis Bacon (1561-1626) that what is he creating is no new philosophy, but a new logic. The demarcation of the disciplinary boundaries of the experimental natural science and the new logic, ‘the art of questioning and interpreting nature’, turns out to be the key task of the grandiose reform of scientific knowledge initiated by his ‘Novum Organum’, the 400-th anniversary of which was celebrated in 2020. Bacon proposes his ‘logic of discovering’ including the true induction as the first part of the four parts of logic three other parts of which have been invented before him. This task involves a design of a double transition, from the experimental data in the ‘lower axioms’ though the ‘middle axioms’ to a particular logical system with its ‘higher axioms’, and vice versa, from the logical system to the experimental data. We consider Bacon's true induction as a conceptual technology for eliminating of the ‘vague abstractions’ in a conversation with nature about the truth. Based on the generalization of data from the examples of presence, absence, and degree, the true induction through the data refinement and validation relates its outcomes to probabilistic and plausible reasonings about reasonings. Technological devices of Baconian conceptual design are constructed to provide the imperfect cognitive agent with instructions for the interface design of sequential step-by-step ascent through the levels of abstraction from initial experimental data to true knowledge, thus presumably guaranteeing the comprehensible effectiveness of logical knowledge.

PROGRAMMABLE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A BLOCK GREENHOUSE

Automated control systems for processes at agricultural production facilities and agro-industrial complex are performed using digital microprocessor devices, characterized, in comparison with electromechanical means, by enhanced functionality, possibility of operational reconfiguration of the logical part, necessary, for example, when changing a technological installation and electric drive. Control of the positioning of the executive part, provided in multi-position electric drives by a set of contact (contactless) limit (track) switches, despite the apparent obviousness and simplicity, complicates, increases the cost of the system, setup and maintenance of the installation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is creating a multifunctional, reconfigurable automated control system for technological processes of compact block heaters using microprocessor programmable technical means of domestic manufacturers. (Materials and methods) The article presents a diagram and the logical part of an automated control system using the example of a multi-position electric drive for opening and closing transoms of a compact block based on programmable logic controllers of domestic manufacturers. (Results and judgment) The features of the logical part of the system in the CoDeSys environment using libraries of standard functional blocks were described. The article presents the choice of time intervals and the settings of virtual timers, which are set by programming programmable logic controllers and determine the positioning properties of the electric drive executive part. (Conclusions) The presented approach to the implementation of multi-positioning in reversible electric drives with a single limit switch for controlling the initial position of the electric drive improves the performance of a typical two-position regulation of the «Open-Closed» type. The term «quasi-proportional» was proposed to define the implemented regulatory process.

A Universal LiDAR SLAM Accelerator System on Low-Cost FPGA

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) serves as a basis for indoor cleaning, navigation, and many other useful applications in both industry and household. From a series of LiDAR scans, it constructs an accurate, globally consistent model of the environment and estimates a robot position inside it. SLAM is inherently computationally intensive; it is a challenging problem to realize a fast and reliable SLAM system on mobile robots with a limited processing capability. To overcome such hurdles, in this paper, we propose a universal, low-power, and resource-efficient accelerator design for 2D LiDAR SLAM targeting resource-limited FPGAs. As scan matching is at the heart of SLAM, the proposed accelerator consists of dedicated scan matching cores on the programmable logic part, and provides software interfaces to facilitate the use. Our accelerator can be integrated to various SLAM methods including the ROS (Robot Operating System)-based ones, and users can switch to a different method without modifying and re-synthesizing the logic part. We integrate the accelerator into three widely-used methods, i.e., scan matching, particle filter, and graph-based SLAM. We evaluate the design in terms of resource utilization, speed, and quality of output results using real-world datasets. Experiment results on a Pynq-Z2 board demonstrate that our design accelerates scan matching and loop-closure detection tasks by up to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$14.84\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$18.92\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , yielding <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.67\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.00\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.06\times$ </tex-math></inline-formula> overall performance improvement in the above methods, respectively. Our design enables the real-time performance while consuming only 2.4W and maintaining accuracy, which is comparable to the software counterparts and even the state-of-the-art methods.

MICROPROCESSOR-BASED AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

Automated control systems for water treatment processes at agricultural enterprises or agro-industrial complex are made using imported digital microprocessor devices. They, in comparison with electromechanical means, have the versatility and simplicity of operational programming of the logical part required, for example, when changing the algorithms of a technological installation or electric drive. Strict control and restrictions applied by unfriendly exporters to domestic consumers of these products force developers and designers to abandon non-constructive interactions, while achieving the necessary results in solving emerging problems. (Research purpose) The research purpose is creating an automated system for managing the processes of water treatment using microprocessor-based programmable technical means of domestic manufacturers and developing the recommendations on the selection of the type and programming of the controller in the operation of water ozonation. (Materials and methods) The article presents the scheme and the logical part of the automated control of pumping units based on programmable logic controllers of domestic manufacturers. (Results and discussion) The article presents the features of the logical part of the system in the CoDeSys environment using libraries of standard functional blocks. Time intervals were chosen, and the procedure for setting up virtual proportional-integral-differentiating regulators set by programmable logic controllers and determining the properties and indicators of ozone concentration during water disinfection are presented. (Conclusions) The emulation of the proposed options confirmed the stability of the system with the necessary regulation parameters. After checking and configuring the program, the program code is copied into the logical controller. Programming of logic controllers for other operations is performed in a similar way.

