Parts Of Kernel Research Articles

The kernel of the sum of two cooperative games

A sum of two gamesG1=(N1,v1) andG2=(N2,v2) with disjoint sets of players is defined to be a gameG=(N, v), whereN=N1 ∪N2 andv (S)=max {v1 (S ∩N1),v2 (S ∩N2)}. The kernel of the sum of two games is given in terms of the parts of kernels of the modified component games. The sum of games from certain classes is considered. When the components of the sum are simple games one of the corollaries of the main theorem coincides with known results.

The proportions and chemical compositions of hand-dissected anatomical parts of pearl millet

A simple technique was developed and used to dissect pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) cv. Leeke] kernels into their anatomical parts. The proportions of the component parts of pearl millet kernels of different seed sizes were determined. The results showed that the germ represented a larger proportion of the kernel weight than in other common cereal grains. Medium-size kernels ( 2240 μm) contained 75·1% endosperm, 17·4% germ and 7·5% bran (pericarp + aleurone). The amount of bran varied with the seed size and type of pericarp. Large kernels (> 2920 urn) had 7·17% bran while small kernels (

Identification of hexaploid wheat cultivars based on isozyme patterns

AbstractThe classification and identification of 38 wheat cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. and one cultivar of Triticum spelta L. have been carried out using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. The analyses were carried out using different parts of dry kernels, specifically embryo plus scutellum, endosperm and 15‐day‐old seedling leaves. The isozymic systems studied were: peroxidases, malic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase in dry kernels; α‐amylases in germinating kernel endosperms and phospho‐glucose mutase and isomerase, esterases, leucin‐aminopeptidase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, malic dehydrogenase and peroxidases in 15‐day‐old seedling leaves. Not all the cultivars could be identified. One group had three cultivars, five groups had two cultivars, and 26 groups had only one cultivar. The classification obtained using the isozymic patterns and the similarity indexes did not show a clear relation to the ancestor‐descendant relationships among related cultivars.

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : IV. Opaque rice endosperm viewed with a scanning electron microscope

These studies in series were devoted to clarify the characteristics of the white belly kernel which had an opaque part at the ventral portion of its endosperm. In this experiment, white belly kernels were cut transversely with a razor blade and scanning electronic photographs were taken. The experimental materials used were Norin-8, Kinmaze, Sekai-1, Gohyakumangoku (white core rice) and Sinthurumochi (glutinous rice) of Japonica type variety and Keikyakusen and Kouketuzu (glutinous rice) of Indica type variety. The following results were obtained. 1. The translucent parts of endosperm tissue of white belly kernels were easily pervious to light, but the opaque parts of endosperm tissue of these kernels were difficult to transmit light (fig. 3, 6). The permeability of light in the individual endosperm cell varied from opaque parts to translucent parts (fig. 4, 8). 2. The compound starch granules in translucent parts of white belly kernel endosperm were polygonal in shape and tightly packed with no air spaces among them (fig. 12), whereas those in opaque part of this endosperm were round in shape and loosely packed with many intergranular air spaces (fig. 10, 13, 15, 23). 3. The compound starch granules, which located the outerside of opaque parts, were easily broken into many single starch granules by the mechanical stress (fig. 15-16). 4. The opaque parts of white core, milky white, and opaque kernels had round in shape, loosely packed compound starch granules resembled with those of white belly kernels (fig. 19-22). 5. The glutinous rice had micropores on the inside surface of the single starch granules and hollows on the outer surface of compound granules, which were absent in non-glutinous rice starch granules (fig. 25-27). 6. The endosperm cells in 5-day old kernels had uniform round compound starch granules which were loosely filled with many air spaces (fig. 28-29). The endosperm cells in 16-day old kernels were packed by compound starch granules which were varied in shape and size (fig. 30-32). In more developing kernels, the compound starch granules were tightly packed in the endosperm cell and no air space was observed among the granules. Then, the endosperm tissue became translucence ( fig. 33). 7. The starch granules of endosperm had two types, i. e., one was the large compound starch granule which was composed of many single starch granules and another was the small compound starch granules which were composed of several single starch granules. Among the compound starch granules, the globular protein body were embedded (fig. 37). 8. From these results, because of the loose structure and the high proportion of inter-granular air spaces, the opaqueness of endosperm tissue would be caused by light scattering.

