Mechanism Of Partnership Research Articles

Capturing the Complexities of Collaborative Partnerships in Early Childhood Through Metaphor

AbstractWithin an early childhood setting strong collaborative partnerships between the service and the family are critical to the success of a child’s development and learning. Collaborative interactions with families are considered indicators of quality within early childhood services. Whilst the value and importance of collaborative partnerships are widely agreed upon, the plethora of terms utilised to describe collaborative partnerships, and the multitude of models for its enactment have muddied the waters for successful interpretation and application in practice. This paper employs metaphor as a way of creating conceptual clarity of the complex issues surfaced in the literature related to collaborative partnerships and their intended implementation in curriculum and policy, and what practices occur in services globally. Findings highlight a mismatch between discourse and practice and elucidate the missed opportunities for collaborative partnerships towards improving service quality. Insights identified in this paper are relevant to the early childhood sector, highlighting a call for further clarity and interpretation of the term and mechanisms of quality collaborative partnership to inform practices in the field. This paper suggests new ways of thinking that rupture taken for granted viewpoints, offering the metaphor of a tandem bicycle to reflect the collaborative partnership between educators and families. This article provides a powerful provocation for the early childhood field to encourage reflection and refinement to existing conceptualisations of family-educator relationships.

Improving the Legislation on Public-Private Partnerships in Environmental Protection in the BRICS Countries

The Concept of Sustainable Development is one of the basic principles of the modern world. An increasing number of fields are coming under regulation governed by this concept. Recent updates to the environmental agenda have resulted in growing demands for increased environmental responsibility on the part of states and businesses. The global nature of environmental problems, their diversity and scale, and, at times, the irreversibility of the consequences of the negative environmental impact of the economy often provide for the consolidation of efforts by the state and business, particularly, through the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms. This article focuses on the pros and cons of legislation in the BRICS countries in the area of PPP practice in general and in environmental protection in particular. The data and PPP practices have been collected from the World Bank, UNCITRAL, and other official national sources related to PPP. An analysis of the legislation on PPPs in the BRICS countries indicates a lack of uniformity in the legal regulation of the relationships arising from this partnership, as well as a lack of specific legislation on PPPs specifically addressing environmental protection. The analysis shows that only those BRICS countries using the common law system (South Africa and India) have the instruments available to allow potential investors to fully assess the PPP model as it currently exists in a particular country. This practice developed as a result of a more flexible approach to the regulation of public relations. Undoubtedly, one of the many advantages of this approach is the ability to adjust the PPP system and model all of the known forms and types of PPPs in accordance with the specific needs of society and the state. The lack of flexibility, for example, of the Russian legislation on PPP regulation, has led to the limited forms or types and objects of PPPs, which is inconsistent with the modern needs of society and the state to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL PARTNERSHIP IN HEALTH TOURISM

The mechanism of organizational partnership is a complex process. In the scientific literature, there are factors that can influence the existence of an effective organizational partnership. These factors are usually associated with power relations established between stakeholders; not finding a common vision; different and sometimes competing interests; lack of dialogue and leadership and different communication styles and culture etc. The authors formulate the purpose of the research - to identify opportunities for improving regional partnership in the health tourism industry during the expert evaluation. The authors of the article assume that regional partnership management is initiated by applying and creating various instruments. The role of the state in initiating regional cooperation (e.g. in the health tourism industry, using the available resources of each region to create health and wellness services) and the importance of the regional management of the region itself, in organizing cooperation and networking, identifying and involving significant actors, is emphasized. In order to determine the effectiveness of regional cooperation, efforts towards the goal of movement, and the allocation of resources, it is useful to carry out evaluations.