СИНТЕЗ ПРИСТРОЮ КЕРУВАННЯ НА БАЗІ R-АВТОМАТА ДЛЯ АСОЦІАТИВНОГО ПРОЦЕСОРА

This article discusses one of the well-known options for the synthesis of control devices with rigid logic. Such control devices provide a significant response speed compared to control devices with programmable logic, but they have a laborious process at the stages of abstract and structural synthesis of a microprogram automaton (MPA) as the basic structural model of this type of control device. Synthesis of an MPA based on a shift register as an R-automaton provides a compromise solution among the implementations of an MPA based on a parallel register as a T-automaton or a counter as a CT-automaton. This is due to the load on the memory of the MPA by reducing the complexity of the logical part of the MPA, namely its combinational scheme. The use of a specific single positional coding of the MPA states makes it possible to significantly simplify the complex process of the formation of Boolean functions corresponding to the excitation functions in the abstract synthesis of the MPA. And this, in turn, leads to a simplification of the combinational part of the MPA. At the same time, the complication of the memory part of the MPA based on the shift register leads to an increase in its bit rate without reducing the regularity of its structure. The article proposes a non-standard approach to the synthesis of a control device and develops its functional scheme. As a result, synthesis on the basis of the R - automaton of the control device structure for the associative processor confirmed the perspective of this version of MPA synthesis by simplifying the process of the corresponding abstract and structural synthesis. This is due to the simplicity of forming direct and simplified structural tables using single positional coding of MPA states. It is planned to place the developed structure of the control device in a programmable logic IC (FPGA), which will allow the placement of the entire associative processor in the FPGA. This approach will ensure the compactness of the organization and the speed of the associative processor.

Forecasting Stock Market Momentum in Nepal: Application of Fuzzy Logic Model

Background: Stock market experts analyse various indicators to estimate the stock market, including historical prices, economic analysis, industry analysis and company analysis, but this study uses historical prices for the NEPSE index, making forecasting more precise. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore short-term stock market momentum using fuzzy logic. The study also aims to establish a suitable fuzzy model to predict stock momentum, reduce the risk, and make the right investment decision. Methodology/Design: This study employed exploratory research design to understand the problem of chaotic decision making in the stock market. The mathematical method employed in this study is membership functions, which are part of fuzzy logic. This includes only the commercial banks, as it has the highest market capitalization, 53.11% of total market capitalization. Using 14-day past data as a base, the suggested fuzzy model determines the stock index’s momentum over the next 5 days. Findings: The forecasted trend value for the Nabil, Civil, and Prime Commercial bank is 0.92, 0.92, and 0.80, which shows a bullish trend. Compared to previously collected data, the findings closely reflect the expected real-world values.

An Artificial Neural Network Developed in MATLAB-Simulink for Reconstruction a Distorted Secondary Current Waveform. Part 1

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of artificial neural networks in various branches of the electric power industry including relay protection. Аrtificial neural networks are one of the fastest growing areas in artificial intelligence technology. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of аrtificial neural networks in the electric power engineering, including relay protection. Existing microprocessor-based relay protection devices use a traditional digital signal processing of the monitored signals which is reduced to a multiplying the values of successive samples of the monitored current and voltage signals by predetermined coefficients in order to calculate their RMS values. In this case, the calculated RMS values often do not reflect the real processes occurring in the protected electrical equipment due to, for example, current transformer saturation because of the DC component presence in the fault current. When the current transformer is saturated, its secondary current waveform has a characteristic non-periodic distorted form, which is significantly differs from its primary (true) waveform, which causes underestimation of the calculated RMS value of the secondary current compared to its true value. In its turn, this causes to a trip time delay or even to a relay protection devices operation failure. The use of аrtificial neural networks in conjunction with a traditional digital signal processing provides a different approach to the functioning of both the measuring and logical parts of the microprocessor-based relay protection devices, which significantly increases the speed and reliability of such relay protection devices in comparison with their traditional implementation. A possible application of the аrtificial neural networks for the relay protection purposes is the fault occurrence detection and its type identification, current transformer secondary current waveform distortion restoration due to its saturation up to its true value, detection the distorted and undistorted sections of the current transformer secondary current waveform during its saturation, primary power equipment abnormal operating modes detection, for example, power transformer magnetizing current inrush. The article describes in detail the stages of the practical implementation of the аrtificial neural networks in the MATLAB-Simulink environment by the example of its use to restore the distorted current transformer secondary current waveform due to saturation.