Radiation-induced free radicals in embryo and endosperm of barley kernels

Embryo and endosperm parts of barley kernels were irradiated at 77°K with 60Co γ-radiation, and ESR spectra recorded at 77°K immediately after irradiation or after heating to 201° or 293°K. In dry embryos (2% H 2O) mainly a narrow signal is obtained, which is relatively insensitive to heating. In dry endosperms (2% H 2O) a broad doublet is recorded which is changed into a narrow signal after only 3 min heating to 293°K. Unirradiated embryo material gives a (narrow) ESR absorption line, the amplitude of which decreases with increasing water content up to 15 per cent. No signal is detected in the case of pure endosperm material. The data so far are in agreement with earlier observations, which show a relationship between narrow-type radicals and biological damage.

Studies on Positions in Panicle of Ventral white, Basal white, Milky white like white Core and Milky white kernels, and shapes of White opaque parts in these kernels.

From these studies investigated on positions in panicle of ventral white, basal white, milky white like white core and milky white kernels, we considered on relations between shapes of white opaque parts and positions in panicle of these kernels. Based above consideration, we intend to make clear up the mechanisms of development of these kernels. Results are summarized as follows; 1) Milky white kernels developed at inferior positions in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 2 to 13. White opaque parts of milky white kernels have many different shapes as shown in these figures. 2) Ventral white kernels developed at superior position in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15. 3) Milky white like white core kernels developed in high prcentages in the second and the third grains of secondary branch of middle parts in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 16 and Figure 17. 4) Basal white kernels developed in high percentages in the second grain of upper branches in panicle as in Figure 1, and shapes are shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19. 5) We make diagram of developmental process of superior medium and inferior spikelet as Figure 20. This figure is made by the consideration that inferior spikelets develop very slowly and need long days for full ripening. As shown in Figure 20, the most rapidly development time of superior spikelet corresponds to the early development time of medium spikelet (about several days after flowering). As same as above mentioned, the most rapidly development time of medium spikelet corresponds to the middle development time of inferior spikelet (about twenty days after flowering).

EARLY GERM FEEDING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH.

The average length of the larval-pupal periods of 132 Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), reared in degermed wheat kernels was 45.2 days, which was 19.3% longer than the 37.9-day average of 144 moths reared in whole kernels. Females from degermed kernels weighed less. An average larval-pupal period of 48.5 days for 45 moths reared in brush half-kernels of wheat was 16.3% longer than the 41.7 days for 44 insects reared in germ half-kernels. Both the males and females from brush half-kernels weighed less. Apparently, differential feeding on various other parts of the wheat kernel influenced the length of the larval-pupal period. Numbers of larval instars varied from 4 to 7. Instars were determined by dissecting kernels of various types from which moths had emerged, to recover the cast larval mandibles. More instars were associated with longer larval-pupal periods.

STRONTIUM-90 AND CESIUM-137 IN CANADIAN CEREAL GRAINS 1957–1960

The concentration of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in Canadian wheat is reported for the years 1957 to 1960. Some results are included for flour, bran, barley, and wheat from earlier years. Sampling was done through a national network to obtain as representative results as possible.The specific activity, i.e. strontium-90/mg stable strontium, in various parts of the wheat kernel has been used to study the uptake of strontium by the plant. For wheat grown under conditions of high fallout, more than 40% of the strontium-90 in the cereal grain was absorbed through the husk. A comparison of cesium-137 in wheat with fallout rate showed negligible (less than 5%) uptake from soil.

On the Quality of Rice Kernel in Early Season Cultivation

The quality of rice kernel in early season cultivation is studied in comparison with that in usual or late season cultivation. In early season cultivation, rice kernels mature in haste and the accumulation of storage matter into the inner parts of kernel is abundant at early stage of maturation, therefore the arrangement of starch cells seems to be somewhat radial on the cross section of kernel. On the other hand, the weak kernels on panicle become frequently into milk-white kernels and chalky kernels on account of an unbalance between demand and supply of storage matter about 10 days after flowering, and some of the other kernels become into partially-chalky kernels and white-belly kernels owing to a tendency. to premature. On the kernels in early season cultivation number of aleurone cells and thickness of bran layer increase and embryos fall off more easily from kernels in process of cleaning, accordingly the cleaning-loss is relatively high as compared with that of the kernels in usual or late season cultivation.

Effects of Temperature in the Ripening Periods upon the Development and Qualities of Lowland Rice Kernels

Lowland rice plants (Norin-17) of early and sermi-late cultivations, and the ears of the same variety of late cultivation were treated during night time with high (30°C) and low (20°C) temperature (15°C -30°C for the ear treatment) for certain periods in various stages of kernel development. Investigations on maturation, fruiting and specific gravities of the seeds, and some microscopic observations on bran layer and starchy tissue of the kernels were conducted. The results are summmarized as follows: 1) High night temp. accelerated the kernel development and maturation. 2) Chalky kernels and partially-chalky kernels markedly occured in the plots of high night temp. around 1O days after flowering. That was presumably due to an unbalance in supply and demand of nutrients, and to increased consumption of storage foods in the weak kernels, which were caused by high temp. 3) Both high and low night temp. 5 to 15 days after flowering caused milky-white kernels which considered to be due to the temporary hindrance of ripening. Many of milky-white kernels due to hindrance in early ripening stages had an opaque part (white-core-like but different from that of white-core kernel in shape and location) in their tissues. 4) Measurements on specific gravities of paddy, brown rice and parts of kernel revealed insufficiency of storage matter accumulation in the outer parts of kernel under high night temp. conditions. But as for the inner parts, they had larger s.g. values than those from low temp. plots, indicating good accumulation in these parts in earlier stages of seed development. 5) High night temp. in early stages of seed growth increased aleurone cells and thickness of bran layer on back side of kernel. Low temp. decreased these measurements. 6) On the cross sections of kernels from high night temp. plots a well-ar-ranged radial starch tissue (characteristic of Koshitsu-Mai) was observed. 0n the other hand, remarkable development of flatish cells along the dorso-ventral diameter of kernel (typical for Nanshitsu-Mai) was noticed in the kernels from low night temp. plots

The Inflorescences of Maize

1) The development of the maize plant, from germination to the maturation of the seed, is divided into the vegetative, transitional, reproductive, and seed stages. The ear and tassel differentiate and develop in the reproductive stage. 2) The mature tassel is a terminal, staminate inflorescence consisting of a symmetrical, many-rowed central axis and asymmetrical, two-ranked lateral branches. Paired spikelets, one terminal (pedicellate) and the other lateral (sessile), each containing two functional staminate flowers, are borne on the central axis and the lateral branches. 3) In contrast with the tassel, the ear is a pistillate inflorescence produced on a lateral branch. The ear consists of a symmetrical, many-rowed axis on which are paired spikelets, each containing two flowers. In the mature ear, it is difficult to distinguish the pedicellate from the sessile spikelet. There are two pistillate flowers in each spikelet of the ear, but only the terminal flower is functional, while the lateral flower aborts. 4) The mature ear and tassel appear to be different kinds of inflorescences, but if they are examined at the earliest stages in their development they will be found to be basically alike. The differences in the appearance of the two inflorescences at maturity are the result of differences in the differentiating and development of their parts. 5) Each of the morphological characteristics found in the maize inflorescences, except one, is present in other grasses, but the collection of morphological characteristics found in the ear and tassel is unique. One morphological characteristic not found in other grasses but found in the maize ear is the presence of a terminal, fertile, and aborted, lateral flower in each of the paired spikelets. 6) Axillary shoots are produced in acropetal succession in the axil of each leaf. Some of the axillary shoots that are produced at the beginning of the development of the plant may develop as tillers (suckers). The last-produced axillary shoot (or shoots) that is far enough advanced in its development at the initiation of the tassel develops into the ear (or ears). 7) The amount of seed produced per ear is determined by the number of rows of kernels and the number of kernels per row. The number of rows of kernels is determined at the beginning of the initiation of the ear, but the number of kernels per row may vary with the strain and with changes in the environment. Under comparable condition, seed produced per ear is less in plants without tillers than in plants with tillers. The average seed yield per ear is less in multiple-eared types than single-eared types growing under similar conditions. 8) The three major parts of the maize kernel are endosperm, 82 percent; germ, 11 percent; pericarp, seed coats, and tip cap, 7 percent. The composition of the maize kernel is 83 percent carbohydrate, 10 to 11 precent protein, and 4.3 percent oil. Fifty generations of selection for high- and low-protein strains and high- and low-oil strains produced marked changes in the chemical composition of the maize kernel. Beginning with 4.7 percent oil, after 50 generations of selection, the high-oil strain has 15.36 percent and the low-oil strain has 1.01 percent of oil. The protein content was 10.92 percent at the beginning of the selection and reached 19.45 percent in the high-protein strain and 4.91 percent in the low-protein strain after 50 generations of selection. Recovered inbred lines from backcrosses to the high strains have resulted in good-yielding hybrids that produce more protein or oil per acre than standard hybrids. 9) Several factors contribute to the superiority of maize over other cereals as a seed producer. The maize plant is large and, concomitant with its size, it has a large leaf surface, large stem, large root system, and an extensive vascular system. Branching is restricted to a few lateral, pistillate branches in which vegetative development is suppressed. The lateral ear-producing branch (or branches) is so placed on the plant that there are many leaves above and below it. The ear is large in diameter and has seeds that are many times larger than those of other cereals. All the afore-mentioned characteristics, many of which are not present in other grasses, contribute to making the maize plant a superior seed producer.