Mekanisme Kemitraan dan Determinan Pemilihan Pola Kemitraan Usahaternak Ayam Broiler di Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat

The broiler industry is the livestock industry with the highest development compared to other livestock industries. The structure of the broiler industry, which is oligopoly in nature, causes the bargaining position of livestock companies, especially integrator companies, to be very large in determining input and output prices. In contrast with broiler breeders. Farmers face production risks, as well as input and output price risks. The partnership between livestock companies and breeders is one of the efforts to overcome the problems faced by breeders. The aims of this study were (1) to find out the mechanism of broiler farming partnerships, and (2) Analyze the determinants of selecting contract farming through the nucleus-plasma scheme (PIR) (PIR) or Makloon pattern. The research was located in Sukabumi Regency, which is a broiler production center in West Java Province. The research samples were PIR and Makloon breeders with 30 farmers each, who were PT. X (PIR pattern) and PT. Y (Macloon pattern). Data analysis using the Logit Model. The results of the study show that there are differences in the partnership mechanism between the PIR pattern and the Makloon pattern, especially the provision and cost of financing the main production facilities and operational costs, as well as the components of livestock business income. Livestock income and broiler chicken population are significant determinants in choosing a partnership pattern, but with different parameter signs, the PIR pattern is positive and the Makloon pattern is negative. This means that the higher the broiler livestock business income, the farmer tends to choose the PIR pattern, conversely if the livestock population is getting bigger, the breeder tends to choose the Makloon pattern

OʻZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI EKOLOGIYA SOHASIDAGI DAVLAT BOSHQARUVIDA DAVLAT-XUSUSIY SHERIKLIKNI QOʻLLASHNING AYRIM MASALALARI

Ecology and environmental protection is an important task all over the world, especially in Uzbekistan. One of the most important issues of recent years is the attraction of private investment in solving the environmental problems of Uzbekistan. For this, the use of public-private partnership mechanisms is considered as the most promising tool in the world. In turn, the effective use of this institution in the field of environmental protection largely depends on the effectiveness of its legal regulation. At the same time, the current norms of the legislation of Uzbekistan do not yet meet this condition. Because there is no special rule governing public-private partnerships in the field of ecology. Also, the current legal documents contain norms that restrict the use for one reason or another for environmental purposes. To determine the optimal model of legal regulation of public-private partnership in the field of environmental protection in the Republic of Uzbekistan, it is first necessary to study the experience of such legal regulation in foreign countries. This article is devoted to the study of this issue. The article analyzes the opinions of scientists and the experience of foreign countries regarding the use of public-private partnerships in the field of ecology. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that the use of public-private partnerships in this area will save the state budget, introduce an effective management system in the field, and improve the quality of services provided.

Medical marketing in healthcare institutions with public-private partnership mechanisms

The aim – to reveal the essence of medical marketing in healthcare institutions (HCI) with principles of public-private partnership (PPP). The study used general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, interpretation of scientific data, as well as systemic and structural-functional approaches. The article reveals the essence, principles and functions of medical marketing in HCI with the mechanisms of PPP. The substantiation of the main marketing tools is given – business processes and integration processes that contribute to effective marketing in HCI. It also identified the key points that form the structure of medical business processes. The process approach to business process management is disclosed, which allows getting benefits for HCI. The definition and significance of the medical processes integration in HCI on PPP principles is provided, which contributes to the coordination of marketing activities with the strategy development within each integrated complex of HCI and the possibility of obtaining a positive synergistic effect. Examples of internal and external integration are given. The system for managing the external integration process is shown. To stimulate the integration process, bundled payment method has been defined.Conclusions. The article provides justification for medical marketing in HCI with the principles of PPP, focused on business processes and the integration of medical services, which ensures economic, medical and social efficiency and optimal functioning of HCI in market conditions.

The experience of France regarding legal regulation of public-private partnership as a basis for the improvement of ukrainian legislation

The article is devoted to the study of the existing problem of institutional functioning of public-private partnership in Ukraine, the absence of PPP mechanisms with quasi-private entities, such as mixed economy communities (SEM) or quasi-public enterprises (SAEMES), and the absence of a single body in the field of PPP.To confirm the existence of problems in the field of low popularity of the PPP mechanism, the author provides statistics on the annual implementation of projects in Ukraine and other countries, such as Great Britain and France. Citing these figures, the author mentions the problem of the uncertainty of the Ukrainian approach to following the experience of the Anglo-Saxon or Romano-Germanic legal system.In addition, the article emphasizes the absence of a regulated mechanism for providing PPP projects with government guarantees and the absence of the possibility of reimbursing the private partner’s investments when the contract is changed at the initiative of the state partner.The author proposes to apply the experience of France and implement the mechanisms of public-private partnership with quasi-public enterprises, using the example of infrastructure development in Paris to establish a parking system. The author also draws on the experience in Cannes, where PPPs with quasi-public entities were used to improve the work of the museum.At the same time, it is emphasized that it is worth taking into account the lessons learned by France when implementing PPPs with quasi-public entities, such as the need to strengthen personnel specializing in contractual PPP obligations, the need to define a new model of approach to payments to a private partner - namely, regular provision of payments and subsidies to the private partner.The lack of government guarantees to ensure wider implementation of projects in the field of public-private partnership is also proposed to be resolved by adopting additional by-laws. The author paid special attention to the existence of a service body in the field of PPP in France - MAPPP. The author emphasizes that despite the fact that this body has numerous functions in France, in Ukraine such a body could become the only «service» PPP body.

НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ В СИСТЕМЕ МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

To understand the modern role of nonprofi t organizations in the system of interethnic relations, it is important to analyze the historical experi-ence of public participation in the formation of ethnic policies in Russia. The goal of this article is to identify the potential of civil society organizations in the field of harmonization of interethnic relations, and to consider the possibilities and limitations of the potential of national-cultural autonomies based on reference to historical experience and its comparison with modern phenomena. To achieve research goals, the article uses a historical-genetic method that allows us to identify cause-and-eff ect relationships of historical processes and phenomena, as well as classifi cation methods that allow to systematically analyze the mechanisms of cross-sector partnership. Th e idea of national-cultural autonomy as a tool for maintaining and harmonious development of the cultural identity of “non-dominant” ethnic groups gained particular popularity in Austria-Hungary and Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The revival of this concept in our time is due to the fact that NCA is a historically established and theoretically substantiated “classical” principle for implementing ethnocultural development that does not violate the political structure and territorial-administrative composition of multinational states. However, the national-cultural autonomies created in accordance with the 1996 law are heterogeneous both in size and development potential. Due to this inconsistency, the possibilities of civil society in the ethnocultural and ethnopolitical sphere are realized not only in the form of creating national and cultural autonomies, but also using other organizational and legal forms. Th e nonprofi t sector is the organizational and economic basis of civil society, and it is in this capacity that it reflects the diversity of public interests. Th e role of the nonprofi t sector is not limited to representing the interests of diverse groups, including national and religious groups, in the public political space. Nonprofi t organizations are called upon to solve specifi c problems of society, provide social assistance, prevent crises and help resolve them. It is in this capacity that they are most useful as a tool for harmonizing interethnic relations. Civil society organizations, due to natural resource limitations, cannot eff ectively solve the problems of harmonizing interethnic relations without cooperation with the state and business. The issues of development of national culture and national heritage, social assistance and support for representatives of various ethnic groups, public participation in the activities of government bodies on issues of interethnic relations become the responsibility of various civil structures involved in the system of intersectoral social partnership

Peculiarities of Attracting Private Investments in the Area of the NWO on the Basis of Public-Private Partnership Legislation

In October 2022, four new subjects of the federation joined the Russian Federation: the DPR, LPR, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions (hereinafter referred to as the «new» regions). In addition to the main task of the complete liberation of these territories, the problem of restoring the civilian and industrial infrastructure destroyed as a result of hostilities in these regions is extremely urgent and acute. This article discusses the task of organizing a large volume of construction and restoration work in the new regions. Partially, this problem can be solved by attracting private investment. However, attracting private business is extremely problematic due to legislative and administrative barriers. The article proposes an innovative scheme for attracting private investment for repair and restoration work based on the use of the mechanism of public-private partnership (hereinafter referred to as PPP). As part of the implementation of this scheme, some kind of cooperation between the regions is expected — between a specific new region and the regions that perform construction and restoration work. The legislative basis for the proposed scheme of interregional cooperation is the Law on PPP 224-FZ. The proposed scheme assumes the presence of two public partners: the new region and the region-executor of repair and construction works and their joint competition. The organizational form for the implementation of projects in the PPP format is proposed "with an availability fee" or with fixed payments. Within the framework of this article, it is shown that it is possible to attract private investment to carry out repair and restoration work in the NWO area on the basis of the current legislation (Law 224-FZ) on PPP. At the same time, within the framework of the current legislation on PPP, it is possible to activate SMEs and their resources to carry out repair and construction work on the territory of the DPR, LPR, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions. The article gives recommendations to the formed teams of workers of small and medium-sized construction businesses on how to take part in these works. The necessary scientific substantiation and practical recommendations on this issue are presented in previously published works.

Current state and prospects for the development of Chinese-Russian tourism cooperation in the framework of the One Belt, One Road project

Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative helps to deepen the comprehensive partnership between China and Russia. Tourist exchanges are one of the tools for developing friendship between the two neighboring countries and contribute to strengthening the economy. Despite the new global challenges thrown by the tourism industry as a whole, the business partnership mechanism provides new points of economic growth. Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the economy. And, implementing the One Belt, One Road project, China and Russia are following the path of mutually beneficial cooperation. However, there are still many factors hindering its development. The article touches upon topics related to overcoming emerging problems and prospects for the development of tourism exchange.

De‐peripheralization and rural land capitalization: An empirical study of a public–private partnership in Zhaoqing, China

AbstractClassical urban geography theories determine the distribution of population, production and economic activities on geospatial features. Under this assumption, peripheral regions are rarely prosperous. Depopulation, weak industrial and employment structure and inefficient and fragmented land use form a negative feedback loop. Within the context of economic revitalization of peripheral area, this paper introduces an innovative Chinese practice on de‐peripheralization on the basis of two months of empirical research on the ‘two‐stage land demutualization reform’ in Zhaoqing, a city located at the peripheries of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The reform successfully bonds the local stakeholders, stimulates the economy and resolves the land value capturing issue in urbanization. Local farmers in Zhaoqing founded an investment company with agricultural fields demutualized into stock shares and collaborated with the local government in improving local infrastructures and promoting economic investment in the secondary/tertiary sector. An in‐depth profile of the public–private partnership mechanism is collected through semi‐structured interviews conducted with locals. The results of the policy evaluation show that the rural land capitalization and inclusive design of the partnership regime removed the institutional barriers to socio‐economic development and brought attraction to the underprivileged area. The proposed joint development and value sharing policy framework contribute to the literature of institutional renovation for economic de‐peripheralization, especially for practices in land readjustment and zoning, resident resettlement, local employment provision and value capturing.

Inter-Organizational Partnering Strategies in Disaster Response: A Complex Network Perspective

Establishing appropriate inter-organizational partnership in disaster response is of great help to the improvement of disaster relief performance. However, the selection of proper disaster response organizations for government agencies to build partnerships among the numerous relief organizations remains to be addressed. To fill the gap, this paper adopted a complex network modeling method to explain the formation mechanism of inter-organizational partnership in disaster response. Then, based on a numerical simulation method, the paper compared different inter-organizational partnering strategies, and explored the optimal inter-organizational partnering strategy in the disaster response process. Results demonstrate that the optimal partnering strategy is contingent on disaster response conditions, with accurate disaster information and abundant relief materials to choose the material difference principle, and vague disaster information to choose the organizational influence principle. At the same time, frequent information communication and material cooperation allocation can be transformed into low-frequency information communication and government-led material allocation. This study provides practical guidance for disaster relief organizations to choose inter-organizational partnering strategies, and enriches the disaster organization management theory.

Application of methods of economic cybernetics to the design of a sports financing model

One of the priority directions of the state policy is the development of the sphere of physical culture and sports as a significant branch of national economy and socio-economic practice of effective management. In the current economic conditions, on the one hand, there are tendencies to increase commercialization in the sports industry. On the other hand, the need for financial support, diversification of sources and modernization of the sports financing model, increasing the effectiveness of public-private partnership mechanisms, and developing state order tools in order to achieve sustainable industry dynamics are announced. The severity and unresolved financial and economic problems of sports development determined the choice of the direction of this study and its relevance. In the process of research based on the synthesis of system and process approaches, we used methods of economic cybernetics, organization theory, construction of structural-information decision-making schemes using analytical assessments, tools of structural-logical and criteria analysis, methodological approaches of unit economics. As a result, the poly-subject environment of the industry ecosystem was determined, a conceptual approach to the formation of the financial model of sports was developed, the structural and functional space of the ecosystem business model was designed taking into account its digital component, sources, business processes and alternative financing objects were identified, a set of model parameters and infrastructure components were developed.

Stakeholder Collaboration in the Development of Essential Ecosystem Area

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the process of collaborative governance in the development of the Ujungpangkah Mangrove (MUP) Essential Ecosystem Area (KEE) in Gresik Regency, East Java which has been established by the Governor of East Java in 2020. Collaboration between government and non-government is seen from the aspect of their respective roles each stakeholder, common understanding and goals, clarity of roles and responsibilities of each party, commitment of stakeholders in carrying out roles and responsibilities, reciprocal relationships and dependencies as well as potential conflicts and efforts made to resolve these conflicts for the sustainability of KEE-MUP as an ecotourism destination. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The results show that the dynamics of collaborative governance are not good, this can be seen from the unclear understanding and common goals among stakeholders. The collaboration scheme carried out by the government to build trust and commitment in the development of KEE must be carried out so that the roles of each stakeholder are clearly known. With these facts, common perceptions between stakeholders are needed as well as arrangements for rights and obligations in effective management, each stakeholder must bear the costs of managing KEE which is his responsibility, and is entitled to benefit from managing KEE through activities that are legally justified. As well as a partnership mechanism between stakeholders in the management of KEE, the mechanism for sharing costs and benefits must be regulated in a transparent, fair and fulfilling the principle of equality.

Models, forms and mechanisms of public-private partnership for the creation of competitive enterprises in agricultural sector

Issues and prospects of relations between the state and business have always been in the spotlight. They acquire particular relevance and significance when many sectors of economy need state support. The revision of the principles of agribusiness is fundamentally changing the approach to creating competitive enterprises in agricultural sector. One of the effective mechanisms is public-private partnership (PPP), which has not yet been fully studied, its potential has not been revealed. Successful implementation of PPP projects in grain products subcomplex requires an indepth study, generalization and systematization of the experience of their use by national and foreign companies that have achieved high results in this area. A detailed analysis of the directions for increasing the competitiveness of domestic grain industry, primarily targeted investment in the development of production, is needed. The goal is a comprehensive study of theoretical and methodological foundations for creating models of public-private partnership in the agro-industrial complex. Methods – synthesis, systematization of scientific views to determine the potential of PPP in agriculture. Results – essence and various interpretations of the concept of "public-private partnership" are shown, foreign experience in improving existing and emerging new forms of PPP as an institution for stimulating entrepreneurial activity is considered, the advantages of society, the state and business in the framework of public-private partnership are identified, as well as problems that constrain its development. Conclusions – based on the interpretation of the data, it has been established that discussions on PPP issues in the republic are due to the specifics and high risks in agricultural production, however, in a number of economically developed countries, this type of partnership has proven practical effectiveness and has become an important element in ensuring food security, attracting long-term investments in the agro-industrial complex, increasing its profitability, obtaining high quality products and their availability.

SWOT аналіз діяльності амбулаторних закладів охорони здоров'я київської області, які надають кардіологічну допомогу населенню

менеджмент в сфері охорони здоров’я передбачає стратегію управління як основні напрямки розвитку організації і шляхи досягнення її цілей зміцнення, зростання та виживання в довгостроковій перспективі на основі концентрації зусиль на визначених пріоритетах та у взаємодії із зовнішнім середовищем. Головною метою цього напрямку виступає підвищення доступності та якості надання медичних послуг для населення. Метою нашого дослідження був SWOT-аналіз оцінки діяльності амбулаторно-поліклінічних закладів (АПЗ) Київської області, які надають кардіологічну допомогу населенню, як спосіб стратегічного, економічного аналізу в управлінні закладом охорони здоров'я. Аналітичний метод дослідження механізмів та можливостей реалізації метода SWOT-аналізу при оцінці діяльності медичних закладів базувався на використанні системного підходу та економічного аналізу. Використання цього методу дає можливість знаходити нові шляхи для подальшого розвитку установи для забезпечення її конкурентоспроможності на ринку медичних послуг. У статті на підставі SWOT-аналізу представлені сильні і слабкі сторони амбулаторно-поліклінічних закладів (АПЗ) Київської області, які надають кардіологічну допомогу, а також визначено можливі загрози та реальні можливості в їх діяльності. Визначені основи для реалізації SWOT-аналізу у системі охорони здоров'я. Показано, що матриця SWOT-аналізу стосовно закладів охорони здоров'я включає в себе всю інформацію про наявність технологій діагностики і лікування, про структуру і склад організації, в тому числі про рівень підготовки медичних кадрів. За допомогою SWOT-аналізу розкриті існуючі проблеми в охороні здоров'я пацієнтів із хворобами системи кровообігу (ХСК) в регіоні і шляхи їх вирішення. Обґрунтовані основні принципи розвитку амбулаторно-поліклінічних закладів (АПЗ), де ключовим є впровадження механізмів державно-приватного партнерства (ДПП) у сфері охорони здоров'я. SWOT-аналіз є перспективним напрямком дослідження діяльності системи охорони здоров'я, який дозволяє закладу охорони здоров’я своєчасно адаптуватися до мінливих умов і факторів зовнішнього середовища, та найбільш ефективно розподіляти та використовувати надані ресурси. Це дозволяє замінити адміністративно-командний підхід до забезпечення якості медичної допомоги підходом, що базується на принципі управління процесом. Проведення SWOT-аналізу забезпечує облік усіх можливих факторів, які можуть впливати на рівень якості надання медичних послуг, безпеку пацієнтів, виявлення дефектів, причин цих дефектів та, у висновку, сприяння стратегічному реформуванню системи охорони здоров'я.

Risks of public-private partnership in the development of social entrepreneurship

Building a socially oriented economy, ensuring high and stable rates of development of the national economy is impossible without the implementation of a partnership between the public sector and representatives of the private sector to solve socially significant issues of society: reducing social tension, increasing the general welfare of the population; solving cultural and environmental problems. The most popular form of interaction between the government and business is a public-private partnership. Implementing public-private partnerships in social entrepreneurship is associated with risks and the development of mechanisms for managing them in implementing partnership relations of public-legal entities. The publication aims to study the risks of public-private partnerships in developing social entrepreneurship and create a mechanism for their minimization. The article examines the nature of risks arising while implementing public-private partnerships in developing social entrepreneurship. The categorical apparatus of the concepts of "public-private partnership", "risk", "social entrepreneurship", and "risk management" is defined. It has been proven that public-private partnership allows the efforts of the state and private business to solve significant socio-economic problems and implement the principles of sustainable development of society — researched analysis of approaches to the classification of risks in PPPs. An assessment of the most common risks for all parties participating in the PPP was carried out. Typical benefits of public-private partnerships in the development of social entrepreneurship are determined. The directions for improving the risk management mechanism of public-private partnerships in developing social entrepreneurship have been developed. For the development of social entrepreneurship, implementing public-private partnership projects depends on minimizing all risks through analyzing social and economic feasibility, correctness and structure, and the coordinated work of all interested parties. Keywords: public-private partnership, risk, social entrepreneurship, competitiveness, risk management mechanism, state, private sector.

Public-Private Partnership in the Field of Urban Development: Experience of Countries for the Period of 2010-2020

"To carry out a detailed analysis of the presented topic, the goals of the work are to reveal the mechanism of public-private partnership, to determine its features in the field of transport infrastructure in the experience of different countries and Ukraine, as well as to determine its further prospects. Among the main methodological approaches, it is worth noting the theoretical methodological approach, the method of statistical analysis, the functional methodological approach, the dogmatic methodological approach, the synthesis method, and others. During the research, the public-private partnership was analysed, and its characteristic features and principles of implementation were determined, which helped to consider this mechanism in more detail. The role and possibilities of using public-private partnership in the field of infrastructure projects, especially in the segment of motor transport infrastructure, were revealed and disclosed. It is important to analyse the functioning of the public-private partnership mechanism in different countries in the context of financing transport infrastructure sectors. Also, the current legal framework was analysed, which regulates public-private partnership in the field of transport infrastructure and transport in Ukraine; recommendations were proposed that would contribute to a more effective mechanism of regulation of this sector. It was established that the attraction of private funds will require a proportional increase in state funding, and a new approach to the risk management system, taking into account the peculiarities of the political and economic sectors."

Public health partner authorities-How a health in all policies approach could support the development of a wellbeing economy.

Collaboration and partnerships across sectors are critical to the realisation of a wellbeing economy. Wellbeing SA-a government agency in South Australia-utilises a partnership mechanism under the state's public health legislation to achieve collaborative action for improved population health and wellbeing: Public Health Partner Authorities (PHPAs). The establishment and implementation of PHPAs draws strongly on the principles and practices of South Australia's Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach. This includes the utilisation of cross-sectoral partnerships to facilitate the implementation of co-design and co-benefits principles to deliver policies that support improved population health and wellbeing, while simultaneously delivering other societal benefits. Partnerships also facilitate the sharing of knowledge and resources, and the creation of joint solutions to complex policy issues. PHPAs have been reported to offer a valuable, evidence-based and practical mechanism for embedding key concepts of wellbeing into the policies, practices and programs of other sectors, and provide the potential as one important tool for the formation of a wellbeing economy. The achievement of a wellbeing economy is dependent on collaboration within and between sectors, and through strong community engagement. Developing a joint and inclusive understanding of wellbeing and its importance as a societal goal is critical, and can only be achieved through collaborative approaches. The implementation of PHPAs in South Australia has demonstrated the importance of partnerships to address complex issues across sectors, and has identified key elements to successful partnerships. SO WHAT?: South Australia's experience in implementing PHPAs and HiAP has demonstrated how health promotion practice, policy and research that incorporate successful partnerships can support high quality, effective intersectoral collaboration for the benefit of citizens, including some lessons that may be worth considering in the development and realisation of a wellbeing economy.

Candidate biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: state of the field.

The field of psychiatry is hampered by a lack of robust, reliable and valid biomarkers that can aid in objectively diagnosing patients and providing individualized treatment recommendations. Here we review and critically evaluate the evidence for the most promising biomarkers in the psychiatric neuroscience literature for autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression and bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders. Candidate biomarkers reviewed include various neuroimaging, genetic, molecular and peripheral assays, for the purposes of determining susceptibility or presence of illness, and predicting treatment response or safety. This review highlights a critical gap in the biomarker validation process. An enormous societal investment over the past 50 years has identified numerous candidate biomarkers. However, to date, the overwhelming majority of these measures have not been proven sufficiently reliable, valid and useful to be adopted clinically. It is time to consider whether strategic investments might break this impasse, focusing on a limited number of promising candidates to advance through a process of definitive testing for a specific indication. Some promising candidates for definitive testing include the N170 signal, an event-related brain potential measured using electroencephalography, for subgroup identification within autism spectrum disorder; striatal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures, such as the striatal connectivity index (SCI) and the functional striatal abnormalities (FSA) index, for prediction of treatment response in schizophrenia; error-related negativity (ERN), an electrophysiological index, for prediction of first onset of generalized anxiety disorder, and resting-state and structural brain connectomic measures for prediction of treatment response in social anxiety disorder. Alternate forms of classification may be useful for conceptualizing and testing potential biomarkers. Collaborative efforts allowing the inclusion of biosystems beyond genetics and neuroimaging are needed, and online remote acquisition of selected measures in a naturalistic setting using mobile health tools may significantly advance the field. Setting specific benchmarks for well-defined target application, along with development of appropriate funding and partnership mechanisms, would also be crucial. Finally, it should never be forgotten that, for a biomarker to be actionable, it will need to be clinically predictive at the individual level and viable in clinical settings.