PECULIARITIES OF INDEPENDENT WORK IN THE STUDY OF "CLINICAL PRACTICE" DISCIPLINE BY MEDICAL STUDENTS OF COURSE V AT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY DEPARTMENT NAMED AFTER I.D.LANOVYY

The article highlights the features of independent work in the study of "Clinical Practice" by 5th-year medical students at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The article shows that well-organized independent work creates favorable conditions for the development of cognitive abilities of students and intensification of their work in obstetrics and gynecology. Practical self-training of medical students is a mandatory component of the educational and professional program to obtain a qualification level and aims to acquire their professional skills and abilities.&#x0D; Independent work is one of the most important components of the educational process, which involves the integration of different types of individual and collective learning activities, which is carried out both in classroom, extracurricular activities, without the participation of the teacher and under his direct supervision. Introduction of independent educational and cognitive activities and innovative approaches to its organization in the educational process is a qualitative step of the entire system of higher education because this process contributes to the advancement of students from education and the acquisition of knowledge to the skills and abilities of self-education. Clinical practice in obstetrics and gynecology is a process of consolidating theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities acquired in the process of student learning. The discipline includes practical classes and independent work of the student. Clinical practice occupies an important place in the training of physicians and the opportunity to consolidate their knowledge, skills and abilities and expand professional competence. The knowledge that students receive during clinical practice will allow them to conduct optimal treatment, to detect early clinical signs of the disease. Prospective physicians in senior courses study clinical disciplines to obtain high qualifications. Clinical practice for students is an important element of the process of training a highly qualified doctor and improves the effectiveness of training. An important role in the system of preparing students for acquisition practical professional skills and abilities of a doctor are assigned to clinical practice, which provides a combination of theoretical and practical components of training and is aimed at forming the ability of future doctors to practice medicine. Consolidate and deepen the ability to rational choice of therapy taking into account the mechanism of action, diagnosis, etiology, pathogenesis of the disease. Clinical practice includes practical classes and independent work of students.&#x0D; The normative discipline "Clinical Practice" is aimed at the development, first of all, of the professional competencies of the future doctor, is professionally oriented in the field of health care, which in turn contributes to the effective preparation of students. The discipline "Clinical Practice", which is mastered by 5th year medical students is formed as a set of closely related content modules, which are logical complete parts of theoretical and practical educational material corresponding to a particular object.

From Digital Technology to Digital Entrepreneurship: Connotation, Characteristics and Internal Connection

With the outbreak of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, the field of digital entrepreneurship, characterized by the intersection and integration of digital technology and entrepreneurship, is profoundly changing the model of economic growth, the shape of the real economy and the industrial layout. In recent years, the research on digital entrepreneurship has become increasingly attractive. Scholars from different fields such as information system, entrepreneurship and innovation, and strategic management have joined this emerging field, and its interdisciplinary nature has become increasingly prominent. However, the current research is still in the initial stage. The understanding of the two basic concepts of digital technology and digital entrepreneurship is not thorough enough, and the relevant research is fragmented. In addition, the lack of deep understanding of the underlying logic of how digital technologies impact entrepreneurial activities has limited the development of the field.Based on an interdisciplinary perspective, this study reviews research on digital technology as well as digital entrepreneurship by selecting literatures published in the fields of information systems and entrepreneurship management in the past 20 years. Based on this, the concept connotation and characteristics of digital technology and digital entrepreneurship are defined. Digital technology is defined as the latest development of ICT technology, including the physical part, the logical part, and the result part. The characteristic of digital technology is classified into four categories and ten specific types. Digital entrepreneurship refers to the process of identifying, evaluating and exploiting opportunities through the creation or use of digital technologies, and ultimately creating, distributing and acquiring value. It is characterized in five dimensions, namely as digitalization, innovation, openness, flexibility and value.Then, a BREAK theoretical framework is built to explain the mechanism of how digital technologies shape the characteristics of digital entrepreneurship. This study holds that the “break” of digital technology to the process of digital entrepreneurship is realized through five mechanisms, namely Build, Reconfigure, Enhance, Amplify and Keep. At present, the shaping of digital technology to digital entrepreneurship’s characteristics of digitalization and openness is inclined to “disruptive breaking”, the shaping of innovation and flexibility is similar to “improved breaking”, and the shaping of value is both. Considering that digital technology has a strong potential for action, its “breaking effect” on digital entrepreneurial activities is not static, but gradually evolves from incremental improvement to qualitative disruption with the deepening of technology application.Finally, we propose several directions for future research. Based on the BREAK framework, we argue that there are great theoretical value and research potential in the identification and development of data resource value, the strategic balance between the open and control of digital firms, the transformation of the firm’s business logic in the digital era, the multidimensional influences of digital innovation. This study deepens our understanding of digital entrepreneurship through promoting the research question from “what is the digital entrepreneurship” to “why digital entrepreneurship happens”. Further, this study promotes the transformation of digital entrepreneurship research from the explicit description of practical phenomena to in-depth analysis of the internal theoretical logic, thus contributes to the development of digital entrepreneurship